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9,097 results for “wild”
Landscape genomics reveals genetic signals of environmental adaptation of African wild eggplant
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Data from: Can dominance genetic variance be ignored in evolutionary quantitative genetic analyses of wild populations?
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Does mast seeding shape mating time in wild boar? A comparative study
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Wild bee functional diversity and plant associations in native and conventional plant nurseries
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Diversity and turnover of wild bee and ornamental plant assemblages in commercial plant nurseries
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Heat stress induced nitric oxide (DAF-FM-DA) response in respiratory growing Wild-type, atg32∆ and spe1∆ mutant yeast with and without spermidine addition
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Data from: Non-random association of MHC-I alleles in favor of high diversity haplotypes in wild songbirds revealed by computer-assisted MHC haplotype inference using the R package MHCtools
<p><strong>Data set from:</strong></p> <p>Roved J., Hansson B., Stervander, M., Hasselquist D., & Westerdahl H. (2020). Non-random association of MHC-I alleles in favor of high diversity haplotypes in wild songbirds revealed by computer-assisted MHC haplotype inference using the R package MHCtools.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: McPartland JM, Small E (2020) A classification of endangered high-THC cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives. PhytoKeys 144: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700
A classification of endangered high-THC cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives
Information transfer efficiency differs in wild chimpanzees and bonobos, but not social-cognition
Several theories have been generated to understand the socio-cognitive mechanisms underlying the unique cooperative abilities of humans. The "interdependence hypothesis" posits that the cognitive dimension of human cooperation evolved in contexts when several individuals needed to collaborate to achieve a common goal and that more interdependent individuals are more likely to cooperate (provide services to conspecifics) in non-collaborative contexts. Alternatively, the "social tolerance hypothesis" proposes that higher social tolerance allows conspecifics to cooperate more efficiently and with a wider range of partners. We conducted the first field experimental evaluation of both hypotheses in our closest living relatives by contrasting chimpanzees to the less interdependent but more tolerant bonobos. We compared each species' performance during a non-collaborative cooperative task: informing conspecifics about a danger. We presented Gaboon viper models to 82 individuals from 5 wild communities. Chimpanzees arriving late at the snake were significantly more likely to have heard a call and less likely to startle, indicating that chimpanzees were better informed about the presence of the threat than bonobos. This stems from clear species differences in how individuals adjusted their calling decisions to the level of information already available. Chimpanzees were more likely to call and produced more alarm calls when they had not yet heard a call, whereas bonobos did so when they already heard a call. Our results confirm the link between interdependence and cooperation performance. These species differences were most likely driven by differences in motivation rather than in cognitive capacities since both species tended to consider audience knowledge in their decision to call. Our results inform theories on the evolution of human cooperation by linking inter-group competition pressure and in-group cooperative motivation and/or capability.
Data from: Social bonds do not mediate the relationship between early adversity and adult glucocorticoids in wild baboons
<p>In humans and other animals, harsh conditions in early life can have profound effects on adult physiology, including the stress response. This relationship may be mediated by a lack of supportive relationships in adulthood. That is, early life adversity may inhibit the formation of supportive social ties, and weak social support is itself often linked to dysregulated stress responses. Here we use prospective, longitudinal data from wild baboons in Kenya to test the links between early adversity, adult social bonds, and adult fecal glucocorticoid hormone concentrations (a measure of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and the stress response). Using a novel causal inference framework, we found that experiencing one or more sources of early adversity led to a 9-14% increase in females' glucocorticoid concentrations across adulthood. However, these effects were not mediated by weak social bonds: the direct effects of early adversity on adult glucocorticoid concentrations were 11 times stronger than the effects mediated by social bonds. This pattern occurred, in part, because the effect of social bonds on glucocorticoids was weak compared to the powerful effects of early adversity on glucocorticoid levels in adulthood. Hence, in female baboons, weak social bonds in adulthood are not enough to explain the effects of early adversity on glucocorticoid concentrations. Together, our results support the well-established notions that early adversity and weak social bonds both predict poor adult health. However, the magnitudes of these two effects differ considerably, and they may act independently of one another.</p>
Data from: Numerical ordinality in a wild nectarivore
<p>Ordinality is a numerical property that nectarivores may use to remember the specific order in which to visit a sequence of flowers, a foraging strategy also known as traplining. In this experiment, we tested whether wild, free-living rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) could use ordinality to visit a rewarded flower. Birds were presented with a series of linear arrays of 10 artificial flowers; only one flower in each array was rewarded with sucrose solution. During training, birds learned to locate the correct flower independent of absolute spatial location. The birds showed no significant decrease in accuracy depending on which ordinal position (1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th) was rewarded, which suggests that they used an object-indexing mechanism of numerical processing, rather than a magnitude-based system. When distance cues between flowers were made irrelevant during test trials, birds were still able to locate the correct flower. The distribution of errors during both training and testing indicates that the birds may have used a so-called 'working up' strategy to locate the correct ordinal position. These results provide the first demonstration of numerical ordinal abilities in a wild vertebrate and suggest that such abilities could be used during foraging in the wild.</p>
Data from: Social effects on age-related and sex-specific immune cell profiles in a wild mammal
<p>Evidence for age-related changes in innate and adaptive immune responses is increasing in wild populations. Such changes have been linked to fitness, and knowledge of the factors driving immune response variation is important for understanding the evolution of immunity. Age-related changes in immune profiles may be due to factors such as immune system development, sex-specific behaviour and responses to environmental conditions. Social environments may also contribute to variation in immunological responses, for example, through transmission of pathogens and stress arising from resource and mate competition. Yet, the impact of the social environment on age-related changes in immune cell profiles is currently understudied in the wild. Here, we tested the relationship between leukocyte cell composition (proportion of neutrophils and lymphocytes [innate and adaptive immunity, respectively] that were lymphocytes) and age, sex, and group size in a wild population of European badgers (<i>Meles meles</i>). We found that the proportion of lymphocytes in early-life was greater in males in smaller groups compared to larger groups, but with a faster age-related decline in smaller groups. In contrast, the proportion of lymphocytes in females was not significantly related to age or group size. Our results provide evidence of sex-specific age-related changes in immune cell profiles in a wild mammal, which are influenced by the social environment.</p>
Functional genetic diversity of domestic and wild American mink (Neovison vison )
<p>The release of domestic organisms to the wild threatens biodiversity because the introduction of domestic genes through interbreeding can negatively impact wild conspecifics via outbreeding depression. In North America, farmed American mink (<i>Neovison vison</i>) frequently escape captivity, yet the impact of these events on functional genetic diversity of wild mink populations is unclear. We characterized domestic and wild mink in Ontario at 17 microsatellites located in functional genes and in a promoter region that is non-coding but thought to be associated with traits affected by domestication. We found low functional genetic diversity in both mink types, as only 4 of 17 genes were variable, and the number of alleles per locus were generally lower in captive mink than in wild mink. To determine if allele frequencies of wild populations were affected by domestic release events, we performed redundancy analysis and spatial analysis of principal components on four polymorphic loci (AR, ATN1, IGF-1, and TOB1). We found evidence to suggest domestic release events are affecting the functional genetic diversity of wild mink, as sPCA showed clear distinctions between wild individuals near mink farms and those located in areas without mink farms. This is further substantiated through RDA, where spatial location was associated with genetic variation of AR, ATN1, and IGF1.</p>
Data from: Reported U.S. Wild Game Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Savings
<p>These two tables present raw data utilized to calculated greenhouse gas savings associated with hunting within the US. Appendix I shows the estimated numbers of "big game" animals legally harvested in each state and the mean yield from each species. Appendix II shows total number of migratory waterfowl harvested in the US and the mean yield for each species. Both of these tables refer to the paper "Reported US Wild Game Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Savings" published in Human Dimensions of Wildlife.</p>
Social bonds, social status and survival in wild baboons: a tale of two sexes
<p>People who are more socially integrated or have higher socio-economic status live longer. Recent studies in nonhuman primates show striking convergences with this human pattern: female primates with more social partners, stronger social bonds or higher dominance rank all lead longer lives. However, it remains unclear whether social environments also predict survival in male nonhuman primates, as it does in men. This gap persists because, in most primates, males disperse among social groups, resulting in many males who disappear with unknown fate and have unknown dates of birth. We present a Bayesian model to estimate the effects of time-varying social covariates on age-specific adult mortality in both sexes of wild baboons. We compare how the survival trajectories of both sexes are linked to social bonds and social status over the life. We find that, parallel to females, male baboons who are more strongly bonded to females have longer lifespans. However, males with higher dominance rank for their age appear to have shorter lifespans. This finding brings new understanding to the adaptive significance of heterosexual social bonds for male baboons: in addition to protecting the male's offspring from infanticide, these bonds may have direct benefits to males themselves.</p>
Data from: Higher dominance rank is associated with lower glucocorticoids in wild female baboons: A rank metric comparison
<p>In vertebrates, glucocorticoid secretion occurs in response to energetic and psychosocial stressors that trigger the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Measuring glucocorticoid concentrations can therefore shed light on the stressors associated with different social and environmental variables, including dominance rank. Using 14,172 fecal samples from 237 wild female baboons, we test the hypothesis that high-ranking females experience fewer psychosocial and/or energetic stressors than lower-ranking females. We predicted that high-ranking females would have lower fecal glucocorticoid (fGC) concentrations than low-ranking females. Because dominance rank can be measured in multiple ways, we employ an information theoretic approach to compare 5 different measures of rank as predictors of fGC concentrations: ordinal rank; proportional rank; Elo rating; and two approaches to categorical ranking (alpha vs non-alpha and high-middle-low).</p> <p>Our hypothesis was supported, but it was also too simplistic. We found that alpha females exhibited substantially lower fGCs than other females (typical reduction = 8.2%). If we used proportional rank instead of alpha- versus non-alpha status in the model, we observed a weak effect of rank such that fGCs rose 4.2% from the highest- to lowest-ranking female in the hierarchy. Models using ordinal rank, Elo rating, or high-middle-low categories alone failed to explain variation in female fGCs. Our findings shed new light on the association between dominance rank and the stress response, the competitive landscape of female baboons as compared to males, and the assumptions inherent in a researcher's choice of rank metric.</p>
Data from: Modification of reproductive schedule in response to pathogen exposure in a wild insect: support for the terminal investment hypothesis
<p>Trade-offs in the time and energy allocated to different functions, such as reproductive activities, can be driven by alterations in condition which reduce resources, often in response to extrinsic factors such as pathogens or parasites. When individuals are challenged by a pathogen they may either reduce reproduction as a cost of increasing defence mechanisms, or alternatively, modify reproductive activities so as to increase fecundity thereby minimizing the fitness costs of earlier death, a behaviour consistent with the terminal investment hypothesis (TIH). The TIH predicts that individuals with decreased likelihood of future reproduction will maximize current reproductive effort, which may include shifts in reproductive timing. We examined how wild, adult female click beetles <i>(Agriotes obscurus) </i>responded after exposure to the fungal pathogen<i>Metarhizium brunneum</i>. Field-collected beetles exposed to a high concentration of <i>M. brunneum </i>died earlier and in greater numbers than those exposed to a low concentration. Using a multi-variate approach we examined the impact of pathogen challenge on lifespan and a suite of reproductive traits. Stepdown regression analysis showed that only female lifespan differed among the fungal treatments. Fungal-induced reductions in lifespan drove changes in the reproductive schedule, characterized by a decrease in preoviposition period. Moving the start of egg laying forward allowed the females to offset the costs of a shortened lifespan. These changes suggest that there is a threshold for terminal investment which is dependent on strength of the survival threat. From an applied perspective, our findings imply that exposing adult click beetles to <i>M. brunneum </i>to reduce their population densitymight not succeed and is an approach that needs further investigation.</p>
DNA methylation and phenotypic data from: Environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity and DNA methylation changes in a wild potato growing in two contrasting Andean experimental gardens
<p>DNA methylation can be environmentally modulated and play a role in phenotypic plasticity. To understand the role of environmentally induced epigenetic variation and its dynamics in natural populations and ecosystems, it is relevant to place studies in a real-world context. Our experimental model is the wild potato <i>Solanum kurtzianum</i>, a close relative of the cultivated potato <i>S. tuberosum</i>. It was evaluated in its natural habitat, an arid Andean region in Argentina characterised by spatial and temporal environmental fluctuations. The dynamics of phenotypic and epigenetic variability (with Methyl Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism markers, MSAP) was assayed in three genotypes across three growing seasons. These genotypes were cultivated permanently and also reciprocally transplanted between experimental gardens (EG) differing in ca. 1000 m of altitude. In two seasons, the genotypes presented differential methylation patterns associated to the EG. In the reciprocal transplants, a rapid epigenomic remodelling occurred according to the growing season. Phenotypic plasticity, both spatial (between EGs within season) and temporal (between seasons), was detected. The epigenetic and phenotypic variability were positively correlated. The lack of an evident mitotic epigenetic memory would be a common response to short-term environmental fluctuations. Thus, the environmentally induced phenotypic and epigenetic variation could contribute to populations persistence through time. These results have implications for understanding the great ecological diversity of wild potatoes.</p>
Raw Project Data Set: Uncovering the Hidden Dangers:Finding Unsafe Go Code in the Wild
<p>Raw project source code data from Git used to create our data set for our paper "Uncovering the Hidden Dangers: Finding Unsafe Go Code in the Wild". For more information, please read the README.md file and check out our data set repository at https://github.com/stg-tud/unsafe_go_study_results</p>
Infection status as the basis for habitat choices in a wild amphibian
<p>Animals challenged with disease may select specific habitat conditions that help prevent or reduce infection. Whereas pre-infection avoidance of habitats with a high risk of disease exposure has been documented in both captive and free-ranging animals, evidence of post-infection habitat switching to conditions that promote the clearing of infection is limited to laboratory experiments. The extent to which wild animals proximately modify habitat choices in response to infection status therefore remains unclear. We investigated pre-infection behavioral avoidance and post-infection habitat switching using wild, radio-tracked boreal toads (<i>Anaxyrus boreas boreas</i>) in a population challenged with <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis </i>(<i>Bd</i>); a pathogenic fungus responsible for a catastrophic panzootic affecting hundreds of amphibian species worldwide. <span>Boreal toads did not preemptively avoid microhabitats with conditions conducive to <i>Bd </i>growth. Infected individuals, however, selected warmer, more open habitats, </span>which were associated with elevated body temperature and the subsequent clearing of infection<span>. Our results suggest that disease </span>can comprise an important selective pressure on animal habitat and space use<span>. </span>Habitat selection models therefore may be greatly improved by including variables that quantify infection risk and/or the infection status of individuals through time.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.