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4,753 results for “SHAPE”
Evolutionary divergence in phenotypic plasticity shapes brain size variation between coexisting sunfish ecotypes
<p>Mechanisms that generate brain size variation and the consequences of such variation on ecological performance are poorly understood in most natural animal populations. We use a reciprocal-transplant common garden experiment and foraging performance trials to test for brain size plasticity and the functional consequences of brain size variation in Pumpkinseed sunfish (<em>Lepomis gibbosus</em>) ecotypes that have diverged between nearshore littoral and offshore pelagic lake habitats. Different age-classes of wild-caught juveniles from both habitats were exposed for six months to treatments that mimicked littoral and pelagic foraging. Plastic responses in oral jaw size suggested that treatments mimicked natural habitat-specific foraging conditions. Plastic brain size responses to foraging manipulations differed between ecotypes, as only pelagic sourced fish showed brain size plasticity. Only pelagic juveniles under 1 year-old expressed this plastic response, suggesting that plastic brain size responses decline with age and so may be irreversible. Finally, larger brain size was associated with enhanced foraging performance on live benthic but not pelagic prey, providing the first experimental evidence of a relationship between brain size and prey-specific foraging performance in fishes. The recent post-glacial origin of these ecotypes suggests that brain size plasticity can rapidly evolve and diverge in fish under contrasting ecological conditions.</p>
Data and code from Wang et al. "An evaluation of sexual dimorphism in head size and shape in Red Salamanders (Pseudotriton ruber)"
<p>Data and code from Wang et al., "An evaluation of sexual dimorphism in head size and shape in Red Salamanders (<em>Pseudotriton ruber</em>)"</p>
Data for: Temperature and not landscape composition shapes wild bee communities in an urban environment
<p>Data for: Temperature and not landscape composition shapes wild bee communities in an urban environment. This dataset was obtained surveying wild bees using pan-traps in the metropolitan city of Rome in 2016.</p>
Datasets for 3D shape reconstruction from 2D microscopy images
<p>Here we publish two single cell datasets for 3D shape reconstruction from 2D microscopy images with a detailed description.</p>
Head and mandible shapes are highly integrated yet represent two distinct modules within and among worker sub-castes of the ant genus Pheidole
<p>Ants use their mandibles for a wide variety of tasks related to substrate manipulation, brood transport, food processing, and colony defence. Due to constraints involved in colony upkeep, ants evolved a remarkable diversity of mandibular forms, often related to specific roles such as specialized hunting and seed milling. Considering these varied functional demands, we focused on understanding how the mandible and head shape vary within and between <em>Pheidole </em>sub-castes. Using x-ray microtomography and 3D geometric morphometrics, we tested if these structures are integrated and modular, and how ecological predictors influenced these features. Our results showed that mandible and head shape of majors and minor workers tend to vary from robust to slender, with some more complex changes related to the mandibular base. Additionally, we found that head and mandible shapes are characterized by a high degree of integration, but with little correlation with feeding and nesting habits. Our results suggest that a combination of structural (allometric) constraints and the behavioural flexibility conferred by caste dimorphism might largely buffer selective pressures that would otherwise lead to a fine-tuning between ecological conditions and morphological adaptation.</p>
Body size and digestive system shape resource selection by ungulates: a cross-taxa test of the Forage Maturation Hypothesis
<p>The Forage Maturation Hypothesis (FMH) states that energy intake for ungulates is maximized when forage biomass is at intermediate levels. Nevertheless, metabolic allometry and different digestive systems suggest that resource selection should vary across ungulate species. By combining GPS relocations with remotely-sensed data on forage characteristics and surface water, we quantified the effect of body size and digestive system in determining movements of 30 populations of hindgut fermenters (equids) and ruminants across biomes. Selection for intermediate forage biomass was negatively related to body size, regardless of the digestive system. Selection for proximity to surface water was stronger for equids relative to ruminants, regardless of body size. To be more generalizable, we suggest that the FMH explicitly incorporate contingencies in body size and digestive system, with small-bodied ruminants selecting more strongly for potential energy intake, and hindgut fermenters selecting more strongly for surface water.</p>
Major biogeographic barriers in eastern Australia have shaped population structure of widely distributed Eucalyptus moluccana and its four putative subspecies
<p>We have investigated the impact of recognized biogeographic barriers on genetic differentiation of grey box (<i>Eucalyptus moluccana</i>), a common and widespread tree species of the family Myrtaceae in eastern Australian woodlands, and its previously proposed four subspecies <i>moluccana</i>, <i>pedicellata</i>, <i>queenslandica</i> and <i>crassifolia</i>.<b> </b>A range of phylogeographic analyses were conducted to examine the population genetic differentiation and subspecies genetic structure in <i>E. moluccana </i>in relation to biogeographic barriers. Slow evolving markers uncovering long term processes (chloroplast DNA) were used to generate a haplotype network and infer phylogeographic barriers. Additionally, fast evolving, hypervariable markers (microsatellites) were used to estimate demographic processes and genetic structure among five geographic regions (29 populations) across the entire distribution of <i>E. moluccana</i>. Morphological features of seedlings, such as leaf and stem traits were assessed to evaluate population clusters and test differentiation of the putative subspecies.</p> <p>Haplotype network analysis revealed twenty chloroplast haplotypes with a main haplotype in a central position shared by individuals belonging to the regions containing the four putative subspecies. Microsatellite analysis detected genetic structure between Queensland (QLD) and New South Wales (NSW) populations consistent with the McPherson Range barrier, an east-west spur of the Great Dividing Range. Substructure was detected within QLD and NSW in line with other barriers in eastern Australia. The morphological analyses supported differentiation between QLD and NSW populations, with no difference within QLD, yet some differentiation within NSW populations.</p> <p>Our molecular and morphological analyses provide evidence that several geographic barriers in eastern Australia, including the Burdekin Gap and the McPherson Range have contributed to the genetic structure of <i>E. moluccana</i>. Genetic differentiation among <i>E. moluccana </i>populations supports the recognition of some but not all the four previously proposed subspecies, with<i> crassifolia </i>being the most differentiated.</p>
Deducing Subnanometer Cluster Size and Shape Distributions of Heterogeneous Supported Catalysts
<p>Dataset for "Deducing Subnanometer Cluster Size and Shape Distributions of Heterogeneous Supported Catalysts". </p>
Local adaptation to hosts and parasitoids shape Hamiltonella defensa genotypes across aphid species - Datasets and scripts
<p>Datasets and scripts from "Local adaptation to hosts and parasitoids shape <em>Hamiltonella defensa</em> genotypes across aphid species"</p>
Data from: Breeding system and geospatial variation shape the population genetics of Triodanis perfoliata
<p><span>Both intrinsic and extrinsic forces work together to shape connectivity and genetic variation in populations across the landscape. Here we explored how geography, breeding system traits, and environmental factors influence the population genetic patterns of <em>Triodanis perfoliata</em>, a widespread mix-mating annual plant in the contiguous US. By integrating population genomic data with spatial analyses and modeling the relationship between breeding system and genetic diversity, we illustrate the complex ways in which these forces shape genetic variation. Specifically, we used 4,705 single nucleotide polymorphisms to assess genetic diversity, structure, and evolutionary history among 18 populations. Populations with more obligately selfing flowers harbored less genetic diversity (π: R<sup>2</sup> = 0.63, P = 0.01, n = 9 populations), and we found significant population structuring (F<sub>ST</sub> = 0.48). Both geographic isolation and environmental factors played significant roles in predicting the observed genetic diversity: we found that corridors of suitable environment appear to facilitate gene flow between populations, and that environmental resistance is correlated with increased genetic distance between populations. Last, we integrated our genetic results with species distribution modeling to assess likely patterns of connectivity among our study populations. Our landscape and evolutionary genetic results suggest that <em>T. perfoliata</em> experienced a complex demographic and evolutionary history, particularly in the center of its distribution. As such, there is no singular mechanism driving this species' evolution. Together, our analyses support the hypothesis that breeding system, geography, and environmental variables shape the patterns of diversity and connectivity of <em>T. perfoliata</em> in the US. </span></p>
Global catalog of alluvial fans and other fan-shaped features on Mars, with morphology characteristics
<p>Alluvial fans on Mars record evidence of depositional environments that represent the final era of potential habitability on the Martian surface. Alluvial fan deposits can often look similar to deltaic or fluvial systems in visible remote sensing images but are firmed in depositional and climatic environments that are distinct from those that lead to other radial depositional features. In order to better constrain the regional and global depositional environments and further inform the analysis of the sedimentary history of Mars, this study expands the global catalog of alluvial fans on Mars by adding newly identified features and characterizing all new and previously identified features based on morphologic parameters. Based on how closely they fit the morphologic definition of alluvial fans, as established by terrestrial sedimentology, each feature is classified as either an alluvial fan or another depositional feature.</p> <p>The .csv files made available here contain the full global database of features investigated in the referenced paper (Mondro et al., 2022). Five different .csv files are included, divided according to feature classification category based on the morphological parameters described in Mondro, et al. 2022. The five classification categories are: alluvial fan, possible alluvial fan, non-alluvial radial feature (NARF), small feature, and non-fan.</p> <p>For each individual depositional feature, the database contains the lat/long location of the fan apex, a reference to the first publication to identify it, the results of the characterization parameters, and the final morphologic classifications. The characterization parameters are planform shape, radius (meters), average radial slope (degrees), adjusted average radial slope (degrees), and radial profile shape. When a parameter is listed as NA, the morphologic categorization for that class of feature did not include that specific parameter.</p> <p>See referenced paper for more detail on methodology and discussion of results:</p> <p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103522003311?via%3Dihub" rel="noopener">Mondro, C.A., J.E. Moersch, C.M. Fedo. An updated global survey of alluvial fans on Mars: Distinguishing alluvia fans from other fan-shaped features through morphologic characterization. <em>Icarus</em>, 398C. doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115238.</a></p> <p>Please reference the above paper when using this dataset.</p>
Indirect effects shape epifauna habitat
<p>We tested the response of algal epifauna to the direct effects of predation and the indirect consequences of habitat change due to grazing and nutrient supply through upwelling using an abundant intertidal rhodophyte, <i>Gelidium pristoides</i>. We ran a mid-shore field experiment at four sites (two upwelling sites interspersed with two non-upwelling sites) along 450 km of the south coast of South Africa. The experiment was started in June 2014 and ran until June 2015. Four treatments (predator exclusion, grazer exclusion, control, and procedural control) set out in a block design (<i>n</i> = 5) were monitored monthly for algal cover for the first 6 months and every 2 months for the last 6 months. Epifaunal abundance, species composition, algal cover, and algal architectural complexity (measured using fractal geometry) were assessed after 12 months. Predation had no significant effect on epifaunal abundances, while upwelling interacted with treatment. Grazing reduced the architectural complexity of algae, with increased fractal dimensions in the absence of grazers, and also reduced algal cover at all sites, though the latter effect was only significant for upwelling sites. Epifaunal community composition was not significantly affected by the presence of herbivores or predators but differed amongst sites independently of upwelling; sites were more similar to nearby sites than those farther away. In contrast, total epifaunal abundance was significantly affected by grazing, when normalized to algal cover. Grazing reduced the cover of algae, thus epifaunal abundances were not affected by the direct top-down effects of predation but did respond to the indirect effects of grazing on habitat availability and quality. Our results indicate that epifaunal communities can be strongly influenced by the indirect consequences of biotic interactions.</p>
Figure 35 in Males of a new species of Jotus from Australia wave a paddle-shaped lure to solicit nearby females (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 35 (continued). 4, Note the male J. remus at the center of this photograph (inset).
Figure 35 in Males of a new species of Jotus from Australia wave a paddle-shaped lure to solicit nearby females (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 35 (continued on next page). Habitat of Jotus remus at Gloucester Tops.
Figure 34 in Males of a new species of Jotus from Australia wave a paddle-shaped lure to solicit nearby females (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 34. Photos showing two (1-3, 4-6) mating sequences of Jotus remus.
Figure 30 in Males of a new species of Jotus from Australia wave a paddle-shaped lure to solicit nearby females (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 30. Sequential frames (25 FPS video, not consecutive) showing a female approaching and
Figure 29 in Males of a new species of Jotus from Australia wave a paddle-shaped lure to solicit nearby females (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 29. Sequential frames (25 FPS video, not consecutive) showing a female turning to face the
Figure 11 in Males of a new species of Jotus from Australia wave a paddle-shaped lure to solicit nearby females (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 11. Views of the holotype male Jotus remus in ethanol.
Figure 15 in Males of a new species of Jotus from Australia wave a paddle-shaped lure to solicit nearby females (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 15. Views of living female Jotus remus.
Figure 9 in Males of a new species of Jotus from Australia wave a paddle-shaped lure to solicit nearby females (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 9. More views of the male holotype Jotus remus.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.