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Figure 5. A–C in Postcranial morphology of the extinct caviine rodent Microcavia criolloensis (late Pleistocene, South America)
Figure 5. A–C, lateral view of digit III: A, Microcavia niata (JCT-1515) (inverted image from right); B, Microcavia criolloensis (BRA-3-355); C, Galea spixii (MN-34417) (inverted image from right). D, E, lateral view of digit V: D, Microcavia australis (MLP-DZV-26.VIII.01.21); E, Microcavia criolloensis (BRA-3-355). Abbreviations as in Figure 4.
Figure 1 from: Rossini M, Vaz-de-Mello FZ, Montreuil O, Porch N, Tarasov S (2021) Extinct before discovered? Epactoides giganteus sp. nov. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae), the first native dung beetle to Réunion island. ZooKeys 1061: 75-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.70130
Figure 1 Epactoides giganteus sp. nov. A dorsal habitus of the holotype B original labels C disarticulated body parts pinned with the holotype D detail of the entire carina of the elytral stria 8 and pseudocarina on the apical part of the stria 7; arrows indicate striae 7–10 E detail of the base of elytral interstriae; arrows indicate basal tubercles on interstriae 2–5 F detail of the dorsal portion of eyes; arrows indicate the internal groove G ventral habitus of the holotype; arrow indicates the prosternal spur. Epactoides frontalis (Montreuil) H, I dorsal habitus of male and female J lateral habitus of the female; arrows indicate elytral stria 7–10; stria 7 completely carinated. Ochicanthon ceylonicus Cuccodoro, K detail of the wide eyes in dorsal view.
Dataset: Drivers of local extinction risk in alpine plants under warming climate
<p><span>The scarcity of local plant extinctions following recent climate change has been explained by demographic inertia and lags in the displacement of resident species by novel species, generating an "extinction debt". We established a transplant experiment to disentangle the contribution of these processes to local extinction risk of four alpine plants in the Swiss Alps. Projected population growth (λ) derived from integral projection models was reduced by 0.07/°C of warming on average, while novel species additionally decreased λ by 0.15 across warming levels. Effects of novel species on predicted extinction time were greatest at warming <2°C for two species. Projected population declines under both warming and with novel species were primarily driven by increased mortality. Our results suggest that extinction debt can be explained by a combination of demographic inertia and lags in novel species establishment, with the latter being particularly important for some species under low levels of warming.</span></p>
FIGURE 7 in Anampses viridis Valenciennes 1840 (Pisces: Labridae) — a case of taxonomic confusion and mistaken extinction
FIGURE 7. Anampses tinkhami (= IP of A. caeruleopunctatus), after Fowler, 1946: fig. 30.
FIGURE 6 in Anampses viridis Valenciennes 1840 (Pisces: Labridae) — a case of taxonomic confusion and mistaken extinction
FIGURE 6. Anampses pulcher (= IP of A. caeruleopunctatus), after Regan 1913: Pl. 58, Fig. 3.
FIGURE 8 in Anampses viridis Valenciennes 1840 (Pisces: Labridae) — a case of taxonomic confusion and mistaken extinction
FIGURE 8. Anampses viridis (= TP of A caeruleopunctatus), after Sauvage 1891b: Pl. 45 Fig 3.
FIGURE 4 in Anampses viridis Valenciennes 1840 (Pisces: Labridae) — a case of taxonomic confusion and mistaken extinction
FIGURE 4. Anampses diadematus (= TP of A. caeruleopunctatus), after Rüppell 1835: Pl. 6, Fig. 3.
Figures 8-13 from: Gibson G (2013) The extinct Baltic amber genus Propelma Trjapitzin, a valid genus of Neanastatinae (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). ZooKeys 283: 59-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4665
Figures 8-13 - Propelma rhodendorfi: 8 mesosoma, lateral view 9 mesoscutellar-axillar complex to base of metasoma, lateral view 10 fore wing 11 apex of mesotibia and mesotarsus 12 gaster, lateral view 13 Mt6 to apex of metasoma, lateral view. See Methods for abbreviations for structural features (arrows on Fig. 9 point to sulci on propodeal callus and metanotal scutellar arm).
Figures 2-7 from: Gibson G (2013) The extinct Baltic amber genus Propelma Trjapitzin, a valid genus of Neanastatinae (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). ZooKeys 283: 59-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4665
Figures 2-7 - Propelma rhodendorfi: 2 head, frontodorsal view 3 head and antennae, lateral view 4 head and right antenna, lateral view 5 apical three funiculars and clava 6 mesoscutum, dorsal view 7 mesosoma, dorsolateral view. See Methods for abbreviations for structural features (arrow on Fig. 4 points to triangular region differentiated by putatively bifurcate malar sulcus).
Figure 9 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 9 - Posteroventral view of the basicranium and left bulla in a Monachus monachus b Neomonachus schauinslandi, and c Neomonachus tropicalis. The bulla of Monachus is bordered posteriorly by a ventrally expanded posterior portion of the petro-mastoid complex. The petrosal abuts the bulla's posterior wall and in ventral view forms the entire lateral and anterolateral border of the posterior lacerate foramen. In Neomonachus, the posterior part of the petrosal is visible in the posterior lacerate foramen but remains superior to the bulla. In ventral view, this gives the impression that the anterior border of the posterior lacerate foramen is formed entirely by the bulla. The posterior carotid canal opens posteroventrally in Monachus. This apparently results from a relatively complete "ring-like" opening, formed by the bulla. This form of opening is apparent in subadult and juvenile Monachus, suggesting that it is not dependent on ontogenetic development or the robusticity of the Monachus cranium relative to Neomonachus. In contrast, the posterior carotid canal of Neomonachus opens directly posteriorly, the opening being an incomplete ring and the dorsal border formed by a flattening of the bulla, perhaps resulting from the bulla's extension over the petrosal.
Figure 8 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 8 - Ventral views of crania of a Monachus monachus b Neomonachus schauinslandi, and c Neomonachus tropicalis, showing the pterygoid region. Neomonachus exhibits a well-developed, laterally flared pterygoid hamulus that is visible in dorsal view. The hamulus may be spatulate (Neomonachus schauinslandi) or hook-like (Neomonachus tropicalis). The hamular process is absent or medially flared in Monachus, and is not visible in dorsal view.
Figure 7 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 7 - Dorsal view of rostra of a Monachus monachus b Neomonachus schauinslandi, and c Neomonachus tropicalis. Monachus exhibits a well-developed antorbital process on the maxilla, immediately inferior to the fronto-maxillary suture. The process is reduced or absent in Neomonachus. The nasals of Monachus are short and triangular, tapering smoothly posteriorly to produce a point at their union. The nasals of Neomonachus are longer and do not taper smoothly.
Figure 4 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 4 - Genetic distances between currently recognized taxonomic units within Phocidae derived from logdet distances for cytb. Distances within: a Phoca b Pusa c Phoca versus Halichoerus d Pusa versus Halichoerus e Phoca versus Pusa f Histriophoca versus Pagophilus g Phocini h Phocinae i Monachus j Mirounga k Lobodontini, and l Monachini.
Figure 5 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 5 - Lateral views of crania of a Monachus monachus b Neomonachus schauinslandi, and c Neomonachus tropicalis. Arrows indicate the more developed occipital crest and zygomatic arches, and deeper snout of Monachus compared to Neomonachus species.
Figure 3 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 3 - Time-calibrated phylogeny of the seals estimated from combined nuclear and mitochondrial data. Time scale is in millions of years before present. Note that the chronogram has been pruned to show only true seals and immediate pinniped outgroups. Node bars show the 95% HPD intervals for divergence time estimates and mean ages are labeled for the two divergence times within the monk seals. Labeling at the top indicates water circulation through the Central American Seaway, the circle and associated wavy blue lines indicate a period during which water circulation periodically ceased and resumed but a shallow seaway remained open.
Figure 11 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 11 - Medial view of right dentaries of a Monachus monachus b Neomonachus schauinslandi, and c Neomonachus tropicalis. The mandibular foramen is situated inferior to the mandibular notch in Monachus, and opens immediately to the medial surface of the ramus. In Neomonachus, the foramen is anteriorly displaced and is set in a groove or sulcus that extends from inferior to the mandibular notch. Also note the expanded rugose area for insertion of the pterygoid muscles in Monachus. This region is poorly developed in Neomonachus.
Figure 2 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 2 - Maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from cytb sequence data using the GTR + Γ4 substitution model. Node support is expressed as the percent proportion of 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates that agree with the bipartitions on the best ML tree (above internode branches) as well as the aLRT SH-like score (below internode branches). Support values above 80% for both measures are shown. Black boxes indicate nodes recovered with >0.88 posterior probability in Bayesian analyses. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site.
Figure 6 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 6 - Ventral views of palates of a Monachus monachus b Neomonachus schauinslandi, and c Neomonachus tropicalis. The tooth row of Monachus is more crowded, likely as a result of the shorter rostrum, and this results in a more obliquely oriented set of post-canine teeth and the lack of a diastema between the upper canine and the first premolar. In Neomonachus, there is a distinct diastema between C1 and P1, and the post-canine teeth are arranged more linearly. The upper incisor arcade of Monachus is slightly parabolic due to the posterior placement of the lateral incisors, and the anterior premaxilla appears slightly curved. In Neomonachus, the incisor arcade is linear and the anterior premaxilla is straight.
Figure 10 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 10 - Plots of mean upper (a) and lower (b) relative post-canine tooth size. Relative tooth size is computed by dividing the mesio-distal length of each tooth by the length of the 3rd premolar (which is typically largest) in the same row.
Figure 1 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 1 - Distributions of the three monk seal species. The range for the Caribbean monk seal is taken from Adam (2004) and is based on documented populations and archeological evidence. The range of the Mediterranean monk seal illustrates both historical (lighter shading) and current (darker shading) distributions.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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