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Figure 32 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 32 - Snout of Abrictosaurus consors from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Stereopair of anterior end of skull in left lateral view (NHMUK RU B54). Scale bar equals 5 mm.
Figure 30 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 30 - Skeleton of the heterodontosaurid Tianyulong confuciusi from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of China. Silhouette skeletal reconstruction in lateral view showing preserved bones and integumental fibers (based on IVPP V17090). Distal most caudal vertebrae unknown.
Figure 3 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 3 - Early heterodontosaurid discoveries from southern Africa. A Drawing of the left dentary of the holotype of Lycorhinus angustidens (SAM-PK-K3606) in lateral view (from Haughton 1924) B Drawing of the left dentary of the holotype of Lycorhinus angustidens (SAM-PK-K3606) in medial view (reversed from Haughton 1924) C Left dentary teeth 3-10 in lateral view based on a natural cast (UCRC PVC10) of the holotype of Lycorhinus angustidens (from Hopson 1980) D Stereopair of a natural silicone cast of the holotype of Lycorhinus angustidens (UCRC PVC10). Abbreviations: 3-10 dentary tooth 3-10 Fa-j tooth-to-tooth wear facet a-j f accessory facet. Scale bars equal 1 cm in C and 3 cm in D.
Figure 2 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 2 - Early heterodontosaurid discoveries. A Lithographic drawing of the right and left premaxillae and the anterior portion of the left maxilla in lateral view of Echinodon becklesii (NHMUK 48209; from Owen 1861) B Drawing of lower jaws in dorsal view of Geranosaurus atavus (SAM-PK-K1871; from Broom 1911) C Photograph of the posterior portion of a subadult skull in right lateral view of Heterodontosaurus tucki (AMNH 24000). Scale bars equal 1 cm in A and 2 cm in B and C.
Figure 17 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 17 - Dentary end of Echinodon becklesii from the Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Formation of England. Anterior end of the left dentary in lateral view (NHMUK 48215b). Stereopair (A) and line drawing (B). Scale bar equals 5 mm. Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges; tone indicates matrix. Abbreviations: ad2, 3 alveolus for dentary tooth 2, 3 adf anterior dentary foramen apd articular surface for the predentary be buccal emargination d4dentary tooth 4 vc vascular canal.
Figure 104 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 104 - More inclusive phylogenetic hypothesis for heterodontosaurids. Parsimony analysis of Pol et al. (2011) based on character data modified from Butler et al. (2009). The analysis includes the South American genus Manidens and the Asian genus Tianyulong. Some terminal taxa in the original analysis are collapsed into suprageneric taxa; red text indicates heterodontosaurid taxa; "BMNH A100" is now catalogued as NHMUK RU A100.
Figure 13 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 13 - Maxilla of Echinodon becklesii from the Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Formation of England. Part (NHMUK 48210) and counterpart (NHMUK 48209) of a block preserving portions of the snout of a skull. A, B Part preserving the posterior portion of the left maxilla and portions of the left lacrimal, jugal and ectopterygoid in medial view (NHMUK 48210; reversed from Owen 1861). C, D Counterpart preserving portions of the right and left premaxillae and the anterior portion of the left maxilla in lateral view (NHMUK 48209; from Owen 1861). A red asterisk marks a crown on the part (A) and its impression on the counterpart (C). Abbreviations: idt impressions of dentary teeth imt impressions of maxillary teeth l left m maxilla pm premaxilla.
Figure 107 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 107 - Biogeographic distribution in time for heterodontosaurids included in the phylogenetic analysis. Localities for included taxa are plotted on an Early Cretaceous (Berriasian-Valanginian) paleogeographic map (Smith et al. 1994) and recent time scale (Gradstein and Ogg 2009). Abbreviations for taxon localities and biogeographic areas: 1 Echinodon 2 Fruitadens 3 Kayenta heterodontosaurid 4 Tianyulong 5 Manidens 6 Abrictosaurus, Lycorhinus, Heterodontosaurus, Pegomastax A Africa As Asia E Europe NA North America SA South America.
Figure 101 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 101 - Flesh reconstruction of the head and neck of Heterodontosaurus tucki from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot and Clarens formations of South Africa. Flesh head and neck and skull reconstructions with similar gape. The flesh reconstruction was modeled over a skull cast with skin texture based on bone surface details in the skull of Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K1332) and bristles based on those preserved in Tianyulong confuciusi (STMN 26-3). Reconstructions by Tyler Keillor.
Figure 100 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 100 - . Bone and keratinous sheath in the upper bill of a parrot. Skull of the budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus (UCRC R1) with keratinous sheath of upper bill A Lateral view B Magnified anterolateral view. Scale bar equals 1cm in B. Abbreviations: ab attachment platform for bill ama area of muscle attachment b bill sym symphysis.
Figure 10 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 10 - Cheek tooth terminology. A Postcaniniform maxillary or dentary tooth in labial or lingual view, respectively. B Postcaniniform maxillary or dentary tooth in distal view. C Pair of worn postcaniniform maxillary or dentary teeth in proximal or distal view showing low-angle (left) and high-angle (right) wear facets (red line). The angle of incidence (dashed line) of each wear facet (red line) is measured away from the vertical axis of the crown. Abbreviations: ad apical denticle cd cingular denticle cel cingular ectoloph ci cingulum dbd distal basal denticle dicf distal intercingular fossa dmri distal marginal ridge dpcf distal paracingular fossa mbd mesial basal denticle mpcf mesial paracingular fossa ne neck pri primary ridge rt root sri secondary ridge wf wear facet.
Figure 106 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 106 - Evolution of key masticatory specializations among heterodontosaurids. A Heterodontosauridae B Simple-crowned heterodontosaurids C Heterodontosaurinae D Advanced heterodontosaurines E Abrictosaurus and Heterodontosaurus F Heterodontosaurus. Abbreviations: 1 arched inset diastema 2 heterodont dentition with caniniform teeth 3 cingular ectoloph 4 postcaniniform diastema 5 external mandibular fossa 6 lowered jaw articulation 7 mobile predentary articulating against saddle-shaped dentary articular surface 8 increased differential in crown size 9 arched alveolar margins in cheek dentition 10 asymmetrical enamel 11 hollow crown base.
Figure 1 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 1 - Heterodontosaurid localities. A Locality (red dot) for Echinodon becklesii on the southern coast of England B Heterodontosaurid localities in South Africa and Lesotho. Locality(ies)/taxon identification: Nosi/Abrictosaurus consors; Mlamli, Tushielaw, Tyinindini/Heterodontosaurus tucki; Bamboeskloof Farm, Buck Camp, Paballong/Lycorhinus angustidens; Maboloka/Heterodontosauridae incertae sedis; Voyizane/ Pegomastax africanus gen. n. sp. n.
Figure 19 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 19 - Skull of Echinodon becklesii from the Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Formation of England. Skull reconstructions in left lateral view. A From Galton (1978). B This study. Dashed lines indicate estimated edges and sutures. Abbreviations: adf anterior dentary foramen adi arched diastema apmf anterior premaxillary foramen be buccal emargination cp coronoid process d dentary d1, 2, 11 dentary tooth 1, 2, 11 fo foramen j jugal l lacrimal m maxilla m1, 2, 8 maxillary tooth 1, 2, 8 pd predentary pm premaxilla pm1, 3 premaxillary tooth 1, 3.
Figure 16 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 16 - Dentary of Echinodon becklesii from the Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Formation of England. Line drawings of left dentary in lateral (A), medial (B), and dorsal (C) views (NHMUK 48215b). Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges; tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: ad1, 2, 10 alveolus for dentary tooth 1, 2, 10 adf anterior dentary foramen apd articular surface for the predentary be buccal emargination d4, 9 dentary tooth 4, 9 io impressed ornamentation Mc Meckel's canal ssymf subsymphyseal flange sym symphysis symt symphyseal trough.
Figure 103 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 103 - Phylogenetic hypotheses for heterodontosaurids by Butler and colleagues. A Heterodontosaurids with the exception of Pisanosaurus allied with euornithopods (after Butler 2005) B Heterodontosaurids and Pisanosaurus as basal ornithischians (after Butler et al. 2007) C Heterodontosaurids and Pisanosaurus as basal ornithischians with Lycorhinus (NHMUK RU A100, formerly BMNH A100) closer to Heterodontosaurus than Abrictosaurus (after Butler et al. 2008) D Heterodontosaurid relationships including Echinodon and Fruitadens as basal taxa (after Butler et al. 2009) E Heterodontosaurid relationships as in Butler et al. (2008) (after Norman et al. 2011). Some terminal taxa in the original analyses are collapsed into suprageneric taxa; red text indicates heterodontosaurid taxa; "BMNH A100" is now catalogued as NHMUK RU A100.
Figure 12 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 12 - Maxilla of Echinodon becklesii from the Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Formation of England. Right maxilla in lateral view (NHMUK 48211). Lithograph (A) and line drawing (B) from Owen (1861). Stereopair (C) and line drawing (D). Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges. Scale bars equal 5 mm. Abbreviations: adi arched diastema am articular surface for the maxilla antfe antorbital fenestra be buccal emargination fo foramen j jugal m1, 2, 7 maxillary tooth 1, 2, 7 pl palatine ppf postpalatine foramen rm rim.
Figure 25 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 25 - Tail of the heterodontosaurid Tianyulong confuciusi from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of China. Anterior caudal vertebrae and ossified tendons in left lateral view, from the seventh to the thirteenth caudal vertebra. Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges; tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: CA caudal ch chevron epot epaxial ossified tendons hyot hypaxial ossified tendons ns neural spine poz postzygapophyses prz prezygapohpysis.
Figure 11 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 11 - Premaxilla of Echinodon becklesii from the Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Formation of England. Left premaxilla in anterdorsolateral view (NHMUK 48209). Stereopair (A) and line drawing (B). Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges; tone indicates matrix. Scale bars equal 5 mm. Abbreviations: apmf anterior premaxillary foramen di diastema l left m1 maxillary tooth 1 nf narial fossa pm premaxilla pm1, 3 premaxillary tooth 1, 3 r right ru rugosity.
Figure 18 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 18 - Dentary of Echinodon becklesii from the Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Formation of England. Portion of the left dentary (NHMUK 48213) in medial view. Stereopair (A) and line drawing (B). Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges; tone indicates matrix; hash marks indicate carbowax support. Scale bars equal 1 cm. Abbreviations: d3, 10 dentary tooth 3, 10 Mc Meckel's canal.
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