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FIGURE 4 in Pararhigognostis-a new genus for Plutella stichocentra Meyrick, 1932 (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae), with a redescription of its male and female genitalia
FIGURE 4. Pararhigognostis stichocentra, wing venations: A, forewing, B, hindwing.
TABLE 1 in Pararhigognostis-a new genus for Plutella stichocentra Meyrick, 1932 (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae), with a redescription of its male and female genitalia
<p><b>TABLE 1.</b> Summary of differences in characters between the genera <i>Plutella</i>, <i>Plutelloptera</i>, <i>Eidopasia messingiella</i> group, <i>E. syenitella</i> group, <i>Rhigognostis</i> and the new genus <i>Pararhigognostis</i>.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>characters</th><th><i>Plutella</i></th><th><i>Plutelloptera</i></th><th><i>E. messingiella</i> -group</th><th><i>E. syenitella —</i> group</th><th><i>Rhigognostis</i></th><th><i>Pararhigognostis</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>course of R1 vein in foreving</th><td>reaches the costal margin within</td><td>reaches the costal margin beyond pterostigma</td><td></td><td>reaches the costal margin within the pterostigma (Fig. 4A)</td></tr><tr><td>pterostigma</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>course veins of M1 and M3 in hindving</th><td>stalked M1 and M2</td><td></td><td>free (Fig. 4B)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>male</th></tr><tr><th>valva shape</th><td>elongate with rounded apex</td><td>broad, square or trapezoid outline</td><td>broad, obovate</td><td>elongate, rectangular in outline</td><td>elongate, gently rounded apex constricted at 2/3 of its lenght</td><td>elongate, trapezoid (Fig. 6A)</td></tr><tr><th>costal margin of valva</th><td>gently curved</td><td>straight</td><td>slightly bent</td><td>straight</td><td>with a gently rounded, broad apex, constricted at 2/3 of its length</td><td>straight with a very small, hooked top halfway along (Fig. 6A)</td></tr><tr><th>posterior margin of valva</th><td>distinctly elongated</td><td>gently rounded</td><td>rounded, at the ventral margin</td><td>gently rounded</td><td>distinctly elongated</td><td>straight with a small recess one</td></tr><tr><th>ventral margin of valva</th><td>straight</td><td></td><td>slightly convex at 2/3 of its lenght</td><td>straight</td><td>gently rounded</td><td>straight, with a distinct, sclerotized tooth-shaped appendage immediately (Fig. 6A)</td></tr><tr><th>posterior/ costal apex</th><td>oval</td><td>rounded</td><td></td><td>oval</td><td></td><td>rounded (Fig. 6A)</td></tr><tr><th>posterior/ventral apex</th><td>rounded</td><td>raised, rounded with a group of small thorns</td><td>rounded</td><td>oval</td><td>triangular (Fig. 6A)</td></tr><tr><th>sacculus</th><td>fololded with distinct spines</td><td>absent</td><td>deeply folded basally, which two complicated arms which bear stout spines</td><td>long, club-shaped, margins conspicuously denticulate</td><td>absent</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>length of aedeagus as compare to valve</th><td>shorter</td><td></td><td>slightly longer</td><td>shorter</td><td></td><td>twice as long</td></tr><tr><th>shape of aedeagus</th><td>straight</td><td></td><td>curved</td><td></td><td></td><td>straight (Fig. 5B)</td></tr><tr><th>base of aedeagus</th><td>broadened with a pair</td><td>broadened</td><td>slightly dilated</td><td>expanded on one side</td><td>unilaterally extended</td><td>slightly, dilated (Fig. 6C)</td></tr><tr><th>of lateral hooks</th></tr><tr><th>apex of aedeagus</th><td>needle shaped</td><td>narrowed</td><td>slightly wider</td><td>gently tapering</td><td>sharpened</td><td>one-sided sharpened (Fig. 6B)</td></tr><tr><th>aedeagus</th><td>sclerotized</td><td>weakly</td><td>membranous</td><td>sclerotized</td><td>weakly sclerotized</td><td>sclerotized (Fig. 5B)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>sclerotized</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>cornuti with aedeagus</th><td>absent</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>single long dentate, pointed spine</td><td>absent</td></tr><tr><th>tegumen gnathos complex</th><td>gnathal process surrounding of the anal tube</td><td>not isolated</td><td>semi-elliptical</td><td>not isolated</td><td>gnathal process surrounding of the anal tube</td><td>not isolated</td></tr><tr><th>saccus</th><td>large, long strongly sclerotized</td><td>large, shorter, strongly slerotized</td><td>wide, short and slightly curved</td><td>long and narrow</td><td>very long, narrow</td><td>long (Fig. 5A)</td></tr><tr><th>apodema</th><td>absent</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>present</td><td>absent</td></tr><tr><th>female</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>apophyses posteriores</th><td>thiny, short</td><td>thiny, longer</td><td>thiny, short</td><td></td><td>thiny, very short</td><td>thiny, long (Fig. 7A)</td></tr><tr><th>apophyses anteriores</th><td>thiny, long</td><td>thiny, short</td><td>thiny and curved in half its length</td><td>thiny</td><td>thiny, very short</td><td>thiny, long (Fig. 7A)</td></tr><tr><th>length of a. posteriores as compare to a. anteriores</th><td>shorter</td><td>longer</td><td>slightly longer</td><td>this same lenght</td><td>twice as long</td><td>longer</td></tr><tr><th>antrum</th><td>cup like, thin, only slighty wider than ductus bursa</td><td>cup like, clearly wider than ductus bursae</td><td>elongated, sclerotized</td><td>cup-shaped, membranous</td><td>initially narrow, then strongly distended and round</td><td>narrow and elongated, cup-shaped (Fig. 7B)</td></tr><tr><th>ductus bursae below antrum</th><td>sclerotized</td><td></td><td>membranous</td><td>sclerotized</td><td>only short section sclerotized</td><td>dilated, markedly sclerotized (Fig. 7A)</td></tr><tr><th>ductus bursae</th><td>short, strongly sclerotized, very thin</td><td>very short, sclerotized</td><td>very short, strengthened at the antrum</td><td>not very long, membranous</td><td>long, membranous</td><td>membranous (Fig. 7A)</td></tr><tr><th>bursa copulatrix</th><td>elongate, small,</td><td>elongate, long,</td><td>elongated, irregular</td><td>small, oval,</td><td>large, oval</td><td>small, round</td></tr><tr><th>strengthenedd walls of bursa copulatrix</th><td>membranous</td><td></td><td></td><td>sclerotised, very numerous spines, tiny and short</td><td>membranous, with small teeth or strongly sclerotized</td><td>membranous, with small teeth (Fig. 7A)</td></tr><tr><th>signum</th><td>absent</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>present or absent</td><td>absent</td></tr></tbody></table><p>......continued on the next page</p>
Data from: Females of a cannibalistic spider control mutilation of their genitalia by males
When females can mate multiply, the interests of both sexes over female remating may not coincide, leading to selection for adaptations and counter-adaptations in males and females. In several orb-weaving spiders, males damage external structures of the female genitalia during copulation, which hinders the female from remating. We investigated whether females have control over the mutilation of their genitalia in the orb-weaving spider Larinia jeskovi. We found that female sexual cannibalism during copulation reduced the number of insertions a male was able to perform and hence limited the probability of genital mutilation by the male. Genital mutilation did not differ between treatments in which females experienced different availabilities of other males before the mating trial: males absent, males near the female ('vicinity group'), and males in the female's web ('web group'). However, traits of the mating male (size, condition) were significantly correlated with the occurrence of cannibalism during mating in 'web' and 'vicinity' treatments. These results suggest that females have control over mutilation by an early termination of mating, can respond to the availability of potential mates and can alter the probability of mutilation according to certain male traits. Female sexual cannibalism may represent a counter-adaptation to genital mutilation allowing females to mate multiply.
Data from: Distinct copulation positions in Drosophila pachea males with symmetric or asymmetric external genitalia
Left-right asymmetric genitalia have appeared multiple times independently in insects and have been associated with changes in mating positions. However, there is little experimental data on how the evolution of genital asymmetries may have affected the evolution of mating positions or vice versa. As opposed to its closely-related species, Drosophila pachea has a conspicuous asymmetry in its male genitalia external lobes, with the left lobe being 1.49 ± 0.08 (SD) times longer and thinner than the right lobe. In a laboratory stock, we found that 20% of the males possess fully symmetric lobes. To better understand how asymmetric genitalia may affect mating, we compared D. pachea copulation behaviour between these mutant males and wild-type males. We found that D. pachea wild-type males adopt a one-sided mating posture with the male always one-sided 8.55° ± 1.79° (SD) towards the female's right side. Within 45-min recordings, all wild-type males did mate whereas 39% of symmetric mutants failed to form a stable mating complex and did not mate. In successful copulations, symmetric mutants also adopted a right-sided mating posture but the angle between male and female bodies was significantly more variable compared to wild-type males. Our results suggest that lobe size asymmetry is required for the formation of a stable mating complex and for the positioning of the male according to a precise angle on the female. However, lobe size asymmetry is not required for D. pachea right-sided mating posture.
Figures 63-65. Male genitalia and aedeagi. 63 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of the subfamily Peloniinae Opitz (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part VIII. Systematics of the checkered beetle genus Chariessa Perty
Figures 63-65. Male genitalia and aedeagi. 63) Chariessa ramicornis. 64) C. texana. 65) C. vestita.
Figures 12–14. Male genitalia. 12 in Tropidosteptes forestierae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae): New Species of Plant Bug Injuring Ornamental Florida Swampprivet Forestiera segregata (Oleaceae), in South Florida
Figures 12–14. Male genitalia. 12) Left paramere (a, caudal aspect; b, rotated left to show lateral arm). 13) Right paramere, caudal aspect. 14) Endosoma, with distinct secondary gonopore and single apically spinose spiculum.
FIGURE 7 in Differentiation of the Andean Ozadelpha ovata and O. rionegrella sp. nov (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae) based on characters of the male genitalia
FIGURE 7. An updated and modified pictorial tool for the differentiation of Ozadelpha species
Figure 28-29. Agapetus spp. male genitalia. 28 in A review of the genus Agapetus Curtis (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) in eastern and central North America, with description of 12 new species
Figure 28-29. Agapetus spp. male genitalia. 28) Agapetus vireo Ross. 28a, lateral view; 28b, dorsal view, inferior appendages not shown; 28c, ventral view of IX and inferior appendages. 29) Agapetus walkeri (Betten and Mosely). 29a, lateral view; 29b, dorsal view; inferior appendages not shown; 29c, ventral view of IX and inferior appendages.
Figures 24–35 in Comparative morphology study of the male genitalia of the genus Aegosoma from China (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), with a new record species
Figures 24–35. Penis of Aegosoma spp. 24–25. A. ornaticolle White, 1853. 26–27. A. katsurai (Komiya, 2000). 28–29. A. george Do, 2015. 30–31. A. sinica White, 1853. 32–33. A. hainanensis Gahan,1900. 34–35. A. guerryi (Lameere, 1915). 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34. Ventral view. 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35. Lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Figures 16-17 from: Boudinot B (2013) The male genitalia of ants: musculature, homology, and functional morphology (Hymenoptera, Aculeata, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 30: 29-49. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.30.3535
Figures 16-17 - Internal genitalia. 16 Formica obscuripes ventral oblique view, 1.0 mm 17 Labidus coecus ductus ejaculatorius with wedge sclerite ventral view, 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: Vs vasicula seminalis; Ag accessory gland; De ductus ejaculatorius; Eb endophallic bladder; Gc genital capsule; Gp gonopore; Sp spiculum; Te testis; We wedge sclerite. Muscle: a.
Figures 5-8 from: Boudinot B (2013) The male genitalia of ants: musculature, homology, and functional morphology (Hymenoptera, Aculeata, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 30: 29-49. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.30.3535
Figures 5-8 - Muscles of thegenital capsule and sternum IX. 5 Formica obscuripes genital capsule anterior-to-posterior view, 0.5 mm 6 Neivamyrmex longiscapus lateral view, 1.0 mm 7 Messor andrei genital capsule anterior-to-posterior view, 0.5 mm 8 Formica obscuripes volsella and paramere mesal view, with all penisvalvar muscles removed except l, 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: Ad anterodorsal apodeme of basimere; Al anterolateral apodeme of basimere; Ap apex gonostipitis; Av anteroventral apodeme of basimere; Ba basivolsellar apodeme; Bm basimere; Bv basivolsella; Cs cuspis; Cu cupula; Dl dorsolateral apodeme of cupula; Do dorsal apodeme of cupula; Eb endophallic bladder; Fg foramen genitale; Ga gonostipital arm; Lc lateral apodeme of cupula; Pv penisvalva; Te telomere; Vc valviceps; Vo volsella. Muscles: a b c d e f g h i j k l p qr t;insertion of muscle 'x': xi; origin of muscle 'x': xo.
Figures 13-15 from: Boudinot B (2013) The male genitalia of ants: musculature, homology, and functional morphology (Hymenoptera, Aculeata, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 30: 29-49. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.30.3535
Figures 13-15 - Penisvalva muscles and morphology. 13 Formica obscuripes ectal view, 0.5 mm 14 Messor andrei ventral, 0.2 mm 15 Labidus coecus ectal view, ki is on mesal face of valvura, 1.0 mm. Abbreviations: Lp lateral apodeme of penisvalva; Vc valviceps; Vu valvura. Muscles: h h' i j k l;insertion of muscle 'x': xi; origin of muscle 'x': xo.
Figures 1-4 from: Boudinot B (2013) The male genitalia of ants: musculature, homology, and functional morphology (Hymenoptera, Aculeata, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 30: 29-49. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.30.3535
Figures 1-4 - Genital capsule and sternum IX habitus and musculature. 1 Formica obscuripes lateral oblique view, 0.5 mm 2 Messor andrei dorsal view, 0.5 mm 3 Labidus praedator dorsal view, 1.0 mm 4 Formica obscuripes sternum IX anterior-to-posterior oblique mesal view, 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: Bm basimere; Cr cranial apodeme of sternum IX; Cs cuspis; Cu cupula; Di digitus; Dl dorsolateral apodeme of cupula; Do dorsal apodeme of cupula; Lc lateral apodeme of cupula; Lm valviceps lamina; Ma maculation; Pm penisvalva membrane; Pt phallotrema; Sp spiculum; Te telomere; Tm telomeral membrane; Vm volsellar membrane; Vu valvura. Muscles: a b c d e f g h i j k l p qr t;insertion of muscle 'x': xi; origin of muscle 'x': xo.
Figures 9-12 from: Boudinot B (2013) The male genitalia of ants: musculature, homology, and functional morphology (Hymenoptera, Aculeata, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 30: 29-49. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.30.3535
Figures 9-12 - Volsella muscles and morphology; the parossiculus is composed of the basivolsella and distivolsella. 9 Formica obscuripes ventral view; inset mesal with digitus removed, dorsal left; both 0.5 mm 10 Messor andrei mesal view, dash indicates base of twisted lamina and part of setose ridge; inset dorsal; both 0.2 mm 11 Labidus coecus mesal view, 1.0 mm 12 Neivamyrmex longiscapus lateral view, 0.5 mm. Stippling on 9 and 12 indicate setal bases. Abbreviations: Bm basimere; Bv basivolsella; Ca cuspal apodeme; Cs cuspis; Di digitus; Vm volsellar membrane. Muscles: p qr t;insertion of muscle 'x': xi; origin of muscle 'x': xo.
Figures 7-11 from: Mejdalani G, Rodrigues L, Gonçalves A (2012) A remarkable new species of Euragallia from Peru (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Agalliini), including the description of a peculiar structure of the male genitalia. ZooKeys 178: 51-58. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.178.3038
Figures 7-11 - Euragallia batmani sp. n., internal male genitalia and anal tube. 7 style (STY), dorsal view (PSC = plate-style connective) 8 aedeagus, lateral view 9 dorsal region of basal portion of aedeagus, dorsal view (WLP = wing-like projection) 10 apical portion of aedeagus, caudal view 11 anal tube, lateral view.
Figures 1-6 from: Mejdalani G, Rodrigues L, Gonçalves A (2012) A remarkable new species of Euragallia from Peru (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Agalliini), including the description of a peculiar structure of the male genitalia. ZooKeys 178: 51-58. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.178.3038
Figures 1-6 - Euragallia batmani sp. n., body and external male genitalia. 1 body, dorsal view 2 body, lateral view 3 face, frontal view 4 pygofer, lateral view 5 valve (VAL) and (fused) subgenital plates (SGP), ventral view 6 apical portion of subgenital plate, laterodorsal view.
Figures 7-12 Aleptina male genitalia 7 from: Metzler E, Forbes G (2011) The Lepidoptera of White Sands National Monument, Otero County, New Mexico, USA 3. A new species of Aleptina Dyar, 1902 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Amphipyrinae, Psaphidini). ZooKeys 149: 125-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.149.1517
Figures 7-12 Aleptina male genitalia 7 - Figures 7–12. Aleptina male genitalia. 7 Aleptina inca Dyar, male genital details 8 Aleptina inca Dyar, male genital details of aedeagus 9 Aleptina clinopetes Dyar, male genital details 10 Aleptina clinopetes Dyar, male genital details of aedeagus 11 Aleptina arenaria Metzler & Forbes, male genital details, paratype 12 Aleptina arenaria Metzler & Forbes, male genital details of aedeagus. paratype.
Figure 8 from: Perafán C, Galvis W, Gutiérrez M, Pérez-Miles F (2016) Kankuamo, a new theraphosid genus from Colombia (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with a new type of urticating setae and divergent male genitalia. ZooKeys 601: 89-109. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.601.7704
Figure 8 - Urticating setae type VII A setae viewed in optical microscope B urticating setae embedded into the finger skin. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B = 1 mm.
Figure 7 from: Perafán C, Galvis W, Gutiérrez M, Pérez-Miles F (2016) Kankuamo, a new theraphosid genus from Colombia (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with a new type of urticating setae and divergent male genitalia. ZooKeys 601: 89-109. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.601.7704
Figure 7 - A Map of northern Colombia showing the distribution of Kankuamo marquezi gen. n., sp. n. B habitat of Kankuamo marquezi, Cuchilla San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
Figure 2 from: Perafán C, Galvis W, Gutiérrez M, Pérez-Miles F (2016) Kankuamo, a new theraphosid genus from Colombia (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with a new type of urticating setae and divergent male genitalia. ZooKeys 601: 89-109. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.601.7704
Figure 2 - Kankuamo gen. n., urticating setae type VII. A Distal apex, white arrow indicates patch of lanceolated reversed barbs, grey arrow indicates penetrating tip B patch of lanceolated reversed barbs C main barbs on distal area D main barbs on medial area E basal end and detail of main barbs on basal area, white arrow indicates the attachment stalk with the abdomen F–G abdomen, dorsal surface, showing setae attachment points, white arrow indicates urticating setae. Scale bars: A, F = 50 µm; B, E = 10 µm; C, D = 20 µm; E = 200 µm.
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