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FIGURE 12. Salmacis spp. A. S. bicolor. Red color variant. B. S in New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong
FIGURE 12. Salmacis spp. A. S. bicolor. Red color variant. B. S. sphaeroides. In situ observation of S. sphaeroides. C. S. sphaeroides. Showing individuals scavenging on a dead fish. Photographer: A. Josy Lai; B. and C. Sam King Fung Yiu.
intraspecific the to correspond. outgroups bold: grey in in Values; retzii. ) pb Microphis 605 ( : alignment red in; . I nov . subunit sp oxydase arrakisae c Microphis cytochrome: blue the in; on torrentius based) Microphis p-distances: green uncorrected in; (nicoleae matrix distance Microphis : Pairwise yellow In. . 2 divergence TABLE in A new freshwater pipefish species (Syngnathidae: Microphis) from the Sunda shelf islands, Indonesia
intraspecific the to correspond. outgroups bold: grey in in Values; retzii. ) pb Microphis 605 ( : alignment red in; . I nov . subunit sp oxydase arrakisae c Microphis cytochrome: blue the in; on torrentius based) Microphis p-distances: green uncorrected in; (nicoleae matrix distance Microphis : Pairwise yellow In. . 2 divergence TABLE
Astrosat/UVIT reduced images and HST/STIS merged spectra for the red-giant binary 2MASSJ05215658+4359220, published by Bianchi, L et al. 2024, ApJ ( DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad712f ; arxiv:2409.06906)
<p>Reduced and calibrated datasets used in the paper: </p> <p>Bianchi, Luciana; Hutchings, John; Bohlin, Ralph; Thilker, David; and Berti, Emanuele 2024, ApJ, in press; DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad712f ; <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.06906" target=" ">arxiv:2409.06906</a><br>Title:<em> Revealing the elusive companion of the red-giant binary 2MASSJ05215658+4359220 from UV HST and Astrosat/UVIT data.</em></p> <p>See<em> </em>the original paper for details on the data reduction. Please reference the original paper if using these datasets. </p> <p><em>1) </em>STIS_2mj05215.mrg</p> <p>The file includes the three-ranges spectra extracted and combined: G230L+G430L+G750L. Ascii file. Columns are: WAVELENGTH (˚A), COUNT-RATE (counts cm−2 s−1 pixel−1), FLUX (ergs cm−2 s−1 ˚A−1), STAT-ERROR (ergs cm−2 s−1 ˚A−1), SYS-ERROR (ergs cm−2 s−1 ˚A−1), NPTS (the number of co-added spectra for that pixel), TIME (total exposure time at that pixel in seconds), QUAL ( 1=good data, 0=possibly poor data quality). The DOI: 10.17909/tvvw-4e47 refers to the original HST data, not to te reduced and combined dataset.</p> <p>The file is also available from the author's website at : http:/dolomiti.pha.jhu.edu/uvsky/RGbinary_2MASSJ05215658+4359220/STISspectra/STIS_2mj05215.mrg</p> <p>2) UVITimages.tar. Tar file containing the UVIT images, reconstructed from the photon-counting archival data, calibrated accounting for dead-time corrections, in .fits format</p> <p>The tar file contains the following .fits files of the reconstructed images, where the “NORM EXPARRAY” files are the normalized relative response maps across the field, expressed as 0 to 1. So, the effective exposure time at a pixel position is RDCDTIME multiplied by this image. The ”NORMEXP IMAGE” is the science image, that must be divided by the product of RDCDTIME and the NORM EXPARRAY image on a pixel-by-pixel basis, to obtain counts s−1 pixel−1</p> <p>2MASSJ05215658+4359220_FUV_CaF2___MASTER_NORM_EXPARRAY_A10_093T01_9000004128.fits</p> <p>2MASSJ05215658+4359220_FUV_CaF2___MASTER_NORM_EXPARRAY_A10_093T01_9000004266.fits</p> <p>2MASSJ05215658+4359220_FUV_CaF2___MASTER_NORM_EXPARRAY_Merged.fits</p> <p>2MASSJ05215658+4359220_FUV_CaF2___MASTER_NORMEXP_IMAGE_A10_093T01_9000004128.fits</p> <p>2MASSJ05215658+4359220_FUV_CaF2___MASTER_NORMEXP_IMAGE_A10_093T01_9000004266.fits</p> <p>2MASSJ05215658+4359220_FUV_CaF2___MASTER_NORMEXP_IMAGE_Merged.fits</p> <p>2MASSJ05215658+4359220_FUV_Sapphire___MASTER_NORM_EXPARRAY_A10_093T01_9000004128.fits</p> <p>2MASSJ05215658+4359220_FUV_Sapphire___MASTER_NORM_EXPARRAY_A10_093T01_9000004266.fits</p> <p>2MASSJ05215658+4359220_FUV_Sapphire___MASTER_NORM_EXPARRAY_Merged.fits</p> <p>2MASSJ05215658+4359220_FUV_Sapphire___MASTER_NORMEXP_IMAGE_A10 093T01_9000004128.fits</p> <p>2MASSJ05215658+4359220_FUV_Sapphire___MASTER_NORMEXP_IMAGE_A10_093T01_9000004266.fits</p> <p>2MASSJ05215658+4359220_FUV_Sapphire___MASTER_NORMEXP_MAGE_Merged.fits</p> <p>The tar file is also available from the author's website at: http:/dolomiti.pha.jhu.edu/uvsky/RGbinary_2MASSJ05215658+4359220/UVITimages/UVITimages.tar</p>
Data from: Maladaptive plasticity masks the effects of natural selection in the red-shouldered soapberry bug
Natural selection can produce local adaptation, but local adaptation can be masked by maladaptive plasticity. Maladaptive plasticity may arise as a result of gene flow producing novel gene combinations that have not been exposed to selection. In the 1980s, populations of the red-shouldered soapberry bug (Jadera haematoloma) were locally adapted to feed on the seeds of a native host plant and an introduced host plant; by 2014, local differentiation in beak length had been lost, likely as a consequence of increased gene flow. In this study, I assess the relative contributions of natural selection and plasticity to beak length on these two hosts. I confirm the earlier hypothesis that the host plant seedpod drives divergent natural selection on beak length. I then demonstrate that the proximate cause of the loss of observable differentiation in beak length is maladaptive plasticity, which masks persistent genetic differences between host-associated populations. Maladaptive plasticity is highest in areas where the two plants co-occur; in combination with historical measures of plasticity in hybrids, this indicates that maladaptive plasticity may be a consequence of ongoing gene flow. Although natural selection produced locally adapted genotypes in soapberry bugs, maladaptive plasticity is masking phenotypic differences between populations in nature.
Data from: "Identification of SNP markers for the endangered Ugandan red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles) using RAD sequencing" in Genomic Resources Notes accepted 1 December 2014 to 31 January 2015
Despite dramatic growth in the field of primate genomics over the past decade, studies of primate population and conservation genomics in the wild have been hampered due to the difficulties inherent in studying non-model organisms and endangered species, such as lack of a reference genome and current challenges in de novo primate genome assembly. Here, we used Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to develop a population-based SNP panel for the Ugandan red colobus (P. rufomitratus tephrosceles), which is a highly threatened monkey due to habitat loss. We analyzed blood samples from 24 individuals from Kibale National Park (Uganda) using single-end RAD sequencing. We obtained 70,773,857 reads, of which 58,814,906 passed the filtering steps. Using the program STACKS v. 1.11 we identified 113,376 loci, of which 50,558 were polymorphic and had a mean observed heterozygosity of 0.25. These data will be used to study the effects of habitat fragmentation on genomic diversity, dispersal, and disease transmission in this species. Our approach provides a good example of the potential of RAD sequencing in studies of wild primate populations.
Data from: Deep COI sequencing of standardized benthic samples unveils overlooked diversity of Jordanian coral reefs in the Northern Red Sea
High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) of DNA barcodes (metabarcoding), particularly when combined with standardized sampling protocols, is one of the most promising approaches for censusing overlooked cryptic invertebrate communities. We present biodiversity estimates based on sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene for coral reefs of the Gulf of Aqaba, a semi-enclosed system in the Northern Red Sea. Samples were obtained from standardized sampling devices [Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS)] deployed for 18 months. DNA barcoding of non-sessile specimens >2mm revealed 83 OTUs in six phyla, of which only 25% matched a reference sequence in public databases. Metabarcoding of the 2mm-500μm and sessile bulk fractions revealed 1197 OTUs in 15 animal phyla, of which only 4.9% matched reference barcodes. These results highlight the scarcity of COI data for cryptobenthic organisms of the Red Sea. Compared with data obtained using similar methods, our results suggest that Gulf of Aqaba reefs are less diverse than two Pacific coral reefs but much more diverse than an Atlantic oyster reef at a similar latitude. The standardized approaches used here show promise for establishing baseline data on biodiversity, monitoring the impacts of environmental change, and quantifying patterns of diversity at regional and global scales.
Consumption of red maple in anticipation of beech mast-seeding drives reproduction in Eastern chipmunks
1. Understanding the determinants of reproduction is a central question in evolutionary ecology. In pulsed resources environments, the reproduction and population dynamics of seed consumers is driven by pulsed production of seeds by trees, or mast-seeding. In Southern Québec, eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) exclusively reproduce during the summer before and the spring after a mast-seeding event of American beech. They thus seem to anticipate beech mast by reproducing during early summer, so that juveniles can emerge at the time of maximum beechnut abundance during late summer. 2. However, the cues allowing chipmunks to anticipate beech mast remain unknown, and the existence of the anticipation process itself has been questioned. To tackle those issues, we investigated the links between the nutritional ecology and reproduction of adult chipmunks and compared their spring diet in mast- vs post-mast years. 3. We monitored female's reproductive status (N=446), analyzed cheek pouch contents at capture (n=3761 captures), and recorded seed production by deciduous trees on three different sites in Mont-Sutton from 2006 to 2018. 4. Results revealed a systematic shift in chipmunk diet towards red maple seeds in springs preceding a beech mast, with red maple seeds composing more than 77% of chipmunk diet. However, red maple consumption was unrelated to red maple production, but was related to beech seed production in the upcoming fall. We also found that red maple consumption best predicted the proportion of females in summer estrus. 5. Our results confirm that chipmunks anticipate beech mast-seeding and suggest a key role of red maple consumption in that anticipation. Results also suggest that red maple seeds may contain nutrients or secondary-plant components essential to sustain or trigger the summer reproduction in chipmunks, which allow them to remain synchronized with pulsed productions of both red maple and beech and improve their fitness. 08-Jan-2020
Data from: The Red Death meets the abdominal bristle: polygenic mutation for susceptibility to a bacterial pathogen in Caenorhabditis elegans
Understanding the genetic basis of susceptibility to pathogens is an important goal of medicine and of evolutionary biology. A key first step toward understanding the genetics and evolution of any phenotypic trait is characterizing the role of mutation. However, the rate at which mutation introduces genetic variance for pathogen susceptibility in any organism is essentially unknown. Here we quantify the per-generation input of genetic variance by mutation (VM) for susceptibility of Caenorhabditis elegans to the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (defined as the median time of death, LT50). VM for LT50 is slightly less than VM for a variety of life-history and morphological traits in this strain of C. elegans, but is well within the range of reported values in a variety of organisms. Mean LT50 did not change significantly over 250 generations of mutation accumulation. Comparison of VM to the standing genetic variance (VG) implies a strength of selection against new mutations of a few tenths of a percent. These results suggest that the substantial standing genetic variation for susceptibility of C. elegans to P. aeruginosa can be explained by polygenic mutation coupled with purifying selection.
Data from: Three-dimensional preservation of cellular and subcellular structures reveal 1.6 billion-year-old probable crown-group red algae
The ~1.6 Ga Tirohan Dolomite of the Lower Vindhyan in central India contains phosphatized stromatolitic microbialites. We report from there uniquely well-preserved fossils interpreted as crown-group rhodophytes (red algae). The filamentous form Rafatazmia chitrakootensis n.gen, n.sp. has uniserial rows of large cells and grows through diffusely distributed septation. Each cell has a centrally suspended, conspicuous rhomboidal disk interpreted as a pyrenoid. The septa between the cells have central structures that may represent pit connections and pit plugs. Another filamentous form, Denaricion mendax n.gen., n.sp., has coin-like cells reminiscent of those in large sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, but much more recalcitrant than the liquid-vacuole-filled cells of the latter. Its wider affinities are uncertain. Ramathallus lobatus n.gen., n.sp. is a lobate sessile alga with pseudoparenchymatous thallus and apparent tetraspore formation, suggesting florideophycean affinity. Rafatazmia and Ramathallus are interpreted as crown-group multicellular rhodophytes, antedating the oldest previously accepted red alga in the fossil record by about 400 million years.
Data from: Asymmetric introgression between fishes in the Red River basin of Texas is associated with variation in water quality
When ecologically divergent taxa encounter one another, hybrid zones can form when reproductive isolation is incomplete. The location of such hybrid zones can be influenced by environmental variables, and an ecological context can provide unique insights into the mechanisms by which species diverge and are maintained. Two ecologically differentiated species of small benthic fishes, the endemic and imperiled prairie chub, Macrhybopsis australis, and the shoal chub, Macrhybopsis hyostoma, are locally sympatric within the upper Red River Basin of Texas. We integrated population genomic data and environmental data to investigate species divergence and the maintenance of species boundaries in these two species. We found evidence of advanced-generation asymmetric hybridization and introgression, with shoal chub alleles introgressing more frequently into prairie chubs than the reciprocal. Using a Bayesian Genomic Cline framework, patterns of genomic introgression were revealed to be quite heterogeneous, yet shoal chub alleles were found to have likely selectively introgressed across species boundaries significantly more often than prairie chub alleles, potentially explaining some of the observed asymmetry in hybridization. These patterns were remarkably consistent across two sampled geographic regions of hybridization. Several environmental variables were found to significantly predict individual admixture, suggesting ecological isolation might maintain species boundaries.
FIGURE 3 in Waminoa brickneri n. sp. (Acoela: Acoelomorpha) associated with corals in the Red Sea
FIGURE 3: Light micrographs of sections of Waminoa brickneri sp. nov. showing position of reproductive organs. A. Seminal bursa and male copulatory organ in midsagittal section. B. Tangential section of seminal bursa showing one bursal nozzle projecting caudally. C. Male copulatory organ; arrows point to serous glands that flank male gonopore. bn, bursa nozzle; fgp, female gonopore; mg, mucus glands; mgp, male gonopore; rh, rhabdoid glands; pg, penis glands; sb, seminal bursa; sv, seminal vesicle; zx, zooxanthellae.
FIGURE 1 in Waminoa brickneri n. sp. (Acoela: Acoelomorpha) associated with corals in the Red Sea
FIGURE 1. Waminoa brickneri sp. nov. A. Live animals infesting the coral Plesiastrea laxa. B. Ventral view of fixed adult specimen. C. Anterior end of live freshly hatched juvenile. e, eyespots; st, statocyst.
FIGURE 2 in Waminoa brickneri n. sp. (Acoela: Acoelomorpha) associated with corals in the Red Sea
FIGURE 2: Waminoa brickneri sp. nov. Reconstructions showing arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal reconstruction of whole organism. B. Sagittal reconstruction of whole organism. C. Sagittal reconstruction of reproductive organs. bn, bursal nozzle; br, brain; cm, cell mass; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; fsv, false seminal vesicle; fgp, female gonopore; m, mouth; mg, mucous gland; pg, penis glands; rh, rhabdoid gland cell; sb, seminal bursa; sv, seminal vesicle; t, testes; zx, zooxanthellae.
FIGURE 17 in Hypnea platyclada, a new species of red alga (Rhodophyta, Cystocloniaceae) from Brazil
FIGURE 17: Map of the coast of Bahia, Brazil, showing the distribution of Hypnea platyclada sp. nov.
FIGURES 11−16 in Hypnea platyclada, a new species of red alga (Rhodophyta, Cystocloniaceae) from Brazil
FIGURES 11−16: Reproductive features of Hypnea platyclada sp. nov. Fig. 11: Cross section of a branch containing tetrasporangia unilaterally arranged. Fig. 12: Details of tetrasporangia produced in the cortical region of the branch. Fig. 13: Cross section of a cystocarp. Fig. 14: Details of carposporangia at apex of columnar gonimoblast. Fig. 15: Cross section of a branch containing spermatangial sori arranged on one side. Fig 16: Details of spermatangia in chains. Scale bars: Fig. 11 = 10 µm; Fig. 12 = 50 µm; Fig. 13 = 100 µm; Fig. 14 = 50 µm; Fig. 15 = 20 µm; Fig. 16 = 10 µm.
Quantitative genetics of extreme insular dwarfing: the case of red deer (Cervus elaphus) on Jersey
<p><b>Aim: </b>The Island Rule – i.e. the tendency for body size to decrease in large mammals and increase in small mammals on islands has been commonly evaluated through macroecological or macroevolutionary, pattern-orientated approaches, which generally fail to model the microevolutionary processes driving either dwarfing or gigantism. Here, we seek to identify which microevolutionary process could have driven extreme insular dwarfism in the extinct dwarf red deer population on the island of Jersey.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Jersey, UK (Channel Islands).</p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> Red deer ( <i>Cervus elaphus</i>)</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We applied an individual-based quantitative genetics model parameterized with red deer life-history data to study the evolution of dwarfism in Jersey's deer, considering variations in island area and isolation through time due to sea level changes.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> The body size of red deer on Jersey decreased fast early on, due to phenotypic plasticity, then kept decreasing almost linearly over time down to the actual body size of the Jersey deer (36 kg on average). Only 1% out of 10,000 replicates failed to reach that size in our simulations. The distribution of time to adaptation in these simulations was right-skewed, with a median of 395 generations (equivalent to roughly 4 ky years), with complete dwarfism effectively occurring in less than 6 ky 84.6% of times. About 72% of the variation in the time to adaptation between simulations was collectively explained by higher mutational variance, the number of immigrants from the continent after isolation, available genetic variance, heritability, and phenotypic plasticity.</p> <p><b>Main Conclusions:</b> The extreme dwarfing of red deer on Jersey is an expected outcome of high mutational variance, high immigration rate, a wide adaptive landscape, low levels of inbreeding, and high phenotypic plasticity (in the early phase of dwarfing), all occurring within a time window of around 6 ky. Our model reveals how extreme dwarfism is a plausible outcome of common, well-known evolutionary processes.</p>
Data from: Behavioural red-light sensitivity in fish according to the optomotor response
<p>Various procedures have been adopted to investigate spectral sensitivity of animals, e.g., absorption spectra of visual pigments, electroretinography, optokinetic response, optomotor response (OMR), and phototaxis. These works have led to various conclusions about animal vision. However, visual sensitivity should be evaluated consistently for a reliable comparison. In this study, we retrieved behavioural data of several fish species that used a unified procedure for the OMR test and compared the sensitivities to near-infrared light. Besides cavefish that lack eyes, some species were not appropriate for the OMR test because they either stayed still or changed swimming direction frequently. Eight fish species out of 13 species tested were OMR positive. Detailed analyses using goldfish, zebrafish, guppy, medaka, stickleback, and cichlid revealed that all the fish were sensitive to light at λ ≥ 750 nm, where the threshold wavelengths varied from 750 nm to 880 nm. Fish opsin repertoire enabled the perception of red light. In contrast, the copy number of long-wave-sensitive (LWS) genes did not necessarily improve red-light sensitivity. The duplication of LWS and other cone opsin genes that have occurred extensively during fish evolution might not aid increasing spectral sensitivity, but provide some other ophthalmic function, such as enhanced spectral discrimination.</p>
Data from: The challenges of recognising individuals with few distinguishing features: identifying red foxes Vulpes vulpes from camera-trap photos
Over the last two decades, camera traps have revolutionised the ability of biologists to undertake faunal surveys and estimate population densities, although identifying individuals of species with subtle markings remains challenging. We conducted a two-year camera-trapping study as part of a long-term study of urban foxes: our objectives were to determine whether red foxes could be identified individually from camera-trap photos, and highlight camera-trapping protocols and techniques to facilitate photo identification of species with few or subtle natural markings. We collected circa 800,000 camera-trap photos over 4945 camera days in suburban gardens in the city of Bristol, UK: 152,134 (19 %) included foxes, of which 13,888 (9 %) contained more than one fox. These provided 174,063 timestamped capture records of individual foxes; 170,923 were of foxes ≥ 3 months old. Younger foxes were excluded because they have few distinguishing features. We identified the individual (192 different foxes: 110 males, 49 females, 33 of unknown sex) in 168,417 (99 %) of these capture records; the remainder could not be identified due to poor image quality or because key identifying feature(s) were not visible. We show that carefully designed survey techniques facilitate individual identification of subtly-marked species. Accuracy is enhanced by camera-trapping techniques that yield large numbers of high resolution, colour images from multiple angles taken under varying environmental conditions. While identifying foxes manually was labour-intensive, currently available automated identification systems are unlikely to achieve the same levels of accuracy, especially since different features were used to identify each fox, the features were often inconspicuous, and their appearance varied with environmental conditions. We discuss how studies based on low numbers of photos, or which fail to identify the individual in a significant proportion of photos, risk losing important biological information, and may come to erroneous conclusions.
FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] in Contributions of biogeographical functions to species accumulation may change over time in refugial regions
FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Pollination and plant reproductive success of two ploidy levels in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)
<p>This dataset includes hand pollination, honey bee pollination and pollen germination experiments described in the article "Pollination and plant reproductive success of two ploidy levels in red clover (<em>Trifolium pratense</em> L.)", published in Frontiers in Plant Science (DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.720069). </p> <p>In a series of hand pollination experiments, the influence of visitation rate (10, 20, 40, 80 pollinated florets per flower head) on the seed number per pollinated floret and seed number per flower head were investigated, respectively. The influence of flowering stage (early, middle, and full flowering) on the seed number per pollinated floret was also investigated. Self-incompatibility was studied by comparing the seed number per flower head under self-pollination and interploidy pollination treatments. In order to study the autonomous pollination, we compared the seed number per flower head between self-pollination and control treatment.</p> <p>In the honey bee pollination experiments, we investigated the overall seed number per floret and compare the number of one-seeded and two-seeded florets in the studied red clover cultivars. Further, we investigated the pollen germination rate of each red clover cultivar. </p> <p>The main findings of this article include: </p> <p>(1) In hand pollination, increasing the visitation rates increased the seed number per flower head, but reduced the seed number per pollinated floret;</p> <p>(2) In hand pollination, different flowering stages did not influence the seed number per pollinated floret significantly;</p> <p>(3) In honey bee pollination, diploid red clover cultivars had more two-seeded florets compared to tetraploids.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.