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3,709 results for “urbanization.”
Scorpions in urban environments in the Central Arizona-Phoenix area: site locations
Determination of what degree of human modification influences the frequency of scorpion stings by looking at the number of scorpion stings in different zip code areas of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Results from this study may be useful in making recommendations on land development so scorpion stings are minimal.
Effects of urban horticulture on insect pollinator community structure in the central Arizona-Phoenix area
Insects that pollinate flowering plants are often considered "keystone species," animals that play extremely important roles in ecosystem functioning such that their absence would have more widespread and far-reaching effects than their abundance alone would indicate. For example, the absence of pollinating insects would translate to a severe reduction in plant reproduction, which would in turn affect not only the plants but also seed-eating animals, herbivorous animals, predators of the herbivores, and so on in a trophic cascade. Such a scenario would impact not only wildlife but also human populations because insects pollinate the majority of human food-plants. While the importance of these relationships is acknowledged, surprisingly, little is known about how insect pollinator communities are affected by environmental changes, such as global climate change or urban development. There has recently been a call for research on insect pollinator communities, citing a pressing need to obtain baseline information in the face of probable future environmental changes. The Sonoran Desert has one of the most diverse insect communities in the world (particularly for members of the Order Hymenoptera [bees, wasps, and ants], which perform the lion's share of pollination duties for both native and crop plants). This community may be threatened from the presence of the exotic honeybee and from habitat alteration in the form of urban development. We propose to conduct a pilot study to examine how the pollinator community differs under different forms of urban land use in the Phoenix metropolitan area. We have three research questions: (1) How does the ratio of native species to the exotic honeybee differ among natural desert, urban desert remnants, and residential areas that also have flowering plants? (2) How does insect pollinator community structure (richness and abundance) differ among natural desert, urban desert remnants, and residential areas? and (3) How does insect poll
Dissolved organic carbon dynamics in an urban desert stream ecosystem in central Arizona-Phoenix
Variation in stream chemistry is a function of the strength of terrestrial-aquatic linkages, the extent to which surface and groundwater exchanges, and the rate of instream biotic processes. The importance of these variables may fluctuate as a function of climate regime, catchment geomorphology, or level of human impact. A mechanistic understanding of the influence of each of these variables on ecosystem functioning will increase understanding of the role of streams in global nutrient and carbon cycles. Of particular interest is dissolved organic carbon (DOC), an important source of carbon and energy for microbial processes. Respiration by heterotrophic bacterial communities has recently been linked to the quality (ability of microbes to utilize C source) of the DOC pool in streams. DOC not only influences stream nutrient supply, but also the transport of contaminants and the attenuation of UV radiation. This dissertation focused on DOC delivery to two arid-land stream ecosystems, one native desert (Sycamore Creek, AZ), and one urban (Phoenix, AZ). The overall objectives of this work were to (1) document patterns in DOC quantity and chemical composition in response to flooding and groundwater exchange, (2) generate and test hypotheses explaining variation in DOC quantity and quality and (3) relate this variation to microbial activity. In the native desert stream ecosystem, the climate regime influenced seasonal variation in the quantity and quality of DOC inputs, with higher complexity and higher concentrations of DOC in summer monsoonal runoff. In contrast, human alteration of geomorphology and hydrologic flowpaths in the Phoenix metropolitan area significantly influenced streamwater chemistry in comparison to low-impact streams in the Sonoran Desert. In the city, mechanisms of nutrient retention and transformation were often shifted from dominance by biotic to abiotic ones, severely dampening the influence of climate regime and substituting instead the maintenance
Spatial-temporal change of climate in relation to urban fringe development in central Arizona-Phoenix
Not many studies have documented climate and air quality changes of settlements at early stages of development. This is because high quality climate and air quality records are deficient for the periods of the early 18th century to mid 20th century when many U.S. cities were formed and grew. Dramatic landscape change induces substantial local climate change during the incipient stage of development. Rapid growth along the urban fringe in Phoenix, coupled with a fine-grained climate monitoring system, provide a unique opportunity to study the climate impacts of urban development as it unfolds. Generally, heat islands form, particularly at night, in proportion to city population size and morphological characteristics. Drier air is produced by replacement of the countryside's moist landscapes with dry, hot urbanized surfaces. Wind is increased due to turbulence induced by the built-up urban fabric and its morphology; although, depending on spatial densities of buildings on the land, wind may also decrease. Air quality conditions are worsened due to increased city emissions and surface disturbances. Depending on the diversity of microclimates in pre-existing rural landscapes and the land-use mosaic in cities, the introduction of settlements over time and space can increase or decrease the variety of microclimates within and near urban regions. These differences in microclimatic conditions can influence variations in health, ecological, architectural, economic, energy and water resources, and quality-of-life conditions in the city. Therefore, studying microclimatic conditions which change in the urban fringe over time and space is at the core of urban ecological goals as part of LTER aims. In analyzing Phoenix and Baltimore long-term rural/urban weather and climate stations, Brazel et al. (In progress) have discovered that long-term (i.e., 100 years) temperature changes do not correlate with populations changes in a linear manner, but rather in a third-order nonlinear re
Land use effects on temperature and humidity along an urban-rural transect gradient in central Arizona-Phoenix
This study examines the effects of land use on microclimate along several commercial-to-rural land use transects in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area.
Land use effects on temperature and humidity along an urban-rural transect gradient in central Arizona-Phoenix, 1999
These data result from a study that examined the effects of land use on microclimate along several commercial-to-rural land use transects in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area.
Urban forest classification of the central Arizona-Phoenix area from a Landiscor image, year 1997
The dataset is the result of applying parameters developed for the object-oriented classification of high resolution, true-color aerial photography (Walker and Briggs in press). The source image used is the true-color Landiscor aerial photography (3 m) collected over Phoenix in the spring of 1997.
Urban storm runoff study conducted in the central Arizona-Phoenix area: period June 1998
Flood is the other major disturbance on which CAP LTER will focus. In collaboration with the USGS, we have begun a study to examine the transport of materials from urban patches to waterways during the intense, localized storms that characterize this region. Their existing data, plus new studies initiated in summer 1998, will form the basis for comparison of urban, suburban, and desert catchments in terms of their yields of nutrients, organic carbon, and metals.
Soil N2O and NO emissions from an arid, urban ecosystem in central Arizona-Phoenix
Soil nitrogen (N) cycling and fluxes of N2O and NO in three land-use types across the metropolitan area of Phoenix, Arizona has been measured.Urbanization increased N2O emissions compared to native landscapes, primarily due to the expansion of fertilized and irrigated lawns. Fluxes of N2O from lawns ranged from 18 to 80 mg N m^(-2) h^(-1) and were significantly larger than managed xeric landscapes (2.5-22 mg N m^(-2) h^(-1)) and remnant desert sites within the urban core (3.7-14 mg N m^(-2) h^(-1)). In contrast, average NO fluxes from lawns were not significantly different from native desert when dry (6-80 mg N m^(-2) h^(-1); 5-16 mg N m^(-2) h^(-1) desert) and were lower than fluxes from deserts after wetting events. Furthermore, urbanization has significantly altered the temporal dynamics of NO emissions by replacing pulse-driven desert ecosystems with year-round irrigated, managed lawns. Short-term, pulse-driven emissions of NO from wetting of dry desert soils may reach 35% of anthropogenic emissions within a day after summer monsoon storms. If regional O3 production is NOx-limited during the monsoon season, fluxes from warm, recently wet arid soils may contribute to summer O3 episodes. .
Mycorrhizae in an experimental urban landscaped site in central Arizona-Phoenix
The primary objective of this project is to study Mycorrhizal relationships at an experimental xeric urban landscaped site . One study quantified the local diversity and spatial patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species. AMF species at 25 points in a 9.2 x 9.2 m regular grid pattern were identified using trap cultures. A total of twelve species were detected, with seven species detected in one plot and eleven in the other. Sampling effort curves and jackknife estimates indicate that a limited number of species was still undetected. No single species was dominant at either plot, and a rank-frequency plot for the site revealed a log-normal species distribution. The number of AMF species was not correlated with proximity to plants. Despite the patchiness of plants in the plots, the number of species detected per point exhibited spatial structuring only at the smallest sampling scale in a single plot, and only a single species in each plot was non-randomly distributed.The results indicate that there is a diverse AMF propagule bank at the site and/or there has been significant in-migration from the surrounding metacommunity. The second study examined the effects of three shoot pruning techniques (shearing every 6 weeks, heading back every 6 months and renewal pruning every year) on root length density, biomass, AMF colonization and soil respiration in two woody shrubs, Nerium oleander (oleander) and Leucophyllum frutescens (Texas sage). Roots were sampled at the base of plants by soil coring to depths of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm in February, after the shearing and heading back treatments had been imposed, but prior to the first renewal pruning, and in May, after all treatments had been imposed. Shearing stimulated root biomass in Nerium in February, but shearing and renewal pruning reduced biomass compared to unpruned plants in both species in May. Nerium colonization was stimulated by shearing and heading back in February and by shearing and renewal pruning in
Mycorrhizal diversity and effects on brittlebush in a Sonoran desert urban ecosystem
In this study, the functioning of AM fungi in brittlebush (Encelia farinosa A. Gray ex Torr.) grown at an urban site and a desert site are compared. E. farinosa is a native, desert shrub commonly found in the Sonoran Desert surrounding Phoenix and used as an ornamental shrub in residential and commercial sites in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Because this shrub is common in urban and desert areas, it can be used to compare AM fungal colonization levels between these areas. In addition, the impact of AM fungi on E. farinosa growth and reproductive output was studied by attempting to manipulate the levels of AM fungal colonization using the fungicide methyl-1-(butyl-carbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole (benomyl). This fungicide has been shown to suppress colonization of roots by AM fungi with little phytotoxicity or effect on soil nutrients (Fitter and Nichols 1988; Hartnett and Wilson 2002). Hartnett and Wilson (2002) stated that the best method available to assess the roles and functions of AM fungi in natural communities is through the use of fungicides such as benomyl. Treatment with benomyl should allow for comparisons between plants that have typical levels of mycorrhizal colonization and those with lower, suppressed levels of colonization. The impact of AM fungi on the productivity of brittlebush plants was examined at an urban and desert site. Fungal colonization was greater at the desert site but biomass and reproductive output was higher at the urban site. When mycorrhizal colonization was suppressed, plants had greater vegetative growth, but there was no effect on reproductive output.
Scorpion stings in urban environments in the central Arizona-Phoenix area: 1996-1997
Determination of what degree of human modification influences the frequency of scorpion stings by looking at the number of scorpion stings in different zip code areas of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Results from this study may be useful in making recommendations on land development so scorpion stings are minimal.
Institutional drivers of urban growth in the central Arizona-Phoenix area
The Institutional Drivers of Growth in Phoenix is currently ongoing. The purpose of the project is to understand how the complex mix of institutions, federal, state, and local, influence the pattern of growth in Phoenix. This year we focused on state trust land, specifically changing state trust land policy in Arizona and the west in general. We are approaching the state trust land sub-project by conducting qualitative research of policy archival documents. The assessment of state trust land referenda included a text and factor analysis of the policy dimensions. Additionally, the Institutional Drivers project has just begun to work in concert with �Socioecological Gradients and Land-Use Fragmentation: A Cross-Site Comparative Analysis.� The Institutional Drivers that we�ve gathered include annexation data, as well as preliminary assessment of growth management policy. In the American West, vast stocks of federally and state managed land and a relatively long history of self-governance and direct democracy unite to form heated public debates about use, management, and values. We investigate the nexus of these two threads of American politics, direct democracy and public land policies, through a qualitative study of ballot propositions on state trust land over the last century. A database of state trust land propositions was developed with forty-two propositions from fourteen states with over 90% from the West. Using word count as ideological placements we identified twenty-nine topics in the propositions. Text and principle component analysis reduced these to four dimensions of debate: 1) resource use procedures, 2) use of the fund, 3) management, and 4) investment. Additionally, we identified one issue that is receding in importance, resource extraction, while conservation and development concerns are emerging as new priorities. This study uses analysis of the policy language of ballot propositions to understand the political debates over state trust land over the p
Herpetofauna and Riparian Microhabitat of Urban and Wildland Reaches Along the Salt River, Arizona
Worldwide, riverine floodplains are among the most endangered landscapes. In response to anthropogenic impacts, riverine restoration projects are considerably increasing. However, there is a paucity of information on how riparian rehabilitation activities impact non-avian wildlife communities. I evaluated herpetofauna abundance, species richness, diversity (i.e., Shannon and Simpson indices), species-specific responses, and riparian microhabitat characteristics along three reaches (i.e., wildland, urban rehabilitated, and urban disturbed) of the Salt River, Arizona. The surrounding uplands of the two urbanized reaches were dominated by the built environment (i.e., Phoenix metropolitan area). I predicted that greater diversity of microhabitat and lower urbanization would promote herpetofauna abundance, richness, and diversity. In 2010, at each reach, I performed herpetofauna visual surveys five times along eight transects (n=24) spanning the riparian zone. I quantified twenty one microhabitat characteristics such as ground substrate, vegetative cover, woody debris, tree stem density, and plant species richness along each transect. Herpetofauna species richness was the greatest along the wildland reach, and the lowest along the urban disturbed reach. The wildland reach had the greatest diversity indices, and diversity indices of the two urban reaches were similar. Abundance of herpetofauna was approximately six times lower along the urban disturbed reach compared to the two other reaches, which had similar abundances. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduced microhabitat variables to five factors, and significant differences among reaches were detected. Vegetation structure complexity, vegetation species richness, as well as densities of Prosopis (mesquite), Salix (willow), Populus (cottonwood), and animal burrows had a positive correlation with at least one of the three herpetofauna community parameter quantified (i.e., herpetofauna abundance, species richness, and
Impact of urbanization on small rodent abundance and community composition
To determine the impacts of urban activities on small rodent populations, we conducted population surveys both inside and outside the urban core of Phoenix, AZ over one fall and spring season. We used Sherman traps and larger wire traps to target small vertebrates such as mice, rats, and squirrels for two consecutive trap nights at four desert remnant parks inside the city and four desert parks outside the city. Overall, small rodent abundances and diversity at the species level were statistically similar in the urban and rural parks, but rural parks hosted a significantly greater diversity at the genus level and an overall difference in community composition between the two locations.
Desert Fertilization Experiment: ecosystem response to nutrient enrichment across an urban airshed in the Sonoran desert
Launched in 2006 with support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and leveraged by the CAP LTER, the Carbon and Nitrogen deposition (CNdep) project sought to answer the fundamental question of whether elemental cycles in urban ecosystems are qualitatively different from those in non-urban ecosystems. Ecosystem scientists, atmospheric chemists, and biogeochemists tested the hypothesis that distinct biogeochemical pathways result from elevated inorganic nitrogen and organic carbon deposition from the atmosphere to the land. To test the hypothesis, scientists examined the responsiveness of Sonoran desert ecosystems to nutrient enrichment by capitalizing on a gradient of atmospheric deposition in and around the greater Phoenix metropolitan area. Fifteen desert study sites were established, with five locations each west and east of the urban core, and in the urban core in desert preserves. In addition to the gradient of atmospheric deposition in and around the urban core, select study plots at each of the fifteen desert locations receive amendments of nitrogen, phosphorus, or nitrogen + phosphorus fertilizer. Measured variables include soil properties, perennial and annual plant growth, and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen. At the close of the initial grant period, the CAP LTER assumed responsibility for the project, renamed the Desert Fertilization Experiment, which provides a remarkable platform to study the long-term effects of nutrient enrichment on ecosystem properties. This data set features an amalgamation of data from the CAP LTER's long-term Desert Fertilization Experiment. The data presented here bring together many aspects of the project, and are featured in several papers, notably Hall et al. 2009 and 2011, and Sponseller et al. 2012. Investigators interested in other and more recent data from the CAP LTER's long-term Desert Fertilization Experiment should search the data repository for 'desert fertilization experiment'. Citations: Hall, S. J., B. Ah
Impacts of urbanization and nutrient fertilization on mass loss and nutrient dynamics during photodegradation of plant litter
To understand the potential impacts of N deposition on mass loss and chemical dynamics during aridland decomposition, we assessed N and phosphorus (P) dynamics of decomposing litter in a long-term N+P enrichment experiment in both urban (with N deposition) and outlying areas (without N deposition) of the Sonoran Desert. Litter was decomposed with and without UV radiation for 9 months, measuring mass loss, litter chemistry, and bacterial biomass. UV radiation significantly accelerated mass loss and altered N and P dynamics, and there was an impact of the urban environment and experimental fertilization on nutrient dynamics. Overall, these patterns suggest that the aridland urban environment, where rates of N deposition are elevated, alters nutrient dynamics during decomposition but not the fraction of litter lost to photodegradation.
Water, energy and carbon fluxes and ancillary meteorological measurements of four different urban landscapes in Phoenix, AZ during 2015
<p>Water, energy and carbon fluxes and ancillary meteorological measurements of four different urban landscapes in Phoenix, AZ during 2015. The measurements were done in three temporal not continuous deployment and in a permanent site as a reference. The urban landscape sites consisted in:</p> <ul> <li>A xeric landscape (XL), with measurements from 01/20/2015 to 03/13/2015.</li> <li>A parking lot (PL), with measurements from 05/19/2015 to 06/30/2015.</li> <li>A mesic landscape (ML), with measurements from 07/08/2015 to 09/18/2015.</li> <li>A reference suburban neighbourhood (REF), with measurements from 01/01/2015 to 12/13/2015.</li> </ul> <p>Water energy and carbon fluxes were processed using the software EdiRe. If additional data or information is needed, please contact the authors.</p> <p>The use of the datasets requires the citation of the next papers:</p> <p>- Templeton, N.P., Vivoni, E.R., Wang, Z-H., and Schreiner-McGraw, A.P. 2018. Quantifying Water and Energy Fluxes over Different Urban Land Covers in Phoenix, Arizona. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres. 123(4): 2111-2128.</p> <p>-Pérez-Ruiz, E. R., Vivoni, E. R. and Templeton, N. P. 2020. Urban land cover type determines the sensitivity of carbon dioxide fluxes to precipitation in Phoenix, Arizona. PLoS ONE 15(2): e0228537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228537</p>
Livorno, Urban driving, Automated vehicle and smart traffic light
<p><strong>Scenario description</strong>:</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Session description</strong>:</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Datasets descriptions</strong>:</p> <p><strong>AUTOPILOT_Livorno_UrbanDriving_Vehicle_all</strong>: Data generated from the vehicle sensors</p> <p>This dataset refers to the vehicle datasets generated from the vehicle sensors during Urban Driving in Livorno. This includes the data coming from the CAN bus and GPS. It includes following kind of dataset: Vehicle: general data (speed, battery); PositioningSystem: data from GPS; VehicleDynamics: data about dynamic (acceleration...); LateralControl: steering and lane control data</p> <p><strong>AUTOPILOT_Livorno_UrbanDriving_V2X_all</strong>: V2V messages during platooning sessions</p> <p>This dataset refers to the V2V messages exchanged between ITS stations (vehicles and RSUs) during the Urban Drining in Livorno.</p> <p><strong>AUTOPILOT_Livorno_UrbanDriving_IoT_all</strong>: Data extracted from IoT oneM2M platform</p> <p>This dataset refers to messages exchanged by Urban Driving devices, applications and services across the oneM2M platform.</p>
Livorno, Urban driving, Automated and connected vehicle and smart traffic light
<p><strong>Scenario description</strong>:</p> <p>Test session for AD+connected car and connected cars approaching an intersection regulated by a "smart" traffic light.</p> <p><strong>Session description</strong>:</p> <p>A "smart" traffic light sends SPaT and MAP messages describing the topology, actual status of the traffic light to other connected vehicles and to the oneM2M platform on the cloud.<br> An AD vehicle consumes the information and autonomously adapts its speed in order to cross the intersection without violating the traffic light phases, considering also other vehicles moving in front. Goal is to record data for the technical evaluation.</p> <p><strong>Datasets descriptions</strong>:</p> <p><strong>AUTOPILOT_Livorno_UrbanDriving_Vehicle_all</strong>: Data generated from the vehicle sensors</p> <p>This dataset refers to the vehicle datasets generated from the vehicle sensors during Urban Drining in Livorno. This includes the data coming from the CAN bus and GPS. It includes following kind of dataset: Vehicle: general data (speed, battery); PositioningSystem: data from GPS; VehicleDynamics: data about dynamic (acceleration...); LateralControl: steering and lane control data</p> <p><strong>AUTOPILOT_Livorno_UrbanDriving_V2X_all</strong>: V2V messages during platooning sessions</p> <p>This dataset refers to the V2V messages exchanged between ITS stations (vehicles and RSUs) during the Urban Drining in Livorno.</p> <p><strong>AUTOPILOT_Livorno_UrbanDriving_IoT_all</strong>: Data extracted from IoT oneM2M platform</p> <p>This dataset refers to messages exchanged by Urban Driving devices, applications and services across the oneM2M platform.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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