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Fig. 3 in Pleistocene karyotypic divergence in Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) (Teleostei: Erythrinidae) populations in southeastern Brazil

Fig. 3. Variable Ag-NOR patterns in populations of H. malabaricus from middle rio Doce lakes. A-1, A-2, and B1, B-2 male and female NORs.

Fig. 5 in Identification of distinct evolutionary units in allopatric populations of Hypostomus cf. wuchereri Günther, 1864 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): karyotypic evidence

Fig. 5. Representative ideogram of chromosomal pairs in Hypostomus cf. wuchereri showing the banding pattern after digestion using Alu I, Bam HI, Hae III, and Dde I. (a) population from Una River, (b) population from Mutum River.

Fig. 3 in Identification of distinct evolutionary units in allopatric populations of Hypostomus cf. wuchereri Günther, 1864 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): karyotypic evidence

Fig. 3. Chromosomal pairs of Hypostomus cf. wuchereri from Una River showing the C-bands and the digestion profiles using Alu I, Hae III, Dde I, and Bam HI.

Fig. 1 in Identification of distinct evolutionary units in allopatric populations of Hypostomus cf. wuchereri Günther, 1864 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): karyotypic evidence

Fig. 1. Karyotypes of Hypostomus cf. wuchereri. (a) population from Mutum River, (b) population from Una River. In detail, the NOR-bearing pair after silver nitrate (Ag-NOR) and C-banding (CB).

Fig. 2 in Identification of distinct evolutionary units in allopatric populations of Hypostomus cf. wuchereri Günther, 1864 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): karyotypic evidence

Fig. 2. Chromosomal pairs of Hypostomus cf. wuchereri from Mutum River showing the C-bands and the digestion profiles using Alu I, Hae III, Dde I, and Bam HI.

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Fig. 4 in Evidence of the color pattern variation in populations of Gymnotus pantanal (Gymnotiformes) from three streams in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil

Fig. 4. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ordination (a) and average values (± standard error) of the axes scores 1 (b) and 2 (c) from PCA ordination of morphometric characters for Gymnotus pantanal atypical color pattern (G. 1) and Gymnotus pantanal sensu stricto (G. 2).

Fig. 4 in Pleistocene karyotypic divergence in Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) (Teleostei: Erythrinidae) populations in southeastern Brazil

Fig. 4. Patterns of GC-rich regions in H. malabaricus from middle rio Doce lakes. A - karyomorph B male, B - karyomorph B female, and C - karyomorph A.

Fig. 4. DAPI and CMA 3 in Identification of distinct evolutionary units in allopatric populations of Hypostomus cf. wuchereri Günther, 1864 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): karyotypic evidence

Fig. 4. DAPI and CMA 3 stained chromosomal pairs from Mutum (a) and Una (b) Rivers, showing AT and GC-rich sites, respectively. The NOR-bearing pair is highlighted.

Fig. 3 in Chromosome polymorphism of heterochromatin and nucleolar regions in two populations of the fish Astyanax bockmanni (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Fig. 3. Inter-individual polymorphisms of the heterochromatic blocks in Astyanax bockmanni from the Campo Novo River population. Each letter (a-d) represents a single individual.

Fig. 4. Sequential C in Chromosome polymorphism of heterochromatin and nucleolar regions in two populations of the fish Astyanax bockmanni (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Fig. 4. Sequential C-banding (a1 and b1) and Ag-NOR staining (a2 and b2) in a specimen from the Campo Novo River, demonstrating the association between heterochromatin and NOR. In (a2) and (b2), arrows indicate the presence of heterochromatin/NOR association, and arrowheads show NORs not associated with heterochromatin.

Fig. 1 in Chromosome polymorphism of heterochromatin and nucleolar regions in two populations of the fish Astyanax bockmanni (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Fig. 1. Karyotypes of Astyanax bockmanni arranged from Giemsa-stained chromosomes. Specimens from Barra Seca Stream (2n = 50) (a) and Campo Novo River (2n = 50) (b).

Fig. 2 in Scientific Note Reproductive and population parameters of discus fish Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS-PP),

Fig. 2. Oocyte size distribution of pre-spawning female discus Symphysodon aequifasciatus captured in November 2006 in Ayapuá Lake (AM) showing four types of egg distribution.

Fig. 2 in Karyotypic diversity between allopatric populations of the group Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes: Erythrinidae): evolutionary and biogeographic considerations

Fig. 2. Hoplias malabaricus karyotypes (karyomorph A) with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using 5S rDNA (a, d, g), 18S rDNA (b, e, h) and 5SHindIII satellite DNA (c, f, i) probes in the populations from the basins of the São Francisco (a, b, c), Araguaia (d, e, f) and Xingu (g, h, i) Rivers. Scale bar = 5μm.

Fig. 1 in Karyotypic diversity between allopatric populations of the group Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes: Erythrinidae): evolutionary and biogeographic considerations

Fig. 1. Hoplias malabaricus karyotypes (karyomorph A) with conventional Giemsa staining (a, d, g) and C-banding (b, e, h) of the populations from the basins of the São Francisco (a, b), Araguaia (d, e) and Xingu (g, h) Rivers. Boxes display chromosomes with Ag-NORs in the populations from the São Francisco (c), Araguaia (f) and Xingu (i) Rivers. Scale bar = 5μm.

Fig. 3 in Karyotypic diversity between allopatric populations of the group Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes: Erythrinidae): evolutionary and biogeographic considerations

Fig. 3. Ideograms referring to the Hoplias malabaricus populations (karyomorph A) from the São Francisco (a), Araguaia (b) and Xingu (c) Rivers, highlighting the chromosome markers. Black = C-positive heterochromatin; blue = 5S rDNA sites; red = 18S rDNA sites; yellow = 5SHindIII satellite DNA sites.

Fig. 1. Length x in Scientific Note Reproductive and population parameters of discus fish Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS-PP),

Fig. 1. Length x weight plots for specimens of Symphysodon aequifasciatus captured in Ayapuá Lake during September- November 2006 and 2007.

Fig. 6 in Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour

Fig. 6. Above: Retreat of the Pilcomayo River and dynamic creation of new flood plains due to self-blockage (silting up) of the river channel. This caused a retreat of hundreds of kilometers of the choke point in a few decades (indicated by the black arrow) and an upstream migration of the flood plains. Bullets indicate migrating Sábalo population in the Pilcomayo River (white) and Sábalo population in the La Plata basin (black). Below: Breakthrough of Pilcomayo River bank inundating new areas in the Chaco floodplain area.

Fig. 5 in Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour

Fig. 5. (a) Mean annual discharge and Sábalo catches over the years in the Pilcomayo River near Villa Montes. (b) Calculated and observed Sábalo catches based on the data presented in Fig. 4a. Correlations were obtained by stepwise multiple linear regression with backward selection (SPSS v. 15.0). The river discharge of the seven preceding years (Y1-Y7) plus the current year (Y0) were used in the analyses. The solid line is based upon the years 1980-2006. The dashed line is based upon the years 1997-2007. (c) Observed Sábalo catches plotted against the calculated Sábalo catches for the years 1980-1996 and 1997- 2006. Data of Sábalo catches and mean river discharges were obtained from Proyecto Pilcomayo (Tarija, Bolivia).

Fig. 4 in Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour

Fig. 4. (a) Mean annual discharge for the Pilcomayo River since 1960. The values were calculated for the hydrological year, which runs from October of the previous year until September of the current year. Data were obtained from Proyecto Pilcomayo (Tarija, Bolivia). (b) Mean monthly values of the Southern Oscillation Index (dots) and mean annual discharges of the Pilcomayo River (open circles), since 1976. Mean annual discharge values were calculated from data obtained from Proyecto Pilcomayo (Tarija, Bolivia). The values were calculated for the hydrological year, which runs from October of the previous year until September of the current year.

Fig. 3 in Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour

Fig. 3. Total dissolved solids concentration (TDS) in Pilcomayo River water (a) or water temperature (b) and gonadal maturation indices of Sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus) fish versus time (May 1998 until February 1999). The gonadal maturation indices are scaled from 1 to 6 in which 6 represents spawning.