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Figure 26 in Acmaeodera (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): A new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829 from the southwestern United States, with three new synonymies, new state and host records, and a key to species occurring east of the Rocky Mountain states

Figure 26. Acmaeodera obtusa Horn.

Figure 5 in Acmaeodera (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): A new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829 from the southwestern United States, with three new synonymies, new state and host records, and a key to species occurring east of the Rocky Mountain states

Figure 5. Acmaeodera amplicollis Leconte.

Figure 31 in Acmaeodera (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): A new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829 from the southwestern United States, with three new synonymies, new state and host records, and a key to species occurring east of the Rocky Mountain states

Figure 31. Acmaeodera paradisjuncta Knull.

Figure 23 in Acmaeodera (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): A new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829 from the southwestern United States, with three new synonymies, new state and host records, and a key to species occurring east of the Rocky Mountain states

Figure 23. Acmaeodera natlovei, new species.

Figure 13 in Acmaeodera (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): A new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829 from the southwestern United States, with three new synonymies, new state and host records, and a key to species occurring east of the Rocky Mountain states

Figure 13. Acmaeodera flavopicta Waterhouse.

Figure 9 in Acmaeodera (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): A new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829 from the southwestern United States, with three new synonymies, new state and host records, and a key to species occurring east of the Rocky Mountain states

Figure 9. Acmaeodera cribricollis Horn.

Figure 8 in Acmaeodera (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): A new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829 from the southwestern United States, with three new synonymies, new state and host records, and a key to species occurring east of the Rocky Mountain states

Figure 8. Acmaeodera consors Horn.

Figure 21 in Acmaeodera (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): A new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829 from the southwestern United States, with three new synonymies, new state and host records, and a key to species occurring east of the Rocky Mountain states

Figure 21. Acmaeodera miliaris Horn.

The risk of brood parasitism does not affect levels of extra-pair paternity in a cuckoo host

In socially monogamous bird species, extra-pair paternity is common, but its level varies considerably within and among species. For hosts of brood parasites, the risk of brood parasitism may influence the costs of engaging in extra-pair copulations (e.g., leaving the nest undefended) and the benefits of having extra-pair young (e.g., spreading the risk of nest predation). However, whether brood parasitism risk affects extra-pair behavior in host species has rarely been tested. We investigated whether variation in the risk of brood parasitism affected levels of extra-pair paternity in Daurian redstarts, a socially monogamous passerine. As a common host of the common cuckoo, the redstart is unique in that its first clutch of the year takes place before the arrival of cuckoos. As a consequence, redstarts experience large seasonal variation in cuckoo parasitism risk, with no parasitism in the first egg-laying period and a high risk in the second period. We genotyped 995 nestlings (and unhatched eggs) from 181 broods and found moderate levels of extra-pair paternity, with 34.8% of broods containing at least one extra-pair young and 11.7% of all offspring being sired by an extra-pair male. However, levels of extra-pair paternity did not differ between the first and the second egg-laying period. Also, experimentally simulating parasitism risk during the first egg-laying period by broadcasting cuckoo vocalizations and presenting taxidermic models of cuckoos did not affect levels of extra-pair paternity in redstarts. Our results, therefore, suggest that the risk of brood parasitism does not affect host extra-pair paternity.

Diversity and host specificity of Borrelia burgdorferi's outer surface protein C (ospC) alleles in synanthropic mammals, with a notable ospC allele U absence from mixed infections

Interactions among pathogen genotypes that vary in host specificity may affect overall transmission dynamics in multi-host systems. Borrelia burgdorferi, a bacterium that causes Lyme disease, is typically transmitted among wildlife by Ixodes ticks. Despite the existence of many alleles of B. burgdorferi's sensu stricto outer surface protein C (ospC) gene, most human infections are caused by a small number of ospC alleles ["human infectious alleles" (HIAs)], suggesting variation in host specificity associated with ospC. To characterize the wildlife host association of B. burgdorferi's ospC alleles, we used metagenomics to sequence ospC alleles from 68 infected individuals belonging to eight mammalian species trapped at three sites in suburban New Brunswick, New Jersey (USA). We found that multiple allele ("mixed") infections were common. HIAs were most common in mice (Peromyscus spp.) and only one HIA was detected at a site where mice were rarely captured. OspC allele U was exclusively found in chipmunks (Tamias striatus), and although a significant number of different alleles were observed in chipmunks, including HIAs, allele U never co-occurred with other alleles in mixed infections. Our results suggest that allele U may be excluding other alleles, thereby reducing the capacity of chipmunks to act as reservoirs for HIAs.

Functions of the Sulfatase-Modifying Factor 1 (HaSumf1) in the development and host glucosinolates adaptation of Helicoverpa armigera

In this study, we detailed the indicators of development of H. armigera, such as growth and development period, number of surviving larvae, body weight, pupa weight, and number, as well as the relative expression levels of HaSumf1 gene at different instars, and the third- and fifth-instars after feeding with glucosinolates and /or dsSumf1.

Impact of climate on a host-hyperparasite interaction on Arabica coffee in its native range

Natural enemies of plant pathogens might play an important role in controlling plant disease levels in natural and agricultural systems. Yet, plant pathogen-natural enemy interactions might be sensitive to climatic changes. Understanding the relationship between climate, plant pathogens, and their natural enemies is thus important for developing climate-resilient, sustainable agriculture. To this aim, we recorded shade cover, daily minimum and maximum temperature, relative humidity, coffee leaf rust, and its hyperparasite at 58 sites in southwestern Ethiopia during the dry and wet season for two years. Coffee leaf rust severity was positively related to the maximum temperature. Hyperparasite severity was higher when the minimum temperature was low (i.e. in places with cold night temperatures). While canopy cover did not have a direct effect on rust severity, it reduced rust severity indirectly by lowering the maximum temperature. Canopy cover had a direct positive effect on the hyperparasite severity during one surveying period. Synthesis and applications. Our findings highlight that coffee leaf rust and its hyperparasite are both affected by shade cover and temperature, but in different ways. On the one hand, these niche differences lead to the worrying prediction that levels of coffee leaf rust will increase, and its hyperparasite will decrease, with climate change. On the other hand, these niche differences between coffee leaf rust and its hyperparasite provide opportunities to develop strategies to manage the environment (such as shade cover and microclimate) in such a way that the rust is disfavored and the hyperparasite is favored.

Sars-Cov-2 and Mers sequences from human host with no unknown characters

The datasets are organized as follows: first column, number of bases in a given sequence; second, third, fourth and fifth columns, number of bases of type A, C, G and T, respectively, in the same sequence. 1) Sars-Cov-2 dataset. This dataset contains number of bases for the complete genome sequences from a human host, with none unknown characters. In the NCBI database, there are about 950.000 sequences with these characteristics. 2) Restricted Sars-Cov-2 dataset: This dataset contains number of bases for the complete sequences from a human host, with no unknown characters, with 29903 bases, that is of the same length as the reference sequence NC045512.2. We obtained, from the NCBI database, about 5600 sequences with such features. 3) Mers dataset: This dataset contains number of bases for the complete sequences of about 200 complete genome sequences from a human host, with no unknown characters.

Data from: Genome-wide support for incipient Tula orthohantavirus species within a single rodent host lineage

Evolutionary divergence of viruses is most commonly driven by co-divergence with their hosts or through isolation of transmission after host-shifts. It remains mostly unknown, however, whether divergent phylogenetic clades within named virus species represent functionally equivalent byproducts of high evolutionary rates or rather incipient virus species. Here, we test these alternatives with genomic data from two widespread phylogenetic clades in Tula orthohantavirus (TULV) within a single evolutionary lineage of their natural rodent host, the common vole Microtus arvalis. We examined voles from 42 locations in the contact region between clades for TULV infection by RT-PCR. Sequencing yielded 23 TULV Central North and 21 TULV Central South genomes which differed by 14.9-18.5% at the nucleotide and 2.2-3.7% at the amino acid level without evidence of recombination or reassortment. Geographic cline analyses demonstrated an abrupt (<1 km wide) transition between the parapatric TULV clades in continuous landscape. This transition was located within the Central mitochondrial lineage of M. arvalis and genomic SNPs showed gradual mixing of host populations across it. Genomic differentiation of hosts was much weaker across the TULV Central North to South transition than across the nearby hybrid zone between two evolutionary lineages in the host. We suggest that these parapatric TULV clades represent functionally distinct, incipient species which are likely differently affected by genetic polymorphisms in the host. This highlights the potential of natural viral contact zones as systems for investigating of the genetic and evolutionary factors enabling or restricting the transmission of RNA viruses.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Data sets for Polyplax serrata article "Highly-resolved genomes of two closely related lineages of the rodent louse Polyplax serrata with different host specificities"

Supplementary data for Polyplax serrata article 2023 Data included in this repository were generated and used in various genomic and phylogenetic analysis presented by the publication "Highly-resolved genomes of two closely related lineages of the louse Polyplax serrata with different host specificities" Description of the data and file structure Data provided for each analyzed taxa include: -  Annotation table. -  fasta format files for transcripts (CDS and mRNA). -  fasta format file for genome. -  protein fasta file. -  gbk format file that includes the genome with its corresponding annotations. Additionally, - repeat families in fasta format were included for Polyplax serrata S and N lineages. - rRNA in fasta format were included for Polyplax serrata S and N lineages, Pediculus humanus, Columbicola columbae and Brueelia nebulsa.  Sharing/Access information GenBank accession number of analyzed taxa: ·        Aedes Aegypti (GenBank accession no. GCF_002204515.2). ·        Brueelia nebulsa ( GenBank accession no. GCA_028293925.1). ·        Columbicola columbae (GenBank accession no. GCA_016920875.1). ·        Cimex lectularis (GenBank accession no. GCF_000648675.2). ·        Glossina morsitans (GenBank accession no. GCA_001077435.1). ·        Pediculus humanus (GenBank accession no. GCA_000006295.1). ·        Rhodnius prolixus (GenBank accession no. GCA_000181055.3). ·        Polyplax serrata S lineage (GenBank accession no. JAWJWF000000000). ·        Polyplax serrata N lineage (GenBank accession no. JAWJWE000000000).   Note: All the latter genomes except for the two genomes of Polyplax serrata S and N lineages, were acquired from GenBank database and were subjected to the same gene prediction and annotation workflow as P. serrata genomes to maintain methodological consistence in downstream analysis of the annotation results. Software - Gene prediction and annotation was performed using Funannotate v1.18.14 (<a href="https://github.com/nextgenusfs/funannotate">https://github.com/nextgenusfs/funannotate)</a>). - Repeat were identified in the genomes of P. serrata S and N lineages using RepeatModeler v2.0.3.

Foliar endophyte diversity in eastern Asia-eastern North America disjunct tree species – Influences of host identity, environment, phylogeny, and geographic isolation

The well-known eastern Asia (EA) and eastern North America (ENA) floristic disjunction provides a unique system for biogeographic and evolutionary studies. Despite considerable interest in the disjunction, few studies have investigated the patterns and their underlying drivers of allopatric divergence in sister species or clades isolated in the two areas. Endophyte diversity and assembly in disjunct sister taxa, as an ecological trait, may have played an important role in the processes of allopatric evolution, but no studies have examined endophytes in these disjunct lineages. In this study, we compared foliar endophytes (including both fungi and bacteria) in 17 EA-ENA disjunct species pairs from genera representing conifers and major clades of angiosperms, as well as 23 species of Cornus from the US and China. We sequenced the ITS of fungi and 16S rDNA of bacteria to understand the composition of the endophyte community and gain insights into the relative roles of geographic isolation, host identity, phylogeny, and environment in shaping endophytic diversity patterns. We detected a much richer fungal than bacterial community in leaves of all species. Beta diversity varied greatly among individuals within species, between species, among genera, and among three natural environmental conditions. Based on a principal coordinates analysis, we found no close clustering of endophyte communities in samples from the same host plant species, from the same genus, or from the same geographic origin (i.e. EA or ENA) (when plants were grown in the same common garden), but we did detect clustering of samples from plants grown in the same environment (i.e., same geographic location). We observed separation of microbes in plant samples of the same species grown in different locations/environments. However, pooled samples across all species from the common garden with the same geographic origin (EA vs. ENA) showed a moderate level of dissimilarity in fungal endophytes between EA and ENA. An overall significant correlation between endophyte community dissimilarity and phylogenetic distance was detected among the disjunct genera but not among species of Cornus. However, significant correlation between order, family, and genera of endophytes and phylogenetic distance of Cornus species was observed. We also found no significant differences in Foliar Endophytic Fungal (FEF) communities between counterparts of disjunct species pairs in EA and ENA in most genera except in Liriodendron and Cornus, although the beta diversity within genera is high. Our results suggest important roles of host identity and environment (geographic locations), and a likely minor role of phylogenetic divergence and biogeographic isolation in shaping the pattern of foliar endophyte diversity and assembly in the EA-ENA disjunct genera, as well as in Cornus. The results further suggest that the sister taxa in EA and ENA are likely different in their foliar endophyte composition when growing in their native habitats due to differences in geographic locations and local environments, which is potentially a factor driving allopatric divergence of species functional features. This hypothesis can be tested by analysis of samples from native habitats.

Data from: Parasitic fish embryos do a 'front-flip' on the yolk to resist expulsion from the host

Bitterlings are brood parasitic fish which complete their early development in the internal gill spaces of freshwater mussels. Bitterling embryos have wing-like yolk sac extensions that help prevent them from being expelled from the gills by the water flow. The ability to resist expulsion may be helped by the consistent 'head-down' position that all embryos adopt in the gills. The mechanism behind this positioning is unknown. We hypothesise here that it might lie in a process of unknown function, specific to bitterlings. That process is blastokinesis — the rotation of the embryo on the yolk ball before hatching. We used time-lapse imaging, histology, X-ray tomography, and expression profiling of the genes fgf8a, krt8, msx3 and ctslb by in situ hybridization in the pre-hatching and hatching stages of the rosy bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus). We find that blastokinesis is a gastrulation process that has been ventralized by the shape of the yolk mass. Furthermore, we show that bitterlings, unlike other teleosts, hatch mechanically without hatching enzymes, and we provide evidence that this is mediated instead by the apical tubercles on the yolk sac extension. Finally, our data suggest that blastokinesis is functional, because it represents the mechanism behind the optimal, 'head-down' positioning of the embryo. Our study provides an example of how selection pressures can lead to a suite of dramatic and coordinated modifications of early development.

High-resolution environmental and host-related factors impacting questing Ixodes scapularis at their northern range edge

The geographic range of tick populations has expanded in Canada due to climate warming and the associated poleward range shifts of their vertebrate hosts. Abiotic factors, such as temperature, precipitation, and snow, are known to directly affect tick abundance. Yet, biotic factors, such as the abundance and diversity of mammal hosts, may also alter tick abundance and consequent tick-borne disease risk. Here, we incorporated host surveillance data with high-resolution environmental data to evaluate the combined impact of abiotic and biotic factors on questing Ixodes scapularis abundance in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. High-resolution abiotic factors were derived from remote sensing satellites and meteorological towers, while biotic factors related to mammal hosts were derived from active surveillance data that we collected in the field. Generalized additive models were used to determine the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors on questing I. scapularis abundance. Combinations of abiotic and biotic factors were identified as important drivers of abundances of questing I. scapularis. Positive and negative linear relationships were found for questing I. scapularis abundance with precipitation and accumulated snow, but no effect was found for the relative abundance of white-footed mice. Positive relationships were also identified between questing I. scapularis abundance with monthly mean precipitation and mammal species richness. Therefore, future studies that assess I. scapularis should incorporate host surveillance data with high-resolution environmental factors to determine the key drivers impacting the abundance and geographic spread of tick populations and tick-borne pathogens.

Data from: A zebrafish model to elucidate the impact of host genes on the microbiota

Every host species and organism provide a unique environmental niche contributing to the overall diversity of microbial ecosystems from the intestine of an animal to the oceans and forests of our planet. The study of host-microbiota interactions has long focused on the well-established effects the microbiota has on its host. In contrast, little focus has been allocated to the role of the host in these intricate interactions. However, understanding the role of the host may well be an essential key to understanding the complexity of the relationship between the host and its microbiota. In this study, we present a model in which the effects of host genes on the microbiota can be elucidated and how such genetic effects may shape host-associated microbiota. We demonstrate a hologenomic approach implementing the CRISPR/Cas system in the zebrafish model to combine the effects of a host gene with 16S metabarcoding and metabolomics data. We show that knocking out the gene coding for the rate-limiting enzyme in melanogenesis, tyrosinase (tyr), correlates with changes in the intestinal microbiota of zebrafish and differences in the abundance of specific metabolites illustrating the value of our model for studying the impact of host genes on the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota.

Facultative symbiont virulence determines horizontal transmission rate without host specificity in Dictyostelium discoideum social amoebas

In facultative symbioses, only a fraction of hosts are associated with symbionts. Specific host and symbiont pairings may be the result of host-symbiont coevolution driven by reciprocal selection, or priority effects pertaining to which potential symbiont became associated with a host first. Distinguishing between these possibilities is important for understanding the evolutionary forces that affect facultative symbioses. We used the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum and its symbiont Paraburkholderia bonniea to determine whether ongoing coevolution affects which host-symbiont strain pairs naturally co-occur within a facultative symbiosis. Relative to other Paraburkholderia, including another symbiont of D. discoideum, P. bonniea features a reduced genome size that indicates a significant history of coevolution with its host. We hypothesized that ongoing host-symbiont coevolution would lead to higher fitness for naturally co-occurring (native) host and symbiont pairings compared to novel pairings. We show for the first time that P. bonniea symbionts can horizontally transmit to new amoeba hosts when hosts aggregate together during the social stage of their life cycle. Here we find evidence for a virulence-transmission trade-off without host specificity. Although symbiont strains were significantly variable in virulence and horizontal transmission rate, hosts and symbionts responded similarly to associations in native and novel pairings. We go on to identify candidate virulence factors in the genomes of P. bonniea strains that may contribute to variation in virulence. We conclude that ongoing coevolution is unlikely for D. discoideum and P. bonniea. The system instead appears to represent a stable facultative symbiosis in which naturally co-occurring P. bonniea host and symbiont pairings are the result of priority effects.