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Acute stress and restricted diet reduce bill-mediated heat dissipation in the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia): Implications for optimal thermoregulation
<p>We used thermal imaging to show that two environmental factors—acute stress and diet—influence thermoregulatory performance of a known thermal window, the avian bill. The bill plays important roles in thermoregulation and water balance. Given that heat loss through the bill is adjustable through vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and acute stress can cause vasoconstriction in peripheral body surfaces, we hypothesized that stress may influence the bill's role as a thermal window. We further hypothesized that diet influences heat dissipation from the bill given that body condition influences the surface temperature of another body region (the eye region). We measured the surface temperature of the bills of song sparrows (<em>Melospiza</em> <em>melodia</em>) before, during, and after handling by an observer at 37°C ambient temperature. We fed five birds a restricted diet intended to maintain bodyweights typical of wild birds, and we fed six birds an unrestricted diet for five months prior to experiments. Acute stress caused a decrease in the surface temperature of the bill, resulting in a 32.4% decrease in heat dissipation immediately following acute stress, before recovering over approximately 2.3 minutes. The initial reduction and subsequent recovery provide partial support for the haemoprotective and thermoprotective hypotheses, which predict a reduction or increase in peripheral blood flow, respectively. Birds with unrestricted diets had larger bills and dissipated more heat, indicating that diet and body condition influence bill-mediated heat dissipation and thermoregulation. These results indicate that stress-induced vascular changes and diet can influence mechanisms of heat loss and potentially inhibit optimal thermoregulation.</p>
FIGURE 11 in Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation
FIGURE 11 | Victoria cruziana (A) bud whole, (B) bud L.S., (C) bud from above, (D) first night flower, (E) first night flower L.S., (F) second night flower, (G) second night flower LTS, (H) habit, and (I) seed. (A–D,F,G) (photo LTS), (I) (CM) cultivated RBG Kew, (D,E) cultivated Denver Botanic Gardens (LTS).
FIGURE 10 in Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation
FIGURE 10 | Victoria boliviana sp. nov. (A) bud whole, (B) bud L. S., (C) bud from above, (D) first night flower, (E) first night flower L. S., (F) second night flower, (G) second night flower L.S., (H) habit, and (I) seed. (A–G) (LTS), (I) (CM) cultivated RBG Kew, H (CM) Beni, Bolivia.
FIGURE 9 in Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation
FIGURE 9 | Victoria amazonica (A) bud whole, (B) bud L.S., (C) bud from above, (D) first night flower, (E) first night flower L.S., (F) second night flower, (G) second night flower LTS, (H) habit, and (I) seed. (A–H) (LTS) and (I) (CM) cultivated RBG Kew.
FIGURE 7 in Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation
FIGURE 7 | (A) Chronogram tree from StarBEAST2 representing molecular dating analysis of splits between V. amazonica, V. cruziana, and V. boliviana with confidence intervals highlighted. (B) Visual representation of plastid structure of V. boliviana assembled using GetOrganelle, with genomic locations of diagnostic characters indicated. Details of polymorphisms (indels) – in the context of multi plastid alignments – displayed within insets.
FIGURE 5 in Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation
FIGURE 5 | Victoria boliviana sp. nov. (A) habit, (B) abaxial leaf, (C) leaf rim profiles, (D) bud, whole and LS, (E) flower prickles, (F) first night flower, (G) second night flower, (H) carpellary appendages and tepal, staminode attachments; (I) ovule, whole and LS, (J) stamens, (K) seed. (All from material cultivated at RBG Kew). Illustration: Lucy T. Smith.
FIGURE 6 in Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation
FIGURE 6 | Victoria cruziana (A) habit, (B) abaxial leaf, (C) leaf rim profiles, (D) bud, whole and LS, (E) flower prickles, (F) first night flower, (G) second night flower, (H) carpellary appendages and tepal, staminode attachments; (I) ovule, whole and LS, (J) stamens, (K) seed. (A–E, G–K, cultivated at RBG Kew, F cult. Denver Botanic Gardens). Illustration: Lucy T. Smith.
FIGURE 4 in Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation
FIGURE 4 | Victoria amazonica (A) habit, (B) abaxial leaf, (C) leaf rim profiles, (D) bud, whole and LS, (E) flower prickles, (F) first night flower, (G) second night flower, (H) carpellary appendages and tepal, staminode attachments; (I) ovule, whole and LS, (J) stamens, (K) fruit, (L) seed. (All from material cultivated at RBG Kew). Illustration: Lucy T. Smith.
FIGURE 1 in Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation
FIGURE 1 | Wild populations of (A) Victoria amazonica (Peru, Loreto), (B) V. boliviana sp. nov. (Bolivia, Beni) and (C) V. cruziana (Argentina, Chaco). (Photo Credits: (A) Laurel Allen, iNaturalist ID 821386. (B) Carlos Magdalena. (C) Fernanda Alarcón, iNaturalist ID. 19516477).
FIGURE 3 in Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation
FIGURE 3 | Line drawing comparing flower and seed morphology in: Victoria amazonica (A–C), V. boliviana sp. nov. (D–F), and V. cruziana (G–I); flower bud whole and in longitudinal section showing abaxial surface of outer tepals, bud profile, stigmatic chamber, carpellary appendage and prickle morphology; seeds. (cultivated at RBG Kew) Illustration: Lucy T Smith.
Data from: Modelling harvest of Greenland barnacle geese and its implications in mitigating human-wildlife conflict
<p>Arctic-breeding goose populations have increased in recent decades and their expansion into agricultural areas has caused increasing conflict with farmers due to the damage they cause. Lethal control and scaring are common management strategies of conflict mitigation. Management typically focuses on local/national scales, making addressing the impact of localised control on the wider population challenging, particularly when populations move over large areas and cross international borders.</p> <p>We construct an integrated population model (IPM) to assess the cumulative impact of all shooting harvest (hunting and derogation shooting) on the Greenland barnacle goose, <em>Branta leucopsis</em>. We use data from monitoring schemes throughout the migratory flyway and use population projections to evaluate the impact of potential future shooting strategies on abundance.</p> <p>Our model suggests flyway abundance has declined since its 2012 peak, consistent with an increase in harvest rate and low productivity. Harvest rate increase was most pronounced on Islay (rising from 2% to 7% from 2011 to 2017), suggesting this was a probable cause of flyway abundance decline. </p> <p>Islay abundance has declined since derogation shooting began in 2000, whilst abundance at other wintering sites has increased. This may indicate that declines in Islay abundance may be due to both shooting mortality and emigration from Islay.</p> <p>Should future flyway-level harvest rates increase, further declines in abundance could be expected, and are likely to be more pronounced if harvests are extended to the entire winter range. Conversely, should harvest rates decline, an increase in abundance is predicted. Projections can therefore be used to allocate flyway-level harvest rates to alleviate local pressure without hindering flyway-level management objectives.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications. Our findings demonstrate the impact of local harvests on global abundance, emphasising the importance of internationally coordinated monitoring and management strategies of migratory species. IPMs provide a framework for adaptation to incorporate additional data when they become available and enable comparisons of future harvest scenarios to inform management strategies throughout the flyway. </p>
RAW DATA - The morphofunctional implications of glenoid labrum of the glenohumeral joint in hominoids
<p>Here we present the raw data for the study titled: "<strong>The morphofunctional implications of glenoid <em>labrum</em> of the glenohumeral joint in hominoids". </strong>A morphocline of the glenoid cavity has been used to infer differences in locomotor behaviors; however, the glenoid cavity is surrounded by the glenoid <em>labrum</em>, a fibrocartilaginous structure that could influence the functionality of the glenoid. The objectives of this study are to explore the effects of the glenoid <em>labrum</em> on the area, depth, and morphology of the glenoid cavity in primates. Photogrammetry was used to build 3D models of the glenoid, with and without the <em>labrum</em>, and three- (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) geometric morphometry (GM) was applied. 2D areas were collected from zenithal images for glenoids with and without <em>labrum</em> to evaluate the availability of articular surface area. The glenoid <em>labrum</em> changes the shape, increases the depth and the surface area of the glenoid cavity, particularly in humans. Therefore, the glenoid <em>labrum</em> might hold a functional role, increasing the stability of the glenohumeral joint of primates in general, and especially in humans.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation
FIGURE 2 | Flower morphology and terms, using a Victoria amazonica second-night flower in longitudinal section for reference (above) and a fully dissected flower (below). (A) Ovary, (B) stigmatic surface and stigmatic chamber, (C) locule and ovules, (D) floral apex, (E) outer tepals, (F) inner tepals, (G) outer staminodia, (H) stamens, (I) inner staminodia, (J) carpellary appendages. Illustration and photo: Lucy T. Smith.
FIGURE 8 in Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation
FIGURE 8 | Geographical context with population genomic and phylogenomic results. (A) Geographical coordinates of all Victoria samples used in analyses, where symbols are color-coded according to morphotype/species and symbol type denotes data source. (B) Phylogenomic representation of relationships between plastomes of 15 Victoria samples, with Nymphaea ampla as the outgroup and constructed using RAxML. (C) Principal component analysis of Victoria nuclear dataset in 16 individuals based on 229,281 genotype likelihoods obtained after skimming for a minor allele frequency (maf) threshold of 0.2.
FIGURE 8. Block 2 in A new early diverging thalattosuchian (Crocodylomorpha) from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Dorset, U.K. and implications for the origin and evolution of the group
FIGURE 8. Block 2 containing four dorsal vertebrae, the right ulna, and dorsal ribs and gastralia of Turnersuchus hingleyae gen. et sp. nov. (LYMPH 2021/45).
FIGURE 7 in A new early diverging thalattosuchian (Crocodylomorpha) from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Dorset, U.K. and implications for the origin and evolution of the group
FIGURE 7. Cervical and dorsal vertebrae of Turnersuchus hingleyae gen. et sp. nov. (LYMPH 2021/45). A, digital model of vertebral series of the last five cervical vertebrae with cervical ribs in right lateral view; B, line interpretation of same (without the ribs); C, line interpretation of the first cervical vertebra of the series in anterior view; D, line interpretation of same in right lateral view; E, line interpretation of same in ventral view; F, digital model of vertebral series of the first five dorsal vertebrae with ribs in right lateral view; G, line interpretation of same (without the ribs); H, line interpretation of the second dorsal vertebra of the series in anterior view; I, line interpretation of same in right lateral view; J, line interpretation of same in ventral view. Abbreviations: aas, anterior articular surface; cr, cervical rib; dr1, first dorsal rib; dv1, first dorsal vertebra; dv2, second dorsal vertebra; dv3, third dorsal vertebra; dia, diapophysis; lcr, last cervical rib; lcv, last cervical vertebra; nsp, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; vk, ventral keel.
FIGURE 9 in A new early diverging thalattosuchian (Crocodylomorpha) from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Dorset, U.K. and implications for the origin and evolution of the group
FIGURE 9. Caudal vertebrae of Turnersuchus hingleyae gen. et sp. nov. (LYMPH 2021/45). A, block 5 containing caudal vertebrae from a relatively posterior position in series; B, block 4 containing one complete and one partial caudal vertebra from a relatively anterior position in the series; C, pair of likely caudal centra; D, second pair of likely caudal centra.
FIGURE 6 in A new early diverging thalattosuchian (Crocodylomorpha) from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Dorset, U.K. and implications for the origin and evolution of the group
FIGURE 6. Mandibular fragments of Turnersuchus hingleyae gen. et sp. nov. (LYMPH 2021/45). A, right anterior dentary fragment in dorsal view; B, medial view of the same; C, posterior left dentary fragment in lateral view; D medial view of the same; E, posterior left mandibular fragment in lateral view. Abbreviations: an, angular; D1–D5, second through fifth dentary alveoli and/or teeth; den, dentary; dg, dentary groove, g cor, groove for articulation of anterior process of coronoid; mf, Meckelian fossa; t, posterior dentary teeth.
FIGURE 5 in A new early diverging thalattosuchian (Crocodylomorpha) from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Dorset, U.K. and implications for the origin and evolution of the group
FIGURE 5. Photograph and line interpretation of the posterior region of left mandibular ramus of Turnersuchus hingleyae gen. et sp. nov. (LYMPH 2021/45) exposed in ventral view. Abbreviations: an, angular; art, articular; part, prearticular; san, surangular.
FIGURE 11 in A new early diverging thalattosuchian (Crocodylomorpha) from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Dorset, U.K. and implications for the origin and evolution of the group
FIGURE 11. Phylogenetic placement of Turnersuchus hingleyae gen. et sp. nov. (in bold) with trees calibrated to stratigraphy. A, strict consensus of eight most parsimonious trees of 1774 steps (CI = 0.309; RI = 0.753) resulting from analysis based on the dataset of Wilberg et al. (2019); B, strict consensus of 165,888 most parsimonious trees of 1783 steps (CI = 0.403; RI = 0.834) resulting from analysis based on the dataset of Herrera et al. (2021).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.