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13,621 results for “Biologics”
Fig. 2 in Data On The Reproductive Biology Of The Satanic Leaf-Tailed Gecko, Uroplatus Phantasticus (Squamata, Gekkonidae), At The Bion Terrarium Center As A Contribution To Ex Situ Offspring Programs
Fig. 2. Copulation process of U. phantasticus.
Fig. 6. U in Data On The Reproductive Biology Of The Satanic Leaf-Tailed Gecko, Uroplatus Phantasticus (Squamata, Gekkonidae), At The Bion Terrarium Center As A Contribution To Ex Situ Offspring Programs
Fig. 6. U. phantasticus hatchlings; the one in the right corner has not molt yet.
Fig. 2. Adults M in On The Biology Of The East Asian Seed Beetle, Megabruchidius Dorsalis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae), An Adventive Species For Ukraine
Fig. 2. Adults M. dorsalis on hawthorn flowers. May 7 (Photo by M. A. Filatov).
Fig. 4 in On The Biology Of The East Asian Seed Beetle, Megabruchidius Dorsalis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae), An Adventive Species For Ukraine
Fig. 4. Dependence of M. dorsalis development time on air temperature.
Fig. 3 in On The Biology Of The East Asian Seed Beetle, Megabruchidius Dorsalis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae), An Adventive Species For Ukraine
Fig. 3. Accumulated emerging of East Asian seed beetle in the laboratory. July and August 2019.
Fig. 4 in Morphological And Biological Characteristics Of Amidostomum Anseris (Nematoda, Amidostomatidae) From Anser Anser Domesticus
Fig. 4. ♀ Amidostomum anseris: a — tail end with the
Fig. 1 in Morphological And Biological Characteristics Of Amidostomum Anseris (Nematoda, Amidostomatidae) From Anser Anser Domesticus
Fig. 1. Head end of Amidostomum anseris.
Fig. 1 in Study Of Biology, Morphology And Taxonomy Of The Nematode Stephanofilaria Assamensis (Filariina, Stephanofilariidae)
Fig. 1. Map of Uzbekistan: places of material collection.
Fig. 1 in Breeding Biology Of Blackheaded Wagtail Motacilla Feldegg (Passeriformes, Motacillidae, Motacillinae) In Rostov Oblast Of Russia
Fig. 1. Location of revealed Motacilla feldegg nesting sites in the Rostov oblast in 2011–2012.
Breeding biology of two populations of Chinese penduline tits
<p>The phenotypes and breeding behavior in one species may be different between populations. The local environments, social interactions can all lead to some variations in life history. The thorough investigations of breeding biology over populations can provide insights for us to understand the evolution and diversifications of breeding systems and phenotypic traits from multiple perspectives other than drawing monotonous associations between a factor and a trait. In this study, we explored two Chinese penduline populations, Liaohekou (LHK) and Xianghai (XH), both in the northeast of China located 550 km away from each other. A comparative study of the breeding biology was carried on in the two populations. We found that the climate has no obvious difference in these two populations but has different habitats. Nest emergence and egg-laying were earlier in the more northern population XH. Males in XH has a lower chance of pairing up with a female and exhibit mainly biparental care pattern instead uniparental care that we reported in LHK. The chick fledgling success in the biparental care nests was higher than in the uniparental care nests in XH, but no difference to the uniparental care nests in LHK. Besides, the penduline tits in the two populations were also significantly different in their wing length, tail length and beak shape. These incongruences suggested different food availability, adult sex ratio and migration distances of the two populations. Future studies should experimentally investigate the joint influences of breeding perspectives on the evolution of parental care and mating system.</p>
Modelling the potential global distribution of suitable habitat for the biological control agent Heterorhabditis indica
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) <em>Heterorhabditis indica</em> is a promising biocontrol candidate. Despite the acknowledged importance of EPN in pest control, no extensive data sets or maps have been developed on their distribution at global level. This study is the first attempt to generate Ecological Niche Models (ENM) for <em>H. indica</em> and its global Habitat Suitability Map (HSM) to generate biogeographical information and predicts its global geographical range of prospective areas for its exploration and to help identify the suitable release areas for biocontrol purpose. The aim of the modelling exercise was to access the influence of temperature and soil moisture on the biogeographical patterns of <em>H. indica</em> at the global level. CLIMEX software was used to model the distribution of <em>H. indica</em> and access to the influence of environmental variable on its global distribution. In total, 162 records of <em>H. indica</em> occurrence from 27 countries over 25 years was combined to generate the known distribution data. The model was further fine-tuned using the direct experimental observations of the <em>H. indica</em>'s growth response to temperature and soil moisture. Model predicts much of the tropics and subtropics has suitable climatic conditions for <em>H. indica</em>. It further predicts that <em>H. indica</em> distribution can extends into warmer temperate climates. Examination of the model output, predictions maps at a global level indicate that <em>H. indica</em> distribution may be limited by cold stress, heat stress and dry stresses in different areas. However, cold stress appears to be the major limiting factor. This study, highlighted an efficient way to construct HSM for EPN potentially useful in the search/release of target species in new locations. The study showed that <em>H. indica</em> which is known as warm adapted EPN generally found in tropics and subtropics can potentially establish itself in warmer temperate climates as well. The model can also be used to decide the release timing of EPN by adjusting with season for maximum growth. The model developed in the current study clearly identified the value and potential of Habitat Suitability Map (HSM) in planning of future surveys and application of <em>H. indica.</em></p>
Augmentation and conservation biological control of Tetranychus urticae on hops in Ohio
<p class="MsoNormal"></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The twospotted spider mite, <em>Tetranychus urticae </em>Koch<em> </em>(Acari: Tetranychidae),<em> </em>is a key pest on hops grown in the Midwestern USA, where hop production is a new industry, and little research has been done on the management of <em>T. urticae</em>.<span> </span>In 2016 and 2017, we conducted an experiment to determine the efficacy of augmentative biological control of <em>T. urticae</em> populations on the cultivar 'Cascade' at four hop yards. <span> </span>In both years, treatments compared <em>Neoseiulus fallacis</em> Garman (Acari: Phytoseiidae), released at a high rate and a low rate, and an untreated control, with eight replicates in 2016 and 17 replicates in 2017. <span> </span>Additional treatments in 2016 evaluated <em>Galendromus</em> <em>occidentalis </em>Nesbitt<em> </em>(Acari: Phytoseiidae) released at a high and a low rate. The target low rate in both years was one predator per ten <em>T. urticae</em>. The target high rate was one predator per five <em>T. urticae</em> in 2016, and one predator per two <em>T. urticae</em> in 2017. <span> </span>When weekly monitoring showed that the population reached an action threshold of one <em>T. urticae</em> per ten leaves, predatory mites were released. <span> </span>If the <em>T. urticae</em> population continued to increase, a second release was made. <span> </span>By the time of harvest, the cumulative number of mite-days for <em>T. urticae</em> did not differ significantly among treatments in either year.<span> </span>Hop yields showed a significant treatment effect in 2016, with higher yield where the high rate of <em>G. occidentalis</em> was released than in other treatments, but yields did not show any significant treatment effect in 2017.<span> </span>In 2017, we also conducted an exclusion experiment at four hop yards in Ohio, to determine the services provided by predators already present in hop yards, as well as the ability of the combination of predatory mites, <em>N. fallacis</em> and <em>Neoseiulus californicus </em><span>McGregor</span><em> </em>(Acari: Phytoseiidae), to suppress <em>T. urticae </em>by augmentative releases at three different predator to prey ratios: zero to ten, one to ten, and two to ten.<span> </span>Samples were paired; one leaf was covered with a fine mesh bag and one leaf was left uncovered, in each of 50 replicates.<span> </span>After two weeks, the average number of <em>T. urticae</em> motiles on the open leaves that received zero phytoseiids was significantly less than the starting number of ten, suggesting that ambient predation is capable of suppressing <em>T. urticae</em> populations.<span> </span>The average number of <em>T. urticae</em> motiles on the enclosed leaves that received two phytoseiids was also significantly less than the starting number of ten, while the average number of <em>T. urticae</em> motiles on the enclosed leaf that received one phytoseiid was not, showing that a ratio of one phytoseiid to five <em>T. urticae</em> is effective at reducing <em>T. urticae</em> populations.<span> </span>Our experiments showed that when <em>T. urticae </em><span>is </span>found at low to moderate densities, naturally occurring predators are able to suppress their populations in Ohio hop yards.<span> </span>Augmentation using phytoseiid mites did not have a consistent beneficial effect on yields.<span> </span>Given that naturally occurring predators are important in the suppression of <em>T. urticae</em> populations, future studies thus might concentrate on conservation biological control.</p> <p> </p>
Predicting foraging dive outcomes in chinstrap penguins using biologging and animal-borne cameras
<p>Direct observation of foraging behavior is not always possible, especially for marine species that hunt below the surface. However, biologging and tracking devices in particular have provided very detailed information about how various species use their habitat. From these indirect observations, researchers have tried to infer foraging and prey catching events for a more accurate definition of these species' ecological niches. In this study, we deployed video cameras in addition to GPS and time-depth recorders on chinstrap penguins during the brood phase of the 2018-19 breeding season at various colonies on the Gourlay peninsula (South Orkney Islands). More than 57 hours of footage from 16 birds covering 770 dives were scrutinized by two independent observers. The outcome of each dive was classified as unsuccessful, individual krill encounter or krill swarm encounter. In addition, the number of prey items caught was recorded for successful dives. We then used various predicting variables derived from the other logging devices or from the environment to train a machine-learning algorithm to predict the outcome of each dive. Our results show that despite some limitations, the data collected from the footage was reliable as there was a high agreement from both annotators. We also demonstrate that it was possible to accurately predict the outcome of each dive from basic dive patterns and horizontal movement characteristics that have not been used for penguins previously. Finally, we discuss how video footage can help build more accurate habitat models and gain wider knowledge about predator behavior or prey distribution.</p>
Multivariate trait analysis reveals diatom plasticity constrained to a reduced set of biological axes
<p>Trait-based approaches to phytoplankton ecology have gained traction in recent decades as phenotypic traits are incorporated into ecological and biogeochemical models. Here, we use high-throughput phenotyping to explore both intra- and interspecific constraints on trait combinations that are expressed in the cosmopolitan marine diatom genus Thalassiosira. We demonstrate that within Thalassiosira, phenotypic diversity cannot be predicted from genotypic diversity, and moreover, plasticity can create highly divergent phenotypes that are incongruent with taxonomic grouping. Significantly, multivariate phenotypes can be represented in reduced dimensional space using principal component analysis with 77.7% of the variance captured by two orthogonal axes, here termed a 'trait-scape'. Furthermore, this trait-scape can be recovered with a reduced set of traits. Plastic responses to the new environments expanded phenotypic trait values and the trait-scape, however, the overall pattern of response to the new environments was similar between strains and many trait correlations remained constant. These findings demonstrate that trait-scapes can be used to reveal common constraints on multi-trait plasticity in phytoplankton with divergent underlying phenotypes. Understanding how to integrate trait correlational constraints and trade-offs into theoretical frameworks like biogeochemical models will be critical to predict how microbial responses to environmental change will impact elemental cycling now and into the future.</p>
The evolution and biological correlates of hand preferences in anthropoid primates
<p>The evolution of human right-handedness has been intensively debated for decades. Manual lateralization patterns in non-human primates have the potential to elucidate evolutionary determinants of human handedness. However, restricted species samples and inconsistent methodologies have so far limited comparative phylogenetic studies. By combining original data with published literature reports, we assembled data on hand preferences for standardized object manipulation in 1,786 individuals from 38 species of anthropoid primates, including monkeys, apes, and humans. Based on that, we employ quantitative phylogenetic methods to test prevalent hypotheses on the roles of ecology, brain size and tool use in primate handedness evolution. We confirm that human right-handedness represents an unparalleled extreme among anthropoids and found taxa displaying population-level handedness to be rare. Species-level direction of manual lateralization was largely uniform among non-human primates and did not strongly correlate with any of the selected biological predictors, nor with phylogeny. In contrast, we recovered highly variable patterns of hand preference strength, which show signatures of both ecology and phylogeny. In particular, terrestrial primates tend to display weaker hand preferences than arboreal species. These results challenge popular ideas on primate handedness evolution, especially the postural origins hypothesis. Furthermore, they point to a potential adaptive benefit of disparate lateralization strength in primates, a measure of hand preference that has often been overlooked in the past. Finally, our data show that human lateralization patterns do not align with trends found among other anthropoids, suggesting that unique selective pressures gave rise to the unusual hand preferences of our species.</p>
Data from "Projections of leaf turgor loss point shifts under future climate change scenarios" (Tordoni et al. 2022 Global Change Biology)
<p>The dataset includes four sheets representing the average turgor loss point (tlp) values at grid cell level (tlp_data) and the climatic variables and related climate change scenarios derived from the three models used in this study (HadGEM2-ES-RACMO22E, EC-EARTH_RACMO22E, EC-EARTH_CCLM4-8-17, respectively).</p> <p>The sheet "tlp_data" reports the cell ID (OGU) and the average tlp values for each taxonomic group considered in this study (gymnosperms, angiosperms, herbaceous and woody angiosperms). </p> <p>Each of the other three sheets reports the cell ID (OGU), coordinates of the cell centroid (Long, Lat) and a set of six climatic variables: 95<sup>th</sup> percentiles of average temperature (BIO1.95, °C), temperature seasonality (BIO4, °C), annual consecutive frost days where temperature was ≤ 0 °C (CFD.ann, n° days), annual consecutive dry days where precipitation was < 1 mm (CDD.ann, n° days), 5<sup>th</sup> percentiles of cumulate annual precipitation (BIO12.5, mm), and precipitation seasonality (BIO15, %). For each model, "hist" refers to historical data encompassing the period 1970-2005, whereas "RCP2.6" and "RCP8.5" reports the average value of future projections for the period 2080-2100 in two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5).</p> <p> </p>
Data of the study of Maternal temperature stress modulates acclimation and thermal biology in Octopus maya (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) juvenile progeny
<p>These data shows the effects of temperature and exposure time on octopus juveniles obtained from thermal-stressed (30°C) and non-stressed (24°C) females when exposed to optimal (25°C) and high temperatures (30°C) for 20 and 30 days, respectively. Data of survival, and oxygen consumption (MR) were obtained, also in routine (RMR) and resting conditions (SMR). The high metabolic rate (HMR) was used to obtain the thermal metabolic scope (TMS) That was defined as: TMS = HMR - SMR<br> Data on the antioxidant defense enzymes and radical oxygen species (ROS) were used to evaluate if transgenerational effect of temperature provoked changes in the hability of juveniles to neutralize ROS. </p>
Characterization of biologically reduced graphene oxide
<p>The attached figure contains the characterization of biologically reduced graphene oxide conducted through Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, particle size analyzer, and cyclic voltammetry.</p> <p>The samples used for Raman measurements are anaerobic sludge without graphene oxide (AS), anaerobic sludge with graphene oxide (AS+GO), and sterilized sludge with graphene oxide (SS+GO).</p> <p>For the laser particle size measurements, cyclic voltammetry, and optical microscope, samples of anaerobic sludge with and without GO were employed.</p>
Data from: Environmental change alters nitrogen fixation rates and microbial parameters in a subarctic biological crust
<p>Together, Biological Soil Crust (BSC) and other cryptogamic groundcovers can contribute up to half of the global nitrogen (N) fixation. BSC also stabilizes the soil (reducing erosion and dust emissions), fixes carbon (C), retains moisture, and acts as a hotspot of microbial diversity and activity. Much of the knowledge about how climate change is affecting the composition and functioning of BSC comes from hot arid and semiarid regions. The comparatively smaller body of research on BSC from cold and mesic environments has been primarily observational, for example along chronosequences after a glacier retreat. Few studies have experimentally investigated the effects of the environment on BSC from high latitudes. Such experiments allow unraveling of relationships at a resolution that can only be achieved by controlling for confounding factors. We measured short-term (2-4 days) responses of a liverwort-based (Anthelia juratzkana) BSC from the south of Iceland to a range of temperature, moisture and light conditions. Warming increased N fixation rates, especially when moisture was at a saturation level, and only when light was not limiting. A correlation analysis suggests that increases in N fixation rates were linked to cyanobacterial abundance on the BSC surface and to the rates of their metabolic activity. Warming and moisture changes also induced compositional and structural modification of the bacterial community, with consequences at the functional level. In contrast to many observations on BSC from hot drylands, the BSC from our cold and mesic study site is more limited by low temperature and light than by moisture. Our findings show possible ways in which BSC from cold and mesic ecosystems can respond to short-term manifestations of climate change, such as increasingly frequent heat waves.</p>
Dataset for: Smith et al., Phylogenomic analysis of the parrots of the world distinguishes artifactual from biological sources of gene tree discordance
<p>Gene tree discordance is expected in phylogenomic trees and biological processes are often invoked to explain it. However, heterogeneous levels of phylogenetic signal among individuals within datasets may cause artifactual sources of topological discordance. We examined how the information content in tips and subclades impacts topological discordance in the parrots (Order: Psittaciformes), a diverse and highly threatened clade of nearly 400 species. Using ultraconserved elements from 96% of the clade's species-level diversity, we estimated concatenated and species trees for 382 ingroup taxa. We found that discordance among tree topologies was most common at nodes dating between the late Miocene and Pliocene, and often at the taxonomic level of genus. Accordingly, we used two metrics to characterize information content in tips and assess the degree to which conflict between trees was being driven by lower quality samples. Most instances of topological conflict and non-monophyletic genera in the species tree could be objectively identified using these metrics. For subclades still discordant after tip-based filtering, we used a machine learning approach to determine whether phylogenetic signal or noise was the more important predictor of metrics supporting the alternative topologies. We found that when signal favored one of the topologies, noise was the most important variable in poorly performing models that favored the alternative topology. In sum, we show that artifactual sources of gene tree discordance, which are likely a common phenomenon in many datasets, can be distinguished from biological sources by quantifying the information content in each tip and modeling which factors support each topology.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.