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Nyang audio word list
<p>On February 9, 2014, I interviewed a speaker of Nyang or "Puzai" (pu⁵⁵zai⁵⁵) in bản Huổi Sen, xã Mường So, huyện Phong Thổ, Lai Chau province, Vietnam. My informant was a man about 30 years old who was fluent in standard Mandarin (Putonghua), Southwestern Mandarin, Vietnamese, and Nyang.<br> </p> <p>Nyang turned out to be a Northern Tai language. The linguistic evidence suggests that the ancestors of the Nyang might have migrated from Guizhou.</p>
Hmong (Fengqing) audio word list
<p>On April 25, 2014 in Guodazhai Township, Fengqing County, Yunnan Province, China, I collected data on Miao of Dashitouzhai 大石头寨 and Malutang 马鹿塘. The Miao there speak a form of Chuanqiandian Miao, otherwise known as Hmong. All children speak the language in Dashitouzhai and Malutang. My informant was an elderly woman who also sang some Miao folk songs for me.</p>
Laha (Na Tay) audio word list
<p>On a chilly morning in February 13, 2014, I went to Pi Toong commune, Mường La district, Sơn La province, Vietnam and found that there was one isolated Laha village there called Nà Tạy. The name of the village is in Black Thai, where Nà means 'field', and Tạy is a kind of wild edible fruit found in the local forests. Nà Tạy is located in a relatively flat area closer to the river, with higher-quality arable land and rice fields surrounding it. This points to the historically earlier arrival of the Laha, as they were able to secure better farming land than later migrants such as the Black Thai and Hmong.<br> <br> Another isolated Laha village in Pi Toong commune is located about 25 km away. 2 or 3 Kháng villages (incl. bản Pá Hơp) are located over 40 km away in Nậm Giông commune, on the other side of the Sông Đà river. Most of the houses in the Laha village are on stilts, and the women dress just like that Black Thai (Thai Dam), with topknot hairstyles. The khaen mouth organ of the Black Thai is not played by the Laha in this village. Fortunately, the children still speak Laha. Villagers report that the Laha villages in Mường Bú and Chieng Xom communes, closer to Sơn La City, cannot speak Laha anymore but can still understand some of it.<br> <br> My informant was Quàng Văn Chiêu (male, born Sept. 26, 1989; completely fluent in Vietnamese, Laha, and Black Thai).<br> <br> Laha of Noong Lay commune (which Edmondson had researched) preserves final -l and initial Cl-, but Pi Toong does not. However, r- / -r- (initial/medial r; sometimes a retroflex and sometimes an alveolar trill; I think they're in complementary distribution) is very interesting, and may point to retroflexes in Proto-Kra. Noong Lay Laha has d- instead of r-. v- also comes as a surprise, as it is not present in either Noong Lay or Ta Mit Laha.</p> <ul> <li>Laha (Noong Lay) phl- : Laha (Pi Toong) f-</li> <li>Laha (Noong Lay) pl- : Laha (Pi Toong) ph-</li> <li>Laha (Noong Lay) bl- : Laha (Pi Toong) v-</li> <li>Laha (Noong Lay) -l : Laha (Pi Toong) -n</li> <li>Laha (Noong Lay) kl- : Laha (Pi Toong) k-</li> <li>Laha (Noong Lay) d- : Laha (Pi Toong) r- [but not always]</li> </ul> <p>Some forms are also more similar to Ta Mit Laha than to Noong Lay Laha. But Pi Toong Laha is obviously the same language as Noong Lay Laha, and my informant could understand Edmondson's recordings of Noong Laha but not Ta Mit Laha.<br> <br> This is a previously undocumented variety of Laha. Evidently more research needs to be done urgently on different dialects, especially since conservative features of the language such as initial clusters, final -l, etc. may be lost among younger generations as with the Saek language of Nakhon Phanom province, Thailand.</p> <p>Their autonym was xon⁵⁵xa³⁵, with xon⁵⁵ meaning 'person' in Tai Dam.</p>
Red Gelao (Bach Dich) audio word list
<p>On February 4, 2014, I interviewed Lý Tớ Sải 李德才, a 45-year-old Red Gelao (va³⁵dei²¹) man in La Pao, Bạch Đích commune, Hà Giang province. Ly was illiterate, and was more fluent in Southwestern Mandarin (Yunnanese) than in Vietnamese. His speech slightly differed from that of Jerold Edmondson's Red Gelao informant.</p>
Va (Southern) audio word list
<p>On April 10-11, 2014, I collected about 270 words from Northern Va and about 100 words from Southern Va. Both are spoken in several scattered villages in Jingxing Township 景星乡, Mojiang County, Yunnan, China. Southern Va is spoken only by middle-age and elderly people, but not by children. It is more conservative and retains many sesquisyllabic prefixes, particularly /s-/, which are not retained in Northern Va. Northern Va, which is also vigorously spoken by children, may have about 2,000 speakers, and for Southern Va, perhaps just under 1,000. The Va of Mojiang County are geographically isolated from other Austroasiatic-speaking groups, as no other Austroasiatic languages are spoken within perhaps a 100-km radius.<br> <br> My Northern Va informant, surnamed Li 李, is a 27-year-old male shopkeeper who is fluent in Putonghua (standard Mandarin), Southwestern Mandarin, and Va. He has worked in Kunming for a few years before. According to Li, the ancestors of the Va were also called “Mang 莽” in the past, and had migrated from the Dali area, which is located much further to the northwest. My Southern Va informant is 42-year-old Wang Lijuan 王丽娟. Data collection on Southern Va was performed under time constraints, since it was done during a bus break by the side of a road while I was on my way to the Mojiang county seat.<br> <br> My Northern Va informant claimed that Southern Va is very difficult for him to understand, but my Southern Va informant reported that she understands Northern Va perfectly well. Also, speakers are aware that Va numerals (except 1-3) are from Tai. However, most of their neighbors are Kaduo (kha31 tu31) speakers, a Southern Loloish group; the Tai are a minority in the region.<br> <br> Northern Va is spoken in about 8 villages in Taihe Administrative Village 太和村, Jingxing Township 景星乡, Mojiang County, Yunnan, China by about 600 ethnic Bulang households or just over 2,000 families. All generations, including children, speak the language fluently.<br> • Wamo 挖墨<br> • Xinzhai 新寨 (Upper 上 and Lower 下 hamlets)<br> • Jiuzhai 旧寨<br> • Dazhai 大寨 (Upper 上 and Lower 下 hamlets)<br> • Xiaozhai 小寨 (Upper 上 and Lower 下 hamlets)<br> <br> Southern Va is spoken in the following villages of Zhenglong Administrative Village 正龙村, Jingxing Township 景星乡, Mojiang County, Yunnan, China. The children do not speak Va.<br> • Pingtian 平田<br> • Banglao 蚌老 (culture and language best preserved)<br> • Miena 乜那<br> • Binggu 丙故<br> • Yin’gou 阴沟<br> • Yakou 丫口 (culture and language least preserved)<br> <br> Even though their autonym is “Va,” their language is fully Angkuic, and does not have any Waic influence or substrate.</p>
Mien (Shangwujiang) audio word list
<p>On May 4, 2013, I visited Shangwujiang Township 上梧江瑶族乡, Shuangpai County, Hunan, China which was accessible only by boat. My informant was an elderly Mien lady.</p>
Nasu (Lanqing) audio word list
<p>On May 7, 2015, I discovered that 3 languages called Nasuphu [na55 sɤ21 phu55] (in Lanqing village 烂箐), Kasephu [kha55 sɤ21 phu55] (in Tuanqing village 团箐), and Nisuphu [ȵi55 sɯ21 phu55] (in Shanhou village 山后) are spoken by very small populations (< 100) each in Jijie Administrative Village 鸡街村 of Zhujie Township, Guangnan County, Yunnan, China. Their languages are similar to languages spoken much further to the northwest. Nasuphu speakers claim that their ancestors had migrated from Shizong County 师宗县.<br> <br> Nasuphu appears to be a dialect of Nasu (Eastern Yi).<br> <br> My Nasuphu informant was Dai Yunda 代允达, 56 years old in Lanqing village. Lanqing has 30 households and 160 persons, and about 50 speakers of Nasu.<br> <br> In Jijie village, I also met one Nasuphu informant who was only a rememberer of the language, and did not remember the autonym.</p>
Mien (Van Ban) audio word list
<p>On February 6, 2014, I interviewed an "I Mien" (i⁵⁵mien⁵¹) man called Đặng Văn Tuấn of Thôn 5, Khe Phàn, xã Sân Thủy in Van Ban District, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam. A young girl about 6 years old or so was writing down a word list of Mien in Vietnamese orthography while I was doing a vocabulary elicitation session with the man, which I also photographed</p> <p>This Mien dialect is similar to the Kim Mien dialect recorded by Jerold Edmondson in that Proto-Mien voiceless laterals and voiceless nasals have changed to h-.</p> <p> </p>
Mien (Lantian) audio word list
<p>Locations visited on May 1, 2013:</p> <ul> <li>Lower Banleijie 下板垒界, Lantian Township 兰田瑶族乡, Linchuan County, Guangxi, China</li> <li>Upper Banleijie 上板垒界, Lantian Township 兰田瑶族乡, Linchuan County, Guangxi, China</li> </ul> <p>In Lantian Township, Pingdi Yao is spoken alongside Mien, a Hmong-Mien language.</p>
Meuma audio word list
<p>On April 29, 2013, I visited Xinzhai 新寨, Mada 马达, Daping Township 大坪镇, Malipo County, Yunnan, China. The Yi people there call themselves "Meuma" [mɯ55 mɑ33], but are referred to as "Mengwu 孟武" in the <em>Malipo County Gazetteer</em>. There were only semi-speakers, with no fluent speakers left. Meuma is also spoken in Dadipo 大地坡 of the same administrative village (Mada Village).<br> </p> <p>My informants were an elderly woman about 70-80 years old and a man about 50 years old. The elderly woman's pronunciation is likely more reliable, as the other man claimed to speak less Meuma than the elderly woman. Only about 60 words were elicited since my informants had forgotten many lexical items. Overall, the data was problematic, with some words not matching with what would have been expected for a typical Loloish language. Additional "Mengwu 孟武" people have been reported in neighboring Xichou and Maguan counties, but it is not known whether they speak (or continue to speak) Meuma or not.</p> <p>Judging from lexical evidence, Meuma appears to be closely related to Kazhuo, Samu, Sadu, and Sanie. However, additional vocabulary will be needed to further clarify the genetic position of Meuma.</p>
Pingdi Yao (Lantian) audio word list
<p>Pingdi Yao is a Sinitic lect spoken by the Yao people. In Lantian Township, Pingdi Yao is spoken alongside Mien, a Hmong-Mien language.</p> <p>Locations visited on May 1, 2013:</p> <ul> <li>Lower Banleijie 下板垒界, Lantian Township 兰田瑶族乡, Linchuan County, Guangxi, China</li> <li>Upper Banleijie 上板垒界, Lantian Township 兰田瑶族乡, Linchuan County, Guangxi, China</li> </ul>
Kathu (Anwang) audio word list (2013)
<p>On April 20, 2013, I recorded Kathu of Anwang village 安王村, Nanping Township 南屏镇, Guangnan County, Yunnan.</p> <p>Thou (autonym: θou⁵³) is spoken in Balong village 坝聋村, while Kathu (ka³³θu³³) is spoken further downhills in Anwang village 安王村. They are known locally to other ethnic groups as the White Yi. Both administrative villages are adjacent to each other, and are administered as part of Nanping Town, Guangnan County, Yunnan.</p> <p> </p>
Qingxi Yao audio word list
<p>Sinitic lect spoken by the Yao people of Jiangyong County, Hunan. Recorded in late April 2013.</p> <p>Qingxi Yao: Qingxi 清溪, Yuankou Township 源口瑶族乡, Jiangyong County, Hunan, China</p>
Khabi audio word list
<p><br> On April 13, 2014, I visited the Kabie ("Khabi") village of Xiqi 西歧村, Sinanjiang Township, Mojiang County, Yunnan, China. My Khabi informant, a middle-aged man whom I met at the side of the road, was Wang Zushun 王祖顺 (born 1954). My motorbike-taxi driver was an ethnic Baihong who said that the Khabi language sounded similar to other Hani dialects.<br> <br> Locals by the side of a road reported these additional Khabi village locations.</p> <ul> <li>Cuoluo, Cuoluo Village, Daheishan Township, Lvchun County, Yunnan, China 绿春县大黑山乡撮芦村撮芦组 (or 撮洛村)</li> <li>Dadifang, Gejie Village, Jiahe Township, Jiangcheng County, Yunnan, China 江城县加禾乡隔界村大地房</li> <li>Shipingzhai, Nanwang Village, Jiahe Township, Jiangcheng County, Yunnan, China 江城县加禾乡南旺村石屏寨</li> </ul> <p>Locals in Sinanjiang Township also told me that Asong is reportedly similar to Budou / Bukong.</p> <p> </p>
Goulan Yao (Huangjia) audio word list
<p>Sinitic lect spoken by the Yao people of Jiangyong County, Hunan. Recorded in late April 2013.</p> <p>Goulan Yao: Shangtun 上屯, Huangjia 黄家村, Lanxi Township 兰溪瑶族乡, Jiangyong County, Hunan, China</p>
Limi (Tuantian) audio word list
<p>On April 25, 2015, I recorded Limi of Tuantian 团田, Guodazhai Township, Fengqing County, Yunnan, China. I found my informant by the side of a road, and interviewed him while there was a strong breeze.<br> <br> All children speak the language. More Limi are located in neighboring Yongde County, especially in Wumulong Township, including in Muchang Village 木厂村.</p>
Kathu (Balong) audio word list (2013)
<p>On April 20, 2013, I recorded Kathu of Nabi 那比 (locally Na4bi4), ,Balong village 坝聋村 Nanping Township 南屏镇, Guangnan County, Yunnan and interviewed Wang Pingjin 王平金, a 49-year-old man.</p> <p>Thou (autonym: θou⁵³) is spoken in Balong village 坝聋村, while Kathu (ka³³θu³³) is spoken further downhills in Anwang village 安王村. They are known locally to other ethnic groups as the White Yi. Both administrative villages are adjacent to each other, and are administered as part of Nanping Town, Guangnan County, Yunnan.</p> <p> </p>
Mo Piu audio word list
<p>On February 7, 2014, I interviewed an elderly Mo Piu (m̥əŋ⁵⁵mpjo⁵⁵) man surnamed Vàng in Nậm Tu Hạ, huyện Văn Bàn, Lao Cai province, Vietnam.</p>
Ku (Bainitang) audio word list
<p>On April 16, 2013 in Bainitang Village 白泥塘, Shede Township 舍得彝族乡, Qiubei County, Yunnan, China, I interviewed Ang Yongming 昂永明, a 65-year-old man. His family genealogy record says that the Bo people are from Yibin County 宜宾县, Sichuan. Ang says the history and sacrificial songs cannot be translated, since they are in an archaic ritual register language; only those who can sing those songs will actually know the history of the Bo people.<br> <br> Cultural items among the Bo include bronze pieces (with hole in the middle; for funerals) and lute. The Li clan 李家 still practices the “hanging coffin” custom; same language as the rest of the village.<br> <br> There are only 2 men in the village who can sing traditional Bo songs, namely Ang Yongming 昂永明 and Zhu Yingchang 朱应昌. Zhu, who is a 75-year-old man, can sing the most folk songs, but has impaired hearing.<br> <br> Other than Bainitang 白泥塘, mutually intelligible varieties of Ku are also spoken Liuwanpo 六湾坡 and Luozidi 罗子地.</p>
Bai (Anuo) audio word list
<p>On April 17, 2013, I recorded the following two informants who spoke Bai 白 or "Minjia 民家" in 阿诺, Badaoshao Township 八道哨彝族乡, Qiubei County, Yunnan, China.</p> <p> </p><ul> <li>Li Shuixian 李水仙 (age 49, female), illiterate</li> <li>Zhao Shuimei 赵水妹 (age 49, female)</li> </ul> My informants report they cannot understand Bai of Dali, but that the Bai of Dali understand their speech. They also told me that in Qiubei County, “Minjia” locations are Anuo 阿诺 (locally a1nuo2), Buyi 布宜 (locally bu4ni2), Mazhelong 马者龙 (locally ma1zhe1long3).<p></p>
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