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opennotspecifiedApr 2019View details →

FIGURE 2. Camposcia retusa zoea II in Morphological descriptions of the larval and first juvenile stages of the decorator crab Camposcia retusa (Latreille, 1829) from laboratory-reared material

FIGURE 2. Camposcia retusa zoea II: A) lateral view; B) antennule; C) antenna; D) mandible; E) maxillule; F) maxilla; G) maxilliped I; H) maxilliped II; I) maxilliped III; J) pereiopods 1–5; and K) pleon and telson (dorsal view). Scale bars: A and K: 300 µm; G, H, I and J: 150 µm; B, C, D, E and F: 75 µm.

opencc-zeroJun 2019View details →

Data from: Gene expression in the phenotypically plastic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus): a focus on growth and ossification at early stages of development

Gene expression during development shapes the phenotypes of individuals. Although embryonic gene expression can have lasting effects on developmental trajectories, few studies consider the role of maternal effects, such as egg size, on gene expression. Using qPCR, we characterize relative expression of 14 growth and/or skeletal promoting genes across embryonic development in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). We test to what extent their relative expression is correlated with egg size and size at early life‐stages within the study population. We predict smaller individuals to have higher expression of growth and skeletal promoting genes, due to less maternal resources (i.e., yolk) and prioritization of energy toward ossification. We found expression levels to vary across developmental stages and only three genes (Mmp9, Star, and Sgk1) correlated with individual size at a given developmental stage. Contrary to our hypothesis, expression of Mmp9 and Star showed a non‐linear relationship with size (at post fertilization and hatching, respectively), whilst Sgk1 was higher in larger embryos at hatching. Interestingly, these genes are also associated with craniofacial divergence of Arctic charr morphs. Our results indicate that early life‐stage variation in gene expression, concomitant to maternal effects, can influence developmental plasticity and potentially the evolution of resource polymorphism in fishes.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Uncovering structural features that underlie coexistence in an invaded woody plant community with interaction networks at multiple life stages

Understanding the patterns of competitive and facilitative interactions within and among species in plant communities is a central goal of plant ecology, because these patterns determine species coexistence and community dynamics. Network theory provides tools that allow these patterns to be quantified, and can provide greater understanding of important community properties, including community stability, than can documenting pairwise species interactions. I characterized the interactions of multiple, co-occurring invasive and native species in an old field woody plant community to build plant interaction networks at two different life stages. With the goal of identifying structural features that may operate to maintain species coexistence, I characterized the architecture of these networks at multiple scales: the entire network, the substructures that compose the network, and species' roles within substructures. I found that species-level pairwise interactions alone did not provide an accurate or sufficiently detailed picture of community structure. Rather, using a network approach, I identified substructures that have the potential to promote and hinder species coexistence in interactions among seedlings. Characterizing the nuances of network substructures was illuminating, as the size of the substructures and the pattern of interaction intensities within substructures influence the expected effects on species coexistence. Including interactions at multiple life stages was also important; the seedling species that benefited most from the nested structure of facilitative interactions with adults occupied subordinate roles in substructures with other seedlings. This role reversal at different life stages is a potential factor promoting coexistence in the community. Last, the network framework was useful for comparing species' roles between native and invasive members of the community, and the three invasive species in this system had different, life-stage dependent strategies in interactions with co-occurring plants. Synthesis. The interplay of network architecture and substructures within plant communities and among plants at different life stages is important for understanding species coexistence. In the plant community characterized in this study, there were several features that may promote coexistence, and these features were not observable in interactions within a single life stage or when considering pairwise interactions independently.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Diversity and conservation of saproxylic beetles in 42 European tree species: an experimental approach using early successional stages of branches

Correction: In the original version of this dataset, the non‐native Prunus serotina was incorrectly interchanged with the native Prunus padus, and eight individuals of saproxylic beetles were incorrectly removed from the data when splitting beetles in saproxylic and non‐saproxylic species. The correct tree species is Prunus serotina, and results refer to a total of 113 species of saproxylic beetles and 30,550 individuals. 1. Tree species diversity is important to maintain saproxylic beetle diversity in managed forests. However, knowledge about the conservational importance of single tree species and implications for forest management and conservation practices are lacking. 2. We exposed freshly cut branch-bundles of 42 tree species, representing tree species native and non-native to Europe, under sun-exposed and shaded conditions for one year. Afterwards, communities of saproxylic beetles were reared ex-situ for two years. We tested for the impact of tree species and sun exposure on alpha-, beta-, and gamma diversity as well as composition of saproxylic beetle communities. 3. Tree species had a lower impact on saproxylic beetle communities compared to sun exposure. The diversity of saproxylic beetles varied strongly among tree species, with highest alpha- and gamma-diversity found in Quercus petraea. Red-listed saproxylic beetle species occurred ubiquitously among tree species. We found distinct differences in the community composition of broadleaved and coniferous tree species, native and non-native tree species as well as sun-exposed and shaded deadwood. 4. Our study enhances the understanding of the importance of previously understudied and non-native tree species for the diversity of saproxylic beetles. To improve conservation practices for saproxylic beetles and especially red-listed species, we suggest a stronger incorporation of tree species diversity and sun exposure into forest management strategies, including the enrichment of deadwood from native tree species and with a specific focus on locally rare or silvicultural less important tree species.

opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Honey bee lifespan: the critical role of pre-foraging stage

Assessing the various anthropogenic pressures imposed on honey bees requires characterizing the patterns and drivers of natural mortality. Using automated life-long individual monitoring devices, we monitored worker bees in different geographical, seasonal and colony contexts creating a broad range of hive conditions. We measured their life-history traits and notably assessed whether lifespan is influenced by pre-foraging flight experience. Our results show that the age at the first flight and onset of foraging are critical factors that determine, to a large extent, lifespan. Most importantly, our results indicate that a large proportion (40%) of the bees die during pre-foraging stage, and for those surviving, the elapsed time and flight experience between the first flight and the onset of foraging is of paramount importance to maximize the number of days spent foraging. Once in the foraging stage, individuals experience a constant mortality risk of 9% and 36% per hour of foraging and per foraging day, respectively. In conclusion, the pre-foraging stage during which bees perform orientation flights is a critical driver of bee lifespan. We believe these data on the natural mortality risks in honey bee workers will help assess the impact of anthropogenic pressures on bees.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Data from : Environmental predictability drives adaptive within- and transgenerational plasticity of heat tolerance across life stages and climatic regions

Although environmental variability and predictability have been proposed as the underlying ecological context in which transgenerational plasticity (TGP) arises, the adaptive significance and interaction with within-generation plasticity (WGP) in such scenarios is still poorly understood. In order to investigate these questions, we considered the tolerance to upper thermal limits of larvae and adults of the desert endemic Drosophila mojavensis adapted to different climatic regions (Desert vs Mediterranean climate). Thermal plasticity was investigated by acclimating parents and offspring at 36°C (versus at 25°C). We then used historical temperature variation data from both regions to perform individual-based simulations by modeling expected components of adaptive plasticity in multiple life stages. Thermal response to ramping heat shocks was more pronounced in larvae, where acclimation treatments in parents and offspring increased their heat-shock performance, while heat knockdown in adults was only increased by offspring acclimation of adults. The relative contribution of WGP and TGP was greater for the population from the more thermally variable Sonoran Desert. Similarly, individual-based simulations of evolving maternal effects indicated that variation in tolerance to upper thermal limits across life stages and climates is expected from its adaptive significance in response to environmental predictability. Our approach offers a new perspective and interpretation of adaptive plasticity, demonstrating that environmental predictability can drive thermal responses across generations and life stages in a scenario with regional climate variability.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Data from: The ecological stage changes benefits of mate choice and drives preference divergence

Preference divergence is thought to contribute to reproductive isolation. Ecology can alter the way selection acts on female preferences, making them most likely to diverge when ecological conditions vary among populations. We present a novel mechanism for ecologically dependent sexual selection, termed 'the ecological stage' to highlight its ecological dependence. Our hypothesized mechanism emphasizes that males and females interact over mating in a specific ecological context, and different ecological conditions change the costs and benefits of mating interactions, selecting for different preferences in distinct environments and different male traits, especially when traits are condition dependent. We test key predictions of this mechanism in a sympatric threespine stickleback species pair. We used a maternal half-sib split-clutch design for both species, mating females to attractive and unattractive males, and raising progeny on alternate diets that mimic the specialized diets of the species in nature. We estimated the benefits of mate choice for an indicator trait (male nuptial color) by measuring many fitness components across the lifetimes of both sons and daughters from these crosses. We analyzed fitness data using a combination of aster and mixed models. We found that many benefits of mating with high color males depended on both species and diet. These results support the ecological stage hypothesis for stickleback. Finally, we discuss the potential role of this mechanism for other taxa and highlight its ability to enhance reproductive isolation as speciation proceeds, thus facilitating the evolution of strong reproductive isolation.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2020View details →

Microbiome dataset used in SIMON analysis for early-stage detection of cancer

The Zeller dataset contains information on the microbiome species abundance in healthy individuals and colorectal cancer patients (doi: 10.15252/msb.20145645) and was used for the SIMON analysis as described (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.16.252767">https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.16.252767</a>). The data was access through MetagenomicData package as described by Pasolli and colleagues (doi: 10.1038/nmeth.4468). In total 184 individuals were included of which 93 were healthy controls and 91 colorectal cancer patients.

opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

FIGURE 2. Orasema immature stages. A in The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae)

FIGURE 2. Orasema immature stages. A, immature thrips with unfed planidia of O. coloradensis phoretically attached; B, unfed planidia of O. simulatrix Gahan congregating in an extrafloral nectary of Chilopsis linearis (Herreid & Heraty 2017); C, late-instar ant larva with several attached feeding planidia of an O. stramineipes group species; D, O. aureoviridis Gahan leaf ovipositions on Prosopis glandulosa Torr.; E, O. coloradensis stem ovipositions on Chamaecrista fasciculata.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Telomere length in relation to colour polymorphism across life stages in the tawny owl

Abstract of the paper: Telomere erosion has been proposed to be tightly associated with senescence, environmental stressors and life history trade-offs. How telomere dynamics vary across life stages and especially in relation to (heritable) phenotypic traits is still unclear. The tawny owl Strix aluco display a highly heritable melanin-based colour polymorphism, a grey and a brown morph, linked to several fitness traits including morph-specific telomere dynamics. As adults, brown tawny owls have shorter relative telomere length (RTL) and exhibit faster telomere shortening rate than grey owls. Here we test if these morph-specific telomere dynamics emerge already during growth, or if they are induced only in adult life through differential physiological costs associated with the life history of the morphs. We analysed RTL from 287 tawny owl offspring and 81 first breeding adults to evaluate at what life stage morph-specific patterns emerge. We found no differences in RTL between the two morphs during the nestling period nor at the first breeding attempt. Sex, brood size or size rank in the nest did not affect offspring RTL. Among first-breeders, females had shorter telomeres than males suggesting a sampling time dependent difference in reproductive costs between sexes, due to the prominent sex roles in tawny owls in the early nestling period. The probability to return to breed after the first breeding attempt was not affected by RTL, sex or colour morph. The lack of morph-specific difference in RTL among nestlings and first breeders suggests that previously observed morph-specific differences in RTL dynamics in adults emerge at the onset of the breeding career and is likely due to different physiological profiles and life-history strategies adopted by adults. We conclude that different telomere dynamics and senescence patterns among highly heritable phenotypes (colour morphs) are likely to be a result of differential costs of reproduction and self-maintenance.

FIGURE 5 in Cancrion khanhensis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Entoniscidae) infesting Monomia haanii (Stimpson, 1858) (Crustacea: Brachyura: Portunidae) from Nha Trang Bay, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam, with remarks on larval stages of entoniscids and description of a new family, genus and two new species of hyperparasites

FIGURE 5. Female of Stellatoniscus tentaculus gen. nov., sp. nov. A, immature female (stage I); B, immature female (stage II); C, immature female (stage III); D, mature female. Scale bars: A–C = 1 mm; D = 5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Cancrion khanhensis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Entoniscidae) infesting Monomia haanii (Stimpson, 1858) (Crustacea: Brachyura: Portunidae) from Nha Trang Bay, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam, with remarks on larval stages of entoniscids and description of a new family, genus and two new species of hyperparasites

FIGURE 4. Cryptoniscus larva of Cancrion khanhensis sp. nov. A, habitus, ventral view, dashed lines indicate missing parts; B, pereopod 1; C, pleopod 1; D, left uropod. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B, C, D = 10 µm.

FIGURE 9. A in Cancrion khanhensis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Entoniscidae) infesting Monomia haanii (Stimpson, 1858) (Crustacea: Brachyura: Portunidae) from Nha Trang Bay, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam, with remarks on larval stages of entoniscids and description of a new family, genus and two new species of hyperparasites

FIGURE 9. A, Uninfested Monomia haani; B, infested M. haani showing more highly vaulted carapace; C, ventral view of M. haanii carapace showing ovigerous female Cancrion khanhensis sp. nov. (arrow); D, double infestation of C. khanhensis sp. nov. (arrows). Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIGURE 8. A in Cancrion khanhensis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Entoniscidae) infesting Monomia haanii (Stimpson, 1858) (Crustacea: Brachyura: Portunidae) from Nha Trang Bay, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam, with remarks on larval stages of entoniscids and description of a new family, genus and two new species of hyperparasites

FIGURE 8. A, Cancrion khanhensis sp. nov. mature ovigerous female; B, C. khanhensis sp. nov. mature female showing dorsolateral ovarian processes (arrows); C, C. khanhensis sp. nov, immature female (stage 8); D, C. khanhensis sp. nov. mature female infested by Stellatoniscus tentaculus gen. nov., sp. nov. mature female; E, S. tentaculus gen. nov., sp. nov. immature females (stage III); F, S. tentaculus gen. nov., sp. nov. mature female (stage IV). Scale bars = 5 mm.

FIGURE 5. Alecton discoidalis last instar larva. A, B in Description of life cycle and preimaginal stages of Alecton discoidalis Laporte 1833 (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) under laboratory conditions

FIGURE 5. Alecton discoidalis last instar larva. A, B: dorsal and ventral habitus. C, D: dorsal and ventral view of the larva head. E: right antenna (dorsal view). F: left maxilla (ventral view). G: left mandible (dorsal view). Scale bar for F and G (3 mm).

FIGURE 3 in Description of life cycle and preimaginal stages of Alecton discoidalis Laporte 1833 (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) under laboratory conditions

FIGURE 3. Duration of immature stages of Alecton discoidalis. Beyond the original larvae reared from eggs, additional larvae were collected from the field and reared in the laboratory. These additional larvae were not included in the E-L7 life stage duration calculations but were included in the dataset for PP and P durations (above). Duration of eighth larval instar was not included because this larva died as an 8th instar larva (see Table 1).

FIGURE 2. A in Description of life cycle and preimaginal stages of Alecton discoidalis Laporte 1833 (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) under laboratory conditions

FIGURE 2. A: Alecton discoidalis, newly emerged brachypterous female and alate male. B: A. discoidalis, eggs and newly hatched first instar larva.

FIGURE 1. A in Description of life cycle and preimaginal stages of Alecton discoidalis Laporte 1833 (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) under laboratory conditions

FIGURE 1. A: Habitat of collection site, near of the Water Reservoir Caunavaco, Pan de Matanzas, Cuba. B: Specific area where Alecton discoidalis larvae were found, along trail to the Water Reservoir Caunavaco. C: Microhabitat where larvae were collected.

opennotspecifiedSep 2020View details →

FIGURE 25 in Life stages and phylogenetic position of the wool carder bee mite Sennertionyx manicati (Acari: Acaridae)

FIGURE 25. Maximum likelihood tree (PHYML) of 18S sequences showing the phylogenetic relationship of wool carder bee mite from New Zealand (T15_00159NZ) and related species. Bootstrap/posterior probability (pp) values are included in the tree; values lower than 50 for bootstrap support and less than 0.5 for pp values were not shown. The accession numbers for the taxa downloaded from GenBank are next to the species names.