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3,709 results for “urbanization.”
Data from: Evaluating the potential for bird-habitat models to support biodiversity-friendly urban planning
<ol> <li>Urban expansion poses a major threat to wildlife populations. Biodiversity-friendly urban landscapes could deliver benefits for both wildlife and people, by incorporating conservation and ecosystem services objectives. Well-designed urban developments could also soften the ecological impacts of urbanisation. However, delivering urban landscapes that integrate biodiversity requirements effectively remains challenging.</li> <li>Ecological models, designed to predict wildlife population responses to alternative urban designs, could prove effective in supporting the creation of biodiversity-friendly urban landscapes. Here, we combine national-scale bird abundance data with high resolution, spatially explicit habitat data to characterise relationships between bird densities and urban landscape form in Britain. From these analyses and cross-validation, we evaluate the potential for well-parameterised, species-specific models to be used to predict bird densities in novel or modified urban areas.</li> <li>Our analyses indicate that responses of bird abundance to urban habitat are species-specific and complex, with few variables consistently affecting a large proportion of species. However, contiguous areas of greenspace within urban sites are preferential for accommodating breeding birds, compared to a more fragmented arrangement of multiple, small greenspace patches. In combination, the bird-habitat relationships identified could successfully predict observed variation in abundance for most bird species considered.</li> <li>Further evaluation of habitat descriptor variables, spatial scales of species' habitat use and analytical modelling approaches may be needed to improve the predictive ability of bird-habitat models for certain species, particularly waterbirds and those observed less frequently in urban areas.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis and applications.</i> We modelled breeding bird abundance in built-up areas with respect to the characteristics and contexts of urban environments. While most variables were important for multiple species, responses overall were species-specific, so simple assemblage metrics, like diversity, will not describe the variation in bird communities well. However, the results illustrate the potential of an evidence-based, spatially explicit evaluation of urban development impacts on biodiversity, by predicting the consequences for bird numbers. Subject to verification of predictive ability, practitioners can apply the models to compare, for example, land-sparing and sharing within developments, or to quantify the biodiversity requirements for effective offsetting. This would be facilitated by incorporation into an online tool allowing user-determined input scenarios.</li> </ol>
Novel hybrid finds a peri-urban niche: Allen's Hummingbirds in southern California
<p>Species range expansions and contractions can have ecological and genetic consequences, and thus are important areas of study for conservation. Hybridization and introgression are not uncommon in closely related populations that experience secondary contact during a range expansion. Allen's Hummingbird (<i>Selasphorus sasin</i>) in California comprises two subspecies: the migratory <i>S. s. sasin,</i> which winters in central Mexico and breeds in central and northern California, and the resident <i>S. s. sedentarius</i>, which lives and breeds year-round on several of the Channel Islands off the California coast. Within recent decades, Allen's Hummingbirds have been found living and breeding year-round in the southern California peri-urban mainland near Los Angeles. Ornithologists assumed that the L.A. birds were an expansion of the island subspecies, <i>S. s. sedentarius</i> due to similar but very subtle morphological characteristics. <span>However, the genetic relationships among the three putative populations of Allen's hummingbird—migratory, southern California mainland, and island—are unknown. We investigated these relationships by analyzing variation of single nucleotide polymorphisms from the three geographic regions where S. sasin are present. Our population genomic analyses indicate that </span><i><span>S. sasin</span></i><span> hummingbirds inhabiting mainland southern California are a hybrid </span><span>population resulting from admixture between <i>S. s. sasin</i> and <i>S. s. sedentarius</i>. From one perspective, these results may be interpreted as a positive development for <i>S. s. sasin</i> as the growing population represent an overall increase in the <i>S. sasin</i> population, and the expanding population contains a significant representation of <i>S. s. sasin</i> alleles.</span></p>
Data from: Colonial history impacts urban tree species distribution in a tropical city
Urban forests associated with green infrastructure for sustainable outcomes are particularly critical in the Global South, where some of the world's fastest-growing cities are located. However, compared to temperate cities, the drivers of urban tree species distribution in tropical cities remain understudied. In this study, we quantify the spatial distribution and abundance of urban forests in the tropical city of Georgetown, Guyana. British colonialism has shaped this city, including forced movement of peoples under slavery from Africa and indentured servants from the Indian Subcontinent. We studied how this multicultural context has influenced tree species distributions in the capital city of the only Anglophone country in South America. We quantified the abundance of tree species using a stratified sampling design to distribute transects across fifteen neighborhoods that vary in distance to the colonial center of the city and ethnic composition. We recorded a total of 57 unique species, the majority of which (73%) were cultivated for their edible fruits. We identify tree species that likely represent Guyana's unique multicultural heritage by comparing our species list to flora in nine cities in neighboring countries (Venezuela and Brazil) with different colonial histories. This international comparison identified a set of tree species that occurred only in Guyana. Relationships between ethnic composition and colonial history and tree species distribution were weak at the neighborhood scale, where proportion of East Indian residents had little explanatory power and distance to colonial center was correlated with abundance of only some species groups. This apparent discrepancy between neighborhood and national scales may relate to the establishment of Guyanese food as a unifying national identifier across ethnicities. The prominence of edible fruit trees in our study suggests a set of species that could be incorporated into urban planning to strengthen biocultural linkages, foster cultural integration, and promote food security.
Dataset for "Observations of new particle formation, modal growth rates, and direct emissions of sub-10 nm particles in an urban environment"
<p>Dataset for "Observations of new particle formation, modal growth rates, and direct emissions of sub-10 nm particles in an urban environment". Each directory contains a README.md including descriptions in Markdown format.</p>
Data from: Urban forest fragments as unexpected sanctuaries for the rare endemic ghost butterfly from the Atlantic forest.
Anthropogenic land expansion, particularly urbanization, is pervasive, dramatically modifies the environment and is a major threat to wildlife with its associated environmental stressors. Urban remnant vegetation can help mitigate these impacts and could be vital for species unable to survive in harsh urban environments. Although resembling non-urban habitats, urban vegetation remnants are subject to additional environmental stresses. Here we evaluate the occurrence and density of the endemic ghost butterfly (Morpho epistrophus nikolajewna), that was once common, in the highly fragmented Atlantic forest of NE Brazil. We tested whether this butterfly would be found at lower densities in urban forest fragments of contrasting sizes as opposed to rural ones, given the number of environmental stressors found in urban areas. We surveyed 14 forest fragments (range 2.8 to over 3000 ha) of semi-deciduous Atlantic forest in rural and urban locations using transect based distance sampling. The ghost butterflies showed strong seasonality; flying only from April to June. They were only identified in an urban fragment (515 ha), with an estimate of 720 individuals and a density 1.4 ind/ha. All forest fragments had experienced some level of logging in the past, which might have had an effect in the butterfly population. Nevertheless, rural forest fragments were subject to increased particulate matter concentrations, associated to biomass burning, that we suggest might have had a more influential role driving the collapse of rural populations. Our findings show the importance of urban forest remnants to sustain population of this endangered species.
Anthropogenic noise reduces avian feeding efficiency and increases vigilance along an urban-rural gradient regardless of species' tolerances to urbanisation
<p>Anthropogenic noise can adversely impact urban bird populations by interfering with vocal communication. Less research has addressed if anthropogenic noise masks the adventitious sounds that birds use to aid predator detection, which may lead to increased vigilance and reduced feeding efficiency. We test this hypothesis using a controlled playback experiment along an urban-rural gradient in Sheffield (UK). We also test the related predictions that anthropogenic noise has the greatest impacts on vigilance and feeding efficiency in rural populations, and on species that are more sensitive to urbanisation. We focus on six passerines, in order from most to least urbanised (based on how urbanisation influences population densities): blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus, robin Erithacus rubeculla, great tit Parus major, chaffinch Fringilla coelebs, coal tit Periparus ater and nuthatch Sitta europaea. We used play-back of anthropogenic urban noise and a control treatment at 46 feeding stations located along the urban-rural gradient. We assess impacts on willingness to visit feeders, feeding and vigilance rates. Exposure to anthropogenic noise reduced visit rates to supplementary feeding stations, reduced feeding rates and increased vigilance. Birds at more urban sites exhibit less marked treatment induced reductions in feeding rates, suggesting that urban populations may be partially habituated or adapted to noisy environments. There was no evidence, however, that more urbanised species were less sensitive to the impacts of noise on any response variable. Our results support the adventitious sound masking hypothesis. Urban noise may thus interfere with the ability of birds to detect predators, reducing their willingness to use food rich environments and increase vigilance rates resulting in reduced feeding rates. These adverse impacts may compromise the quality of otherwise suitable foraging habitats in noisy urban areas. They are likely to be widespread as they arise in a range of species including common urban birds.</p>
Data and code for Chapter 1: An expanded scope of biodiversity in urban agriculture, with implications for conservation.
<p>Data and code for Chapter 1: An expanded scope of biodiversity in urban agriculture, with implications for conservation, in <em>Urban Agroecology: Interdisciplinary Research and Future Directions</em> (Monika Egerer and Hamutahl Cohen eds). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Abingdon, UK</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Urban / rural acorn ant metabolic rate and running speed
<p>Metabolic rates of ectotherms are expected to increase with global trends of climatic warming. But the potential for rapid, compensatory evolution of lower metabolic rate in response to rising temperatures is only starting to be explored. Here, we explored rapid evolution of metabolic rate and locomotor performance in acorn-dwelling ants (<i>Temnothorax curvispinosus</i>) in response to urban heat island effects. We reared ant colonies within a laboratory common garden (25 °C) to generate a lab-born cohort of workers and tested their acute plastic responses to temperature. Contrary to expectations, urban ants exhibited a higher metabolic rate compared with rural ants when tested at 25 °C, suggesting a potentially maladaptive evolutionary response to urbanization. Urban and rural ants had similar metabolic rates when tested at 38 °C, as a consequence of a diminished plastic response of the urban ants. Locomotor performance also evolved such that the running speed of urban ants was faster than rural ants under warmer test temperatures (32 and 42 °C) but slower under a cooler test temperature (22 °C). The resulting specialist-generalist tradeoff and higher thermal optimum for locomotor performance might compensate for evolved increases in metabolic rate by allowing workers to more quickly scout and retrieve resources.</p>
Comparative Study of the Restorative effects of Forest and Urban Videos during Covid-19 Lockdown: Intrinsic and Benchmark Value
<p>Article: "Comparative Study of the Restorative effects of Forest and Urban Videos during Covid-19 Lockdown: Intrinsic and Benchmark Value"</p> <p>Video S1: forest environment </p> <p>Video S2: urban environment</p>
Evaluation dataset for urban climate simulation
<p>The dataset was used in the following papers:</p> <p>(1) Li, Z., Zhou, Y., Wan, B., Chung, H., Huang, B., & Liu, B. (2019). Model evaluation of high-resolution urban climate simulations: using the WRF/Noah LSM/SLUCM model (Version 3.7. 1) as a case study. <em>Geoscientific Model Development</em>, <em>12</em>(11), 4571-4584.</p> <p>(2) Li, Z., Wan, B., Zhou, Y., & Wong, H. (2020). Incoming data quality control in high-resolution urban climate simulation: Hong Kong-Shenzhen area urban climate simulation as a case study using WRF/Noah LSM/SLUCM model (Version 3.7. 1). <em>Geoscientific Model Development Discussions</em>, 1-13.</p>
Raw data from: Consumer-resource interactions along urbanization gradients drive natural selection
<p>Urbanization is an important component of global change. Urbanization affects species interactions, but the evolutionary implications are rarely studied. We investigate the evolutionary consequences of a common pattern: the loss of high trophic-level species in urban areas. Using a gall-forming fly, Eurosta solidaginis, and its natural enemies that select for opposite gall sizes, we test for patterns of enemy loss, selection, and local adaptation along five urbanization gradients. Eurosta declined in urban areas, as did predation by birds, which preferentially consume gallmakers that induce large galls. These declines were linked to changes in habitat availability, namely reduced forest cover in urban areas. Conversely, a parasitoid which attacks gallmakers that induce small galls was unaffected by urbanization. Changes in patterns of attack by birds and parasitoids resulted in stronger directional selection, but loss of stabilizing selection in urban areas, a pattern which we suggest may be general. Despite divergent selective regimes, gall size did not very systematically with urbanization, suggesting but not conclusively demonstrating that environmental differences, gene flow, or drift, may have prevented the adaptive divergence of phenotypes. We argue that the evolutionary effects of urbanization will have predictable consequences for patterns of species interactions and natural selection.</p>
Multivariate phenotypic divergence along an urbanization gradient
A growing body of evidence suggests that natural populations can evolve to better tolerate the novel environmental conditions associated with urban areas. Invariably, studies of adaptive divergence in urban areas examine only one or a few traits at a time from populations residing only at the most extreme urban and nonurban habitats. Thus, whether urbanization is driving divergence in many traits simultaneously in a manner that varies with the degree of urbanization remains unclear. To address this gap, we generated seed families of white clover (Trifolium repens) collected from 27 populations along an urbanization gradient in Toronto, Canada, and grew them in a common garden to measure 14 phenotypic traits. Overall, families from urban sites had evolved later phenology and germination, larger flowers, thinner stolons, reduced cyanogenesis, greater biomass, and greater seed set. Pollinator observations revealed near complete turnover of pollinator morphological groups between urban and nonurban sites, which may explain some of the observed divergence in floral traits and phenology. Our results suggest that adaptation to urban environments involves multiple organismal traits.
SONYC Urban Sound Tagging (SONYC-UST): a multilabel dataset from an urban acoustic sensor network
<p><strong>SONYC Urban Sound Tagging (SONYC-UST): a multilabel dataset from an urban acoustic sensor network</strong></p> <p>Version 2.3, September 2020</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Created by</strong></p> <p>Mark Cartwright (1,2,3), Jason Cramer (1), Ana Elisa Mendez Mendez (1), Yu Wang (1), Ho-Hsiang Wu (1), Vincent Lostanlen (1,2,4), Magdalena Fuentes (1), Graham Dove (2), Charlie Mydlarz (1,2), Justin Salamon (5), Oded Nov (6), Juan Pablo Bello (1,2,3)</p> <ol> <li>Music and Audio Research Lab, New York University</li> <li>Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University</li> <li>Department of Computer Science and Engineering, New York University</li> <li>Cornell Lab of Ornithology</li> <li>Adobe Research</li> <li>Department of Technology Management and Innovation, New York University</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p><strong>Publication</strong></p> <p>If using this data in an academic work, please reference the DOI and version, as well as cite the following paper, which presented the data collection procedure and the first version of the dataset:</p> <p>Cartwright, M., Cramer, J., Mendez, A.E.M., Wang, Y., Wu, H., Lostanlen, V., Fuentes, M., Dove, G., Mydlarz, C., Salamon, J., Nov, O., Bello, J.P. SONYC-UST-V2: An Urban Sound Tagging Dataset with Spatiotemporal Context. In <em>Proceedings of the Workshop on Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events (DCASE)</em>, 2020.<br> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.05188">[pdf]</a></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p>SONYC Urban Sound Tagging (SONYC-UST) is a dataset for the development and evaluation of machine listening systems for realistic urban noise monitoring. The audio was recorded from the <a href="https://wp.nyu.edu/sonyc">SONYC</a> acoustic sensor network. Volunteers on the <a href="https://zooniverse.org">Zooniverse</a> citizen science platform tagged the presence of 23 classes that were chosen in consultation with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection. These 23 fine-grained classes can be grouped into 8 coarse-grained classes. The recordings are split into three sets: training, validation, and test. The training and validation sets are disjoint with respect to the sensor from which each recording came, and the test set is displaced in time. For increased reliability, three volunteers annotated each recording. In addition, members of the SONYC team subsequently created a subset of verified, ground-truth tags using a two-stage annotation procedure in which two annotators independently tagged and then collectively resolved any disagreements. This subset of recordings with verified annotations intersects with all three recording splits. All of the recordings in the test set have these verified annotations. In v2 version of this dataset, we have also included coarse spatiotemporal context information to aid in tag prediction when time and location is known. For more details on the motivation and creation of this dataset see the <a href="http://dcase.community/challenge2020/task-urban-sound-tagging-with-spatiotemporal-context">DCASE 2020 Urban Sound Tagging with Spatiotemporal Context Task website</a>.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Audio data</strong></p> <p>The provided audio has been acquired using the SONYC acoustic sensor network for urban noise pollution monitoring. Over 60 different sensors have been deployed in New York City, and these sensors have collectively gathered the equivalent of over 50 years of audio data, of which we provide a small subset. The data was sampled by selecting the nearest neighbors on VGGish features of recordings known to have classes of interest. All recordings are 10 seconds and were recorded with identical microphones at identical gain settings. To maintain privacy, we quantized the spatial information to the level of a city block, and we quantized the temporal information to the level of an hour. We also limited the occurrence of recordings with positive human voice annotations to one per hour per sensor.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Label taxonomy</strong></p> <p>The label taxonomy is as follows:</p> <ol> <li>engine<br> 1: small-sounding-engine<br> 2: medium-sounding-engine<br> 3: large-sounding-engine<br> X: engine-of-uncertain-size</li> <li>machinery-impact<br> 1: rock-drill<br> 2: jackhammer<br> 3: hoe-ram<br> 4: pile-driver<br> X: other-unknown-impact-machinery</li> <li>non-machinery-impact<br> 1: non-machinery-impact</li> <li>powered-saw<br> 1: chainsaw<br> 2: small-medium-rotating-saw<br> 3: large-rotating-saw<br> X: other-unknown-powered-saw</li> <li>alert-signal<br> 1: car-horn<br> 2: car-alarm<br> 3: siren<br> 4: reverse-beeper<br> X: other-unknown-alert-signal</li> <li>music<br> 1: stationary-music<br> 2: mobile-music<br> 3: ice-cream-truck<br> X: music-from-uncertain-source</li> <li>human-voice<br> 1: person-or-small-group-talking<br> 2: person-or-small-group-shouting<br> 3: large-crowd<br> 4: amplified-speech<br> X: other-unknown-human-voice</li> <li>dog<br> 1: dog-barking-whining</li> </ol> <p>The classes preceded by an <code>X</code> code indicate when an annotator was able to identify the coarse class, but couldn’t identify the fine class because either they were uncertain which fine class it was or the fine class was not included in the taxonomy. <code>dcase-ust-taxonomy.yaml</code> contains this taxonomy in an easily machine-readable form.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data splits</strong></p> <p>This release contains a training subset (13538 recordings from 35 sensors), and validation subset (4308 recordings from 9 sensors), and a test subset (669 recordings from 48 sensors). The training and validation subsets are disjoint with respect to the sensor from which each recording came. The sensors in the test set will not disjoint from the training and validation subsets, but the test recordings are displaced in time, occurring after any of the recordings in the training and validation subset. The subset of recordings with verified annotations (1380 recordings) intersects with all three recording splits. All of the recordings in the test set have these verified annotations.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Annotation data</strong></p> <p>The annotation data are contained in <code>annotations.csv</code>, and encompass the training, validation, and test subsets. Each row in the file represents one multi-label annotation of a recording—it could be the annotation of a single citizen science volunteer, a single SONYC team member, or the agreed-upon ground truth by the SONYC team (see the <em>annotator_id</em> column description for more information). Note that since the SONYC team members annotated each class group separately, there may be multiple annotation rows by a single SONYC team annotator for a particular audio recording.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Columns</strong></p> <p><em>split</em></p> <p>The data split. (<em>train</em>, <em>validate, test</em>)</p> <p><em>sensor_id</em></p> <p>The ID of the sensor the recording is from.</p> <p><em>audio_filename</em></p> <p>The filename of the audio recording</p> <p><em>annotator_id</em></p> <p>The anonymous ID of the annotator. If this value is positive, it is a citizen science volunteer from the Zooniverse platform. If it is negative, it is a SONYC team member. If it is <code>0</code>, then it is the ground truth agreed-upon by the SONYC team.</p> <p><em>year</em></p> <p>The year the recording is from.</p> <p><em>week</em></p> <p>The week of the year the recording is from.</p> <p><em>day</em></p> <p>The day of the week the recording is from, with Monday as the start (i.e. <code>0</code>=Monday).</p> <p><em>hour</em></p> <p>The hour of the day the recording is from</p> <p><em>borough</em><br> The NYC borough in which the sensor is located (<code>1</code>=Manhattan, <code>3</code>=Brooklyn, <code>4</code>=Queens). This corresponds to the first digit in the 10-digit NYC parcel number system known as Borough, Block, Lot (BBL).</p> <p><em>block</em></p> <p>The NYC block in which the sensor is located. This corresponds to digits 2—6 digit in the 10-digit NYC parcel number system known as Borough, Block, Lot (BBL).</p> <p><em>latitude</em></p> <p>The latitude coordinate of the <strong>block</strong> in which the sensor is located.</p> <p><em>longitude</em></p> <p>The longitude coordinate of the <strong>block</strong> in which the sensor is located.</p> <p><em><coarse_id>-<fine_id>_<fine_name>_presence</em></p> <p>Columns of this form indicate the presence of fine-level class. <code>1</code> if present, <code>0</code> if not present. If <code>-1</code>, then the class was not labeled in this annotation because the annotation was performed by a SONYC team member who only annotated one coarse group of classes at a time when annotating the verified subset.</p> <p><em><coarse_id>_<coarse_name>_presence</em></p> <p>Columns of this form indicate the presence of a coarse-level class. <code>1</code> if present, <code>0</code> if not present. If <code>-1</code>, then the class was not labeled in this annotation because the annotation was performed by a SONYC team member who only annotated one coarse group of classes at a time when annotating the verified subset. These columns are computed from the fine-level class presence columns and are presented here for convenience when training on only coarse-level classes.</p> <p><em><coarse_id>-<fine_id>_<fine_name>_proximity</em></p> <p>Columns of this form indicate the proximity of a fine-level class. After indicating the presence of a fine-level class, citizen science annotators were asked to indicate the proximity of the sound event to the sensor. Only the citizen science volunteers performed this task, and therefore this data is not included in the verified annotations. This column may take on one of the following four values: (<code>near</code>, <code>far</code>, <code>notsure</code>, <code>-1</code>). If <code>-1</code>, then the proximity was not annotated because either the annotation was not performed by a citizen science volunteer, or the citizen science volunteer did not indicate the presence of the class.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Conditions of use</strong></p> <p>Dataset created by Mark Cartwright, Jason Cramer, Ana Elisa Mendez Mendez, Yu Wang, Ho-Hsiang Wu, Vincent Lostanlen, Magdalena Fuentes, Graham Dove, Charlie Mydlarz, Justin Salamon, Oded Nov, and Juan Pablo Bello</p> <p>The SONYC-UST dataset is offered free of charge under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license:<br> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a></p> <p>The dataset and its contents are made available on an “as is” basis and without warranties of any kind, including without limitation satisfactory quality and conformity, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, accuracy or completeness, or absence of errors. Subject to any liability that may not be excluded or limited by law, New York University is not liable for, and expressly excludes all liability for, loss or damage however and whenever caused to anyone by any use of the SONYC-UST dataset or any part of it.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Feedback</strong></p> <p>Please help us improve SONYC-UST by sending your feedback to:</p> <ul> <li>Mark Cartwright: <a href="mailto:mcartwright@gmail.com">mcartwright@gmail.com</a></li> </ul> <p>In case of a problem, please include as many details as possible.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Acknowledgments</strong></p> <p>We would like to thank all the Zooniverse volunteers who continue to contribute to our project. This work is supported by <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1544753">National Science Foundation award 1544753</a>.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Change log</strong></p> <ul> <li>2.3 Added the ground truth annotations for the test set, and regrouped the audio files for upload to Zenodo.</li> <li>2.2 Added the audio for the test set (audio-eval.tar.gz).</li> <li>2.1 The DCASE 2020 development dataset. 14778 new recordings added along with coarse spatiotemporal context information.</li> <li>1.0 Data is the same as v0.4. Publication added to README.</li> <li>0.4 Fixed error in annotations. Previously, the coarse class "machinery-impact" was accidentally indicated as present whenever "non-machinery-impact" was present regardless of the presence of "machinery-impact". This error has been fixed.</li> <li>0.3 Test set annotations added</li> <li>0.2 Test set audio files added</li> </ul>
Forest patch size predicts seed bank composition in urban areas
<p><b>Questions:</b></p> <p>As urban areas expand around the world, understanding how to restore and maintain forests within the urban environment becomes increasingly important. Given that a comprehensive understanding of regeneration dynamics is critical to designating appropriate management interventions we ask the following: how does regeneration, vis-à-vis the buried seed bank, vary in heterogenous urban forests? And, can forest patch size be used to predict regeneration and consequent management interventions?</p> <p><b>Location:</b></p> <p>Vacant lots and public parks throughout New Haven, CT, USA.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b></p> <p>We sampled buried seed banks in 131 plots distributed across three forest patch sizes ranging from large intact parks (95-126 ha), to small parks (1-19 ha), and vacant lots (.05-.65 ha). We collected soil samples from the surface mineral soil and stratified them over sand in a greenhouse over a period of 5 months to record germination.</p> <p><b>Results:</b></p> <p>By examining seed bank floristics in a range of forest patch sizes we found that species composition and dominance of specific functional groups shifted with patch size representing a spectrum of urbanization within just one city. Seed bank floristics in large parks more closely resembled results from seed bank studies in rural forests with over 85% native germinants on average. In contrast, vacant lots were dominated by non-native germinants and more ruderal species indicative of earlier successional stages. Seed banks in small parks were variable and in some cases were more similar to large parks or vacant lots.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b></p> <p>Our findings suggest that large parks in urban areas may be largely self-sustaining whereas smaller parks may require more intensive management for site rehabilitation, especially in early states of succession. Furthermore, our results confirm the highly heterogeneous nature of urban forest patches and call for more systematic sampling of urban areas to capture this variation and improve management prescriptions and outcomes.</p>
The future urban forest: a survey of tree planting programs in the Northeastern United States
<p>Cities around the world are pursuing tree planting as a way to increase tree cover. Despite the growing interest in planting trees as a way to offset climate change, counter the negative impacts of urbanization, and provide benefits to city dwellers, there has not been a recent effort to quantify the number of trees being planted nor the species composition of these plantings. Because ecosystem services and ecosystem threats can transcend municipal boundaries, understanding trends in tree planting at multiple spatial scales is critical. To overcome this knowledge gap, we used a survey to collate recent tree planting data from 52 cities with populations greater than 50,000 people in the Northeastern USA. The four largest cities in our study (New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Washington D.C.) planted over 87% of all the trees that were planted in the region. Smaller cities, which are numerous in region, planted proportionally fewer trees and, in over 40% of the small cities surveyed, planting palettes included invasive tree species, highlighting both a resource and knowledge gap in smaller cities as compared with larger ones. Regardless of city size, records also illuminated an overreliance on certain genera for specific ecosystem services; nearly 20% of all shade trees were <i>Quercus</i> species and over 40% of ornamental trees were either <i>Syringa</i> or <i>Prunus</i> species. As cities continue to rely on tree-planting as a form of green infrastructure, our results demonstrate that more consideration to establishing diverse planting palettes will be an important way to ensure that ecological resilience is maintained. Achieving this will depend on increased opportunities to collaborate across municipal boundaries and promoting cross-learning from the experiences of more innovative urbanized regions to urban regions with less infrastructure and expertise.</p>
Data from: Mammal diversity and metacommunity dynamics in urban green spaces: implications for urban wildlife conservation
<p>As urban growth expands and natural environments fragment, it is essential to understand the ecological roles fulfilled by urban green spaces. To evaluate how urban green spaces function as wildlife habitat, we estimated mammal diversity and metacommunity dynamics in city parks, cemeteries, golf courses, and natural areas throughout the greater Chicago, IL, USA region. We found similar a-diversity (with the exception of city parks), but remarkably dissimilar communities in different urban green spaces. Additionally, the type of urban green space greatly influenced species colonization and persistence rates. For example, coyotes (Canis latrans) had the highest, but white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) the lowest, probability of persistence in golf courses compared to other green space types. Further, most species had a difficult time colonizing city parks even when sites were seemingly available. Our results indicate that urban green spaces contribute different, but collectively important, habitats for maintaining and conserving biodiversity in cities.</p>
Urban wastewater virome by viral metagenomics and target enrichment sequencing
<p>Metagenomic analysis of virus in raw sewage.</p>
Dietary intake among urban adults with diabetes: COPEN (Colombian Nutritional Profiles), a cross-sectional study
<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The prevalence of diabetes is increasing rapidly in developing countries. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and to describe its main correlates and associated dietary intake in urban adults from Colombia.</p> <p><strong>Setting: </strong>The Colombian Study of Nutritional Profiles (COPEN) was a population-based, cross-sectional, multi-stage probabilistic sampling survey designed to represent the five main Colombian cities.</p> <p><strong>Participants:</strong> Between June and November 2018, we studied 736 non-pregnant participants aged 18 or older. Diabetes was defined as a random plasma glucose ˃= 200 mg/dL, self-reported prior diagnosis of diabetes or use of any oral or injectable antidiabetic agent(s). Participants also fulfilled a detailed 157-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).</p> <p><strong>Primary and secondary outcome measures:</strong> Prevalence of diabetes, dietary intake of key nutrients, achievement of dietary goals among individuals with diabetes.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall estimated prevalence of diabetes was 10.1%, with no difference by sex (9.6% in women, 10.8% in men, p=0.43). Socioeconomic level (SEL) correlated positively with diabetes prevalence, the absolute difference in prevalence for the highest vs lowest SEL was 5.6%. The association between diabetes and education level depended on sex, diabetes was more prevalent among more educated men and less educated women. Abdominal obesity was associated with a 65% increase in diabetes prevalence among men, and a 163% increase in women. The proportion of non-achievement of dietary intake goals among participants with diabetes was 94.4% for saturated fats, 86.7% for sodium, 84.4% for fiber and 80% for trans fats. In multivariate logistical regression models, age was the strongest independent correlate of diabetes.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Self-reported diabetes was highly prevalent among Colombian adults, much more than described in most official reports. There were large differences by abdominal obesity status, region of residence, SEL and educational level. The proportion of individuals with diabetes meeting dietary recommendations was alarmingly low.</p>
Code and Data from Bhakti et al. on landscape permeability of urban landscape, v. 1.0
<p>This repository shares the code and data from the paper Bhakti et al. (in review), on integrating land cover, animal behavior, and master plan regulations to assess urban landscape permeability for birds. The paper is under review on Landscape and Urban Planning.</p> <p>Bhakti, T.; Pena, J.C.; Niebuhr, B.B.; Sampaio, J.; Goulart, F.F.; Azevedo, C.S.; Ribeiro, M.C., and Antonini, Y. Combining land cover, animal behavior, and master plan regulations to assess landscape permeability for birds. In review.</p>
Observational signal of the interaction between mountain–plain wind and urban breeze under weak synoptic systems
<p>The dataset contains all material involved in figure4a, figure4b, figure5, figure6, figure7 and figure8. There are six data sheets in this xlsx file. Meteorological data acquired between 2013 and 2015 were used to investigate at Hangzhou. there are three key points: (1)Criteria to identify valley wind episodes from ground-based observations were proposed and evaluated. (2)Interactions between mountain–plain wind and urban breeze were found from surface observations.(3)The interaction can modulate the reversal times of diurnal mountain-plain winds.</p> <p>The data is including wind direction, wind speed and temperature with 5-min sampling. Every data sheet has a readme for a more detailed explanation, and you need to analyse them in combination with figures. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.