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Fig. 3 in A new species of dwarf day gecko (Reptilia: Gekkonidae: Cnemaspis) from lower-elevations of Samanala Nature Reserve in Central massif, Sri Lanka

Fig. 3. Dorsal and ventral aspects of the type series of Cnemaspis anslemi sp. nov. (A) Male holotype, NMSL.2019.14.01, (B) female paratype, NMSL.2019.14.02, and (C) female paratype, NMSL.2019.14.03 from Udamaliboda, Samanala Nature Reserve, Sri Lanka. Photos: Suranjan Karunarathna.

Fig. 2 in A new species of dwarf day gecko (Reptilia: Gekkonidae: Cnemaspis) from lower-elevations of Samanala Nature Reserve in Central massif, Sri Lanka

Fig. 2. Close-ups of Cnemaspis anslemi sp. nov. male holotype (NMSL.2019.14.01): (A) dorsal, (B) lateral, (C) ventral aspects of head, (D) scales on lateral surface of trunk, (E) smooth ventral scales, (F) homogeneous dorsal scales, (G) cloacal characters with femoral pores, (H) subdigital lamellae on pes, (I) subdigital lamellae on manus, (J) lateral side of tail, (K) oval shaped subcaudals, and (L) dorsal scalation of tail. Photos: Suranjan Karunarathna.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2020View details →

Fig. 2 in Climatic niche, natural history, and conservation status of the Porthole Treefrog, Charadrahyla taeniopus (Günther, 1901) (Anura: Hylidae) in Mexico

Fig. 2. Current (A), and future 2050 (B) and 2070 (C) scenarios of the climatic niche of Charadrahyla taeniopus in Sierra Madre Oriental province (degraded area). The color scale indicates the probability of occupancy for the species.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in Climatic niche, natural history, and conservation status of the Porthole Treefrog, Charadrahyla taeniopus (Günther, 1901) (Anura: Hylidae) in Mexico

Fig. 1. Female individual of Charadrahyla taeniopus (A) in a cloud forest and (B) at Tenango de Doria, Hidalgo, Mexico. Photos by Uriel Hernández-Salinas (A) and Raciel Cruz-Elizalde (B).

Fig. 6 in A new species of dwarf day gecko (Reptilia: Gekkonidae: Cnemaspis) from lower-elevations of Samanala Nature Reserve in Central massif, Sri Lanka

Fig. 6. Morphological characters that differentiate the species of podihuna and kandiana clades. (A) Scales and pores around vent in podihuna clade, (B) scales and pores around vent in kandiana clade, (C) keeled and imbricate belly scales, (D) smooth and imbricate belly scales, (E) heterogeneous keeled dorsal granules, (F) homogeneous smooth dorsal granules, (G) smooth sub-hexagonal subcaudals in podihuna clade, (H) smooth, solid hexagonal subcaudals in podihuna clade, (I) smooth, small, and irregular subcaudals in kandiana clade, (J) keeled, small, and irregular subcaudals in kandiana clade (yellow arrows: unpored posterior femoral scales in males; blue arrows: femoral pores in males; green arrows: unpored anterior femoral scales in males; red arrows: precloacal pores in males; white arrows: unpored interfemoral scales in males).

Fig. 1 in A new species of dwarf day gecko (Reptilia: Gekkonidae: Cnemaspis) from lower-elevations of Samanala Nature Reserve in Central massif, Sri Lanka

Fig. 1. Currently known distribution of Cnemaspis anslemi sp. nov. (Udamaliboda–star), and related species: C. phillipsi (Gammaduwa–traingle), C. scalpensis (Gannoruwa–square), C. gemunu (Haggala–circle), and C. godagedarai (Ensalwatte– diamond) in Sri Lanka.

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Data from: Natural coral recovery despite negative population growth

Demographic processes that ensure the recovery and resilience of marine populations are critical as climate change sends an increasing proportion on a trajectory of decline. Yet for some populations, recovery potential remains high. We conducted annual monitoring over 9-years (2012–2020) to assess the recovery of coral populations belonging to genus Pocillopora. These populations experienced a catastrophic collapse following a severe typhoon in 2009. From the start of the monitoring period, high initial recruitment led to the establishment of a juvenile population that rapidly transitioned to sexually mature adults, which dominated the population within six years after the disturbance. As a result, coral cover increased from 1.1% to 20.2% during this time. To identify key demographic drivers of recovery and population growth rates (λ), we applied kernel resampled Integral Projection Models (IPMs), constructing eight successive models to examine annual change. IPMs were able to capture reproductive traits as key demographic drivers over the initial 3 years, whilst individual growth was a continuous key demographic driver throughout the entire monitoring period. IPMs further detected a pulse of reproductive output subsequent to two further Category 5 typhoon events during the monitoring period, exemplifying key mechanisms of resilience for coral populations impacted by disturbance. Despite rapid recovery, (i.e., increased coral cover, individual colony growth, low mortality), IPMs estimated predominantly negative values of λ, indicating a declining population. Indeed, whilst λ translates to a change in the number of individuals, the recovery of coral populations can also be driven by an increase in the size of coral surviving colonies. Our results illustrate that accumulating long-term data of historical dynamics and applying IPMs to extract demographic drivers are crucial for future predictions that are based on comprehensive and robust understandings of ecological change.

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High temperatures reduce growth, infection, and transmission of a naturally occurring fungal plant pathogen

Climate change is rapidly altering the distribution of suitable habitats for many species as well as their pathogenic microbes. For many pathogens, including vector-borne diseases of humans and agricultural pathogens, climate change is expected to increase transmission and lead to pathogen range expansions. However, if pathogens have a lower heat tolerance than their host, increased warming could generate 'thermal refugia' for hosts. Predicting the outcomes of warming on disease transmission requires detailed knowledge of the thermal tolerances of both the host and the pathogen. Such thermal tolerance studies are generally lacking for fungal pathogens of wild plant populations, despite the fact that plants form the base of all terrestrial communities. Here, we quantified three aspects of the thermal tolerance (growth, infection, and propagule production) of the naturally occurring fungal pathogen Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae, which causes a sterilizing anther-smut disease on the herbaceous plant Silene latifolia. We also quantified two aspects of host thermal tolerance: seedling survival and flowering rate. We found that temperatures >30 degreeC reduced the ability of anther-smut spores to germinate, grow, and conjugate in vitro. In addition, we found that high temperatures (30 degreeC) during, or shortly after the time of inoculation strongly reduced the likelihood of infection in seedlings. Finally, we found that high summer temperatures in the field temporarily cured infected plants, likely reducing transmission. Notably, high temperatures did not reduce survival or flowering of the host plants. Taken together, our results show that the fungus is considerably more sensitive to high temperatures than its host plant. A warming climate could therefore result in reduced disease spread or even local pathogen extirpation, leading to thermal refugia for the host.

Natural history specimens collected and/or identified and deposited.

Natural history specimen data collected and/or identified by Mervyn Grove Palmer, <a href="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q109763849">http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q109763849</a>. Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia, <a href="http://bionomia.net">https://bionomia.net</a> using specimen data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org">https://gbif.org</a>.

Natural history specimens collected and/or identified and deposited.

Natural history specimen data collected and/or identified by Giuseppe Inzenga, <a href="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3770752">http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3770752</a>. Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia, <a href="http://bionomia.net">https://bionomia.net</a> using specimen data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org">https://gbif.org</a>.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Fig. 1. Kleshinskoe Lake shore, 10 August 2022 in First records of Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from Khingan Nature Reserve, Russia

Fig. 1. Kleshinskoe Lake shore, 10 August 2022. Courtesy of Oksana V. Kosheleva Рис. 1. Берег озера КΛешинское, 10 августа 2022. Фото Оксаны В. КошеΛевой

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Fig. 2. Forest near the Tarmanchukan River, 7 August 2022 in First records of Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from Khingan Nature Reserve, Russia

Fig. 2. Forest near the Tarmanchukan River, 7 August 2022. Courtesy of Oksana V. Kosheleva Рис. 2. Αес окоΛо реки Тарманчукан, 7 августа 2022. Фото Оксаны В. КошеΛевой

Рис. 1. 1, 2 — Отчет А. А. ЕмеΛьянова о поезΑке по рекам Ботчи и Коппи в 1925 гоΑу, разΑеΛ Lepidoptera. ОпреΑеΛения А. К. МоΛьтрехта Fig. 1. 1, 2 — A. A. Yemelyanov's report about the trip along the rivers Botchi and Koppi in 1925, Section: Lepidoptera. Definitions by A. K. Moltrecht in Hesperioidea And Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) Of Coniferous Forests From The Nature Reserve Botchinskii

Рис. 1. 1, 2 — Отчет А. А. ЕмеΛьянова о поезΑке по рекам Ботчи и Коппи в 1925 гоΑу, разΑеΛ Lepidoptera. ОпреΑеΛения А. К. МоΛьтрехта Fig. 1. 1, 2 — A. A. Yemelyanov's report about the trip along the rivers Botchi and Koppi in 1925, Section: Lepidoptera. Definitions by A. K. Moltrecht

Рис. 2. Биотопы: 6 — СамагаΛтай; 7 — Уюк; 8 — Эрзин. Имаго, фото в прироΔе: 9 — Selenia ononica, Эрзин; 10 — Semidesertobia ubinica, Эрзин; 11 — Orthosia ariuna, Эрзин Fig. 2. Biotopes: 6 — Samagaltai; 7 — Ujuk; 8 — Erzin. Imago in nature: 9 — Selenia ononica, Erzin; 10 — Semidesertobia ubinica, Erzin; 11 — Orthosia ariuna, Erzin in New Records Of Heterocera (Lepidoptera) From The Republic Of Tyva (Southern Siberia, Russia)

Рис. 2. Биотопы: 6 — СамагаΛтай; 7 — Уюк; 8 — Эрзин. Имаго, фото в прироΔе: 9 — Selenia ononica, Эрзин; 10 — Semidesertobia ubinica, Эрзин; 11 — Orthosia ariuna, Эрзин Fig. 2. Biotopes: 6 — Samagaltai; 7 — Ujuk; 8 — Erzin. Imago in nature: 9 — Selenia ononica, Erzin; 10 — Semidesertobia ubinica, Erzin; 11 — Orthosia ariuna, Erzin

Рис. 3. Àневные чешуекрыΛые Ботчинского заповеΑника в прироΑе. Фото И. В. Костомаровой: 1 — Vanessa cardui; 2 — Euphydryas intermedia, самец; 3 — Melitaea arcesia, самка; 4 — Mellicta ambigua, самец; 5 — Nephargynnis anadyomene ella, самка; 6 — Damora sagana, самец; 7 — Erebia ligea eumonia (сΛева) и Erebia ajanensis (справа), самцы; 8 — Erebia wanga, самец Fig. 3. Diurnal butterflies of the Botchinsky reserve in nature. Photos by I. V. Kostomarova: 1 — Vanessa cardui; 2 — Euphydryas intermedia, males; 3 — Melitaea arcesia, female; 4 — Mellicta ambigua, male; 5 — Nephargynnis anadyomene ella, female; 6 — Damora sagana, male; 7 — Erebia ligea eumonia (left) and Erebia ajanensis (right), males; 8 — Erebia wanga, male in Hesperioidea And Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) Of Coniferous Forests From The Nature Reserve Botchinskii

Рис. 3. Àневные чешуекрыΛые Ботчинского заповеΑника в прироΑе. Фото И. В. Костомаровой: 1 — Vanessa cardui; 2 — Euphydryas intermedia, самец; 3 — Melitaea arcesia, самка; 4 — Mellicta ambigua, самец; 5 — Nephargynnis anadyomene ella, самка; 6 — Damora sagana, самец; 7 — Erebia ligea eumonia (сΛева) и Erebia ajanensis (справа), самцы; 8 — Erebia wanga, самец Fig. 3. Diurnal butterflies of the Botchinsky reserve in nature. Photos by I. V. Kostomarova: 1 — Vanessa cardui; 2 — Euphydryas intermedia, males; 3 — Melitaea arcesia, female; 4 — Mellicta ambigua, male; 5 — Nephargynnis anadyomene ella, female; 6 — Damora sagana, male; 7 — Erebia ligea eumonia (left) and Erebia ajanensis (right), males; 8 — Erebia wanga, male

Рис. 2. Àневные чешуекрыΛые Ботчинского заповеΑника в прироΑе. Фото И. В. Костомаровой: 1 — Hesperia comma repugnans, самец; 2 — Parnassius stubbendorfii, самец; 3 — Anthocharis cardamines, самец; 4 — Pieris melete, самец; 5 — Lycaeides idas tancrei, самец; 6 — Mimathyma nycteis, самец; 7 — Limenitis helmanni, самцы; 8 — Neptis andetria, самка Fig. 2. Diurnal butterflies of the Botchinsky reserve in nature. Photos by I. V. Kostomarova: 1 — Hesperia comma repugnans, male; 2 — Parnassius stubbendorfii, male; 3 — Anthocharis cardamines, male; 4 — Pieris melete, male; 5 — Lycaeides idas tancrei, male; 6 — Mimathyma nycteis, male; 7 — Limenitis helmanni, males; 8 — Neptis andetria, female in Hesperioidea And Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) Of Coniferous Forests From The Nature Reserve Botchinskii

Рис. 2. Àневные чешуекрыΛые Ботчинского заповеΑника в прироΑе. Фото И. В. Костомаровой: 1 — Hesperia comma repugnans, самец; 2 — Parnassius stubbendorfii, самец; 3 — Anthocharis cardamines, самец; 4 — Pieris melete, самец; 5 — Lycaeides idas tancrei, самец; 6 — Mimathyma nycteis, самец; 7 — Limenitis helmanni, самцы; 8 — Neptis andetria, самка Fig. 2. Diurnal butterflies of the Botchinsky reserve in nature. Photos by I. V. Kostomarova: 1 — Hesperia comma repugnans, male; 2 — Parnassius stubbendorfii, male; 3 — Anthocharis cardamines, male; 4 — Pieris melete, male; 5 — Lycaeides idas tancrei, male; 6 — Mimathyma nycteis, male; 7 — Limenitis helmanni, males; 8 — Neptis andetria, female

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Data from: Semi-natural habitat, but not aphid amount or continuity, predicts lady beetle abundance across agricultural landscapes

The amount of semi-natural habitat surrounding farm fields is a common but inconsistent predictor of natural enemy populations and predation services. Standard land cover metrics may not accurately capture the actual availability of limiting resources for natural enemies and can miss important dynamics across space and time. Theory from animal movement and landscape ecology predicts that regions with more, spatio-temporally continuous resources (i.e. food, shelter) should have larger predator populations and enhanced biological control. To test these predictions empirically, we designed a study measuring aphids, lady beetles, and predation services in agricultural landscapes in Wisconsin, USA. In two study years, we sampled lady beetles and aphids in 336 crop fields (corn, soybean, alfalfa, and small grains) and adjacent semi-natural habitat patches (grasslands and woodlands) across 24 1.5 km buffer landscapes at 4–7 time points each, and in one year we assessed predation rates with sentinel egg cards. We used aphid counts to model habitat-specific aphid phenologies, from which we calculated landscape indices of prey amount and continuity. These indices, along with semi-natural habitat area, were used to predict lady beetle abundance. While there were strong differences in the abundance and timing of aphids by habitat, semi-natural habitat amount was still a better predictor of lady beetle counts and sentinel egg predation than either aphid amount or continuity indices in these landscapes. Synthesis and application: Our findings confirm the robust relationship between lady beetles and semi-natural habitat in agricultural landscapes, and highlight the complexities of measuring fine-scale resource heterogeneity in real landscapes. Retaining or adding woodland and grassland patches in agricultural landscapes is likely to support larger lady beetle populations and enhance predation in crop fields. Our results suggest that these habitats may be more important for shelter than prey continuity, though this mechanism warrants further investigation. Future work should continue to refine experimental methods for the successful integration of landscape ecology and animal behavior to support conservation goals.

FIG. 1 in Two new species of the genus Empis Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera, Empididae, Empidinae) from French nature reserves

FIG. 1. — Empis (Empis) cartusiana n. sp.: A, male habitus; B, male hypopygium; C, female habitus. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, 1 mm; B, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 3 in Two new species of the genus Empis Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera, Empididae, Empidinae) from French nature reserves

FIG. 3. — Map of France showing the distribution of Empis (Empis) cartusiana n. sp. (●) and Empis (Xanthempis) montsegurensis n. sp. (Ω). Background map: Sémhur, Wikimedia Commons.

FIG. 2 in Two new species of the genus Empis Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera, Empididae, Empidinae) from French nature reserves

FIG. 2. — Empis (Xanthempis) montsegurensis n. sp.: A, male habitus;B, male hypopygium. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars:A, 1 mm; B, 0.2 mm.