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Text-fig. 12. Ranges of the length of the dp4 based on data from the literature. Vertical scale in Ma, the samples are from the Siwaliks (black) and Turkey, Greece and Arabia (red). Type localities of species are indicated with an asterisk. The Y and Z sites are from Baskin (1996), its size ranges are composed of data from several localities and the vertical arrowed broken line indicates the age range of these sites. in An Exceptional Large Sample Of The Early Miocene Ctenodactyline Rodent Sayimys Giganteus, Specific Variation And Taxonomic Implications
Text-fig. 12. Ranges of the length of the dp4 based on data from the literature. Vertical scale in Ma, the samples are from the Siwaliks (black) and Turkey, Greece and Arabia (red). Type localities of species are indicated with an asterisk. The Y and Z sites are from Baskin (1996), its size ranges are composed of data from several localities and the vertical arrowed broken line indicates the age range of these sites.
FIGURE 11. Cercamia laamu n in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 11. Cercamia laamu n. sp., WAM P34839.002, holotype, 30.5 mm SL, Olhuveli I., Laamu Atoll, Maldives. A: postmortem; B: preserved in 70% ethanol; C: Cercamia laamu n. sp., alive individual, not collected, outside Dhigura Lagoon, South Ari Atoll, Maldives. Photos by M.V. Erdmann (A), T. Fraser (B), A. Ryanskiy (C).
FIGURE 12. Cercamia mascarene n in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 12. Cercamia mascarene n. sp. A: SAIAB 70012, preserved holotype, 33.0 mm SL, Off Riviere Banane, Rodrigues Island, Mauritius; B: SAIAB 68959, paratype, postmortem, Grand Baie, Rodrigues Island, Mauritius. Photos by T. Fraser (A), by P. Heemstra edited by T. Fraser (B).
FIGURE 7. A in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 7. A: Cercamia cf. eremia, KAUM I.57525, 36.6 mm SL, Amami Islands, Japan. Cercamia cf. eremia, CMNH-ZF 13908, 25.1 mm SL, B: Original photograph; C: Enhanced to show the free neuromasts on the head, body and caudal fin. Also visible in both views are some orangish body scales. Photos by "The Kagoshima University Museum" (A), M. Aizawa (B & C).
FIGURE 1. Cercamia cladara. A in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 1. Cercamia cladara. A: ROM 60988, 30.0 mm SL, Opunohu Bay, Moorea, French Polynesia, postmortem, by R. Winterbottom edited by T. Fraser; B: NSMT P44801, paratype, 30.5 mm SL, Haurei Bay entrance, Rapa, French Polynesia, positive digital scan of a radiograph by M. Hayashi edited by T. Fraser.
FIGURE 4. Preopercular spines. A in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 4. Preopercular spines. A: Cercamia cladara, AMNH 75135, paratype, 23.3 mm SL; B: Cercamia spio, SMF 35178, paratype, 30.2 mm SL.
FIGURE 10. A in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 10. A: Cercamia cf. eremia, USNM 352627, 26.3 mm SL, Ishigaki-Shima, Japan, high on body near position if a lateral line scale were present, drawn attached, right side of body, shaded area is epidermis, inner circulus? Shown. Cercamia mascarene n. sp. (B & C), B: SAIAB 207277, 33.4 mm SL, paratype, Rodrigues Island, Mauritius, left side cycloid body scales removed and stained with alizarin. near midline of body with 9 partial circuli; C: high on body near position if a lateral line scale were present, a nearly circular scale with 14 complete circuli (inner circulus? only shown).
FIGURE 6. Cercamia eremia, WAM P25815.020 in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 6. Cercamia eremia, WAM P25815.020, holotype, 37.5 mm SL, South Muiron Island, Western Australia. A: postmortem, by Barry Hutchins, edited by T. Fraser; B: preserved in ethanol, by Sue Morrison. C: ROM 59341, postmortem, 37.5 mm SL, North Side of Isle Malandzamiayatsini, Mayotte, Comoros, by R. Winterbottom.
FIGURE 5 in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 5. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene of members of the genus Cercamia (see Table 1) with Lachneratus phasmaticus as outgroup. Values on branches represent bootstrap proportions from 1000 replicates; scale bar shows average number of nucleotide substitutions. Sequence of holotype of Cercamia spio n. sp. in bold. Origin of sequences is as follows: (P) = present study; (I) = Isari et al. (2017); (B) = BOLD; (M) = Mabuchi et al. (2014); (TR) = Thacker & Roje (2009); (A) = Allen et al. (2015).
FIGURE 16. Cercamia spio n in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 16. Cercamia spio n. sp., SMF 35891 [KAU13-451], holotype, Al Wajh, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea, 33.2 mm SL. Positive from radiograph by S. Raredon. E=epural, H1 to 5=hypurals, HS= haemal spine, NC=neural crest, NF=neural foramina, NS=neural spine P=parhypural, PR=procurrent ray, TC=terminal centrum, UR=unbranched caudal ray.
FIGURE 17. Collection and photographic sites for Cercamia spio n in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 17. Collection and photographic sites for Cercamia spio n. sp. (white circles, star = holotype, Red Sea only), Cercamia mascarene n. sp. (yellow star = holotype), Cercamia laamu n. sp. (blue star = holotype & blue circles = paratypes), Cercamia eremia (red circles, star = holotype).
FIGURE 2. Cercamia cladara, AMNH 75135 in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 2. Cercamia cladara, AMNH 75135, paratype, 23.3 mm SL, cleared and double stained for cartilage (gray) and bone (black). A: Part of the pectoral girdle; B: Caudal elements. C=coracoid, E=epural, EC=epural cartilage, H1 to 5=hypurals, HS=haemal spine, HC=haemal cartilages, NC= neural cartilages, NCR=neural crest, NS=neural spine, P=parhypural, PC=postcleithrum, PU2 & 3=preural vertebrae, R=radial, S=scapula, TC=terminal centrum.
FIGURE 3. Cercamia cladara, USNM 334714, 32 in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 3. Cercamia cladara, USNM 334714, 32 mm SL, Tonga, cleared and double stained for bone and cartilage. B=basipterygium, CO=coracoid, CL=cleithrum, LI=ligament, PCL=postcleithrum, PLF=pelvic fin, SC=supracleithrum, R=radial, S=scapula.
FIGURE 8 in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 8. Cercamia cf. eremia, YCM 23854, 46.1 mm SL, Japan, free neuromasts on the head as small dots and nares present, head slightly twisted.
FIGURE 13. Cercamia mascarene n in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 13. Cercamia mascarene n. sp., SAIAB 207277, 33.4 mm SL, Rodrigues Island, Mauritius, dorsal view of the major pores associated with the cephalic lateralis canals. Not shown are the connections with the infraorbital (IO) and preoperculomandibular (PM) canals. COR = coronal commissure, SO = supraorbital canal, STC = supratemporal canal and pore (STP) and T = temporal canal. Small dots represent a partial complement of free neuromasts.
FIGURE 14. Cercamia spio n in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 14. Cercamia spio n. sp., SMF 35891 [KAU13-451], holotype, 33.2 mm SL, Al Wajh, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. A: live specimen; B: postmortem specimen; C: preserved specimen in 70% ethanol; D: positive from radiograph, arrow points to the ninth abdominal vertebrae. Photos by S.V. Bogorodsky (A & B), T. Fraser (C), S. Raredon (D).
FIGURE 9 in Review of the cardinalfishes of the genus Cercamia (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 9. Cercamia cf. eremia. A: a composite of free neuromasts from several Japanese specimens (black dots) using faded CMNH-ZF 13908, 25.1 mm SL, as the model. Caudal neuromasts as individual groupings of 4 to 5 appear about twice as large as neuromasts on the head and body; B: YCM 25554, 46.1 mm SL, Japan, a small portion of the caudal fin-rays seven and eight, membrane in gray and free neuromasts as black dots. All membranes with free neuromasts between the principal caudal rays.
Premating isolation in neopolyploid red clover (Trifolium pratense)
<p><i>Premise</i>—Although polyploidy has been studied since the early 1900's, fundamental aspects of polyploid ecology and evolution remain unexplored. In particular, surprisingly little is known about how newly formed polyploids (neopolyploids) become demographically established. Models predict that most polyploids should go extinct within the first few generations due to reproductive disadvantages associated with being the minority in a primarily diploid population (i.e., the minority cytotype principle), yet polyploidy is extremely common. Therefore, a key goal in the study of polyploidy is to determine the mechanisms that promote polyploid establishment in nature. Because premating isolation will be critical for neopolylpoids to avoid minority cytotype exclusion and thus facilitate establishment, we examined floral morphology and three common premating barriers to determine their importance in generating reproductive isolation of neopolyploids from diploids.</p> <p><i>Methods</i>—We induced neopolyploidy in <i>Trifolium pratense</i> and compared their floral traits to the diploid progenitors. In addition to shifts in floral morphology, three premating barriers were examined: isolation by self-fertilization, flowering time asynchrony, and pollinator mediated isolation.</p> <p><i>Results</i>—We found significant differences in the morphology of diploid and neopolyploid flowers, but these changes did not facilitate premating barriers that would generate reproductive isolation of neopolyploids from diploids. There was no difference in flowering phenology, pollinator visitation, or selfing between the cytotypes.</p> <p><i>Conclusions</i>—Our results indicate that barriers other than the ones tested in this study, such as geographic isolation, vegetative reproduction, or pistil-stigma incompatibilities, might be more important in facilitating isolation and establishment of neopolyploid <i>Trifolium pratense.</i></p>
Fine-scale variation within urban landscapes affects marking patterns and gastrointestinal parasite diversity in red foxes
<ol> <li>Urban areas are often considered to be a hostile environment for wildlife as they are highly fragmented and frequently disturbed. However, these same habitats can contain abundant resources, while lacking many common competitors and predators. The urban environment can have a direct impact on the species living there but can also have indirect effects on their parasites and pathogens. To date, relatively few studies have measured how fine-scale spatial heterogeneity within urban landscapes can affect parasite transmission and persistence.</li> <li>Here we surveyed 237 greenspaces across the urban environment of Edinburgh (UK) to investigate how fine-scale variation in socio-economic and ecological variables can affect red fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) marking behaviour, gastrointestinal (GI) parasite prevalence and parasite community diversity,</li> <li>We found that the presence and abundance of red fox faecal markings was non-uniformly distributed across greenspaces, and instead was dependent on the ecological characteristics of a site. Specifically, common foraging areas were left largely unmarked, which indicates that suitable resting and denning sites may be limiting factor in urban environments. In addition, the amount of greenspace around each site was positively correlated with overall GI parasite prevalence, species richness and diversity, highlighting the importance of greenspace (a commonly used measure of landscape connectivity) in determining the composition of the parasite community in urban areas.</li> <li>Our results suggest that fine scale variation within urban environments can be important for understanding the ecology of infectious diseases in urban wildlife and could have wider implication for the management of urban carnivores.</li> </ol>
Social effects on annual fitness in red squirrels
<p>When resources are limited, mean fitness is constrained and competition can cause genes and phenotypes to enhance an individual's own fitness while reducing the fitness of their competitors. Negative social effects on fitness have the potential to constrain adaptation, but the interplay between ecological opportunity and social constraints on adaptation remains poorly studied in nature. Here, we tested for evidence of phenotypic social effects on annual fitness (survival and reproductive success) in a long-term study of wild North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) under conditions of both resource limitation and super-abundant food resources. When resources were limited, populations remained stable or declined, and there were strong negative social effects on annual survival and reproductive success. That is, mean fitness was constrained and individuals had lower fitness when other nearby individuals had higher fitness. In contrast, when food resources were super-abundant, populations grew and social constraints on reproductive success were greatly reduced or eliminated. Unlike reproductive success, social constraints on survival were not significantly reduced when food resources were super-abundant. These findings suggest resource-dependent social constraints on a component of fitness, which have important potential implications for evolution and adaptation.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.