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4,563 results for “correlations”
Data from: Life‐history correlations change under coinfection leading to higher pathogen load
The ability of a parasite strain to establish and grow on its host may be drastically altered by simultaneous infection by other parasite strains. However, we still lack an understanding of how life‐history allocations may change under coinfection, although life‐history correlations are a critical mechanism restricting the evolutionary potential and epidemiological dynamics of pathogens. Here, we study how life‐history stages and their correlations change in the obligate fungal pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis under single infection and coinfection scenarios. We find increased pathogen loads under coinfection, but this is not explained by an enhanced performance at any of the life‐history stages that constitute infections. Instead, we show that under coinfection the correlation between timing of sporulation and final pathogen load becomes positive. The changes in pathogen life‐history allocations leading to more severe infections under coinfection can have far‐reaching epidemiological consequences, as well as implication for our understanding of the evolution of virulence.
Data from: Correlations between axial stiffness and microstructure of a species of bamboo
Bamboo is a ubiquitous monocotyledonous flowering plant and is a member of the true grass family Poaceae. In many parts of the world, it is widely used as a structural material especially in scaffolding and buildings. In spite of its wide use, there is no accepted methodology for standardizing a species of bamboo for a particular structural purpose. The task of developing structure–property correlations is complicated by the fact that bamboo is a hierarchical material whose structure at the nanoscopic level is not very well explored. However, we show that as far as stiffness is concerned, it is possible to obtain reliable estimates of important structural properties like the axial modulus from the knowledge of certain key elements of the microstructure. Stiffness of bamboo depends most sensitively on the size and arrangement of the fibre sheaths surrounding the vascular bundles and the arrangement of crystalline cellulose microfibrils in their secondary cell walls. For the species of bamboo studied in this work, we have quantitatively determined the radial gradation that the arrangement of fibres renders to the structure. The arrangement of the fibres gives bamboo a radially graded property variation across its cross section.
Data from: More than just two sexes: the neural correlates of voice gender perception in gender dysphoria
Gender dysphoria (also known as "transsexualism") is characterized as a discrepancy between anatomical sex and gender identity. Research points towards neurobiological influences. Due to the sexually dimorphic characteristics of the human voice, voice gender perception provides a biologically relevant function, e.g. in the context of mating selection. There is evidence for a better recognition of voices of the opposite sex and a differentiation of the sexes in its underlying functional cerebral correlates, namely the prefrontal and middle temporal areas. This fMRI study investigated the neural correlates of voice gender perception in 32 male-to-female gender dysphoric individuals (MtFs) compared to 20 non-gender dysphoric men and 19 non-gender dysphoric women. Participants indicated the sex of 240 voice stimuli modified in semitone steps in the direction to the other gender. Compared to men and women, MtFs showed differences in a neural network including the medial prefrontal gyrus, the insula, and the precuneus when responding to male vs. female voices. With increased voice morphing men recruited more prefrontal areas compared to women and MtFs, while MtFs revealed a pattern more similar to women. On a behavioral and neuronal level, our results support the feeling of MtFs reporting they cannot identify with their assigned sex.
Data from: A descending neuron correlated with the rapid steering maneuvers of flying Drosophila
To navigate through the world, animals must stabilize their path against disturbances and change direction to avoid obstacles and to search for resources. Locomotion is thus guided by sensory cues but also depends on intrinsic processes, such as motivation and physiological state. Flies, for example, turn with the direction of large-field rotatory motion, an optomotor reflex that is thought to help them fly straight. Occasionally, however, they execute fast turns, called body saccades, either spontaneously or in response to patterns of visual motion such as expansion. These turns can be measured in tethered flying Drosophila, which facilitates the study of underlying neural mechanisms. Whereas there is evidence for an efference copy input to visual interneurons during saccades, the circuits that control spontaneous and visually elicited saccades are not well known. Using two-photon calcium imaging and electrophysiological recordings in tethered flying Drosophila, we have identified a descending neuron whose activity is correlated with both spontaneous and visually elicited turns during tethered flight. The cell's activity in open- and closed-loop experiments suggests that it does not underlie slower compensatory responses to horizontal motion but rather controls rapid changes in flight path. The activity of this neuron can explain some of the behavioral variability observed in response to visual motion and appears sufficient for eliciting turns when artificially activated. This work provides an entry point into studying the circuits underlying the control of rapid steering maneuvers in the fly brain.
Data from: Spatially correlated extinctions select for less emigration but larger dispersal distances in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae
Dispersal is a central process to almost all species on earth, as it connects spatially structured populations and thereby increases population persistence. Dispersal is subject to (rapid) evolution and local patch extinctions are an important selective force in this context. In contrast to the randomly distributed local extinctions considered in most theoretical studies, habitat fragmentation or other anthropogenic interventions will lead to spatially correlated extinction patterns. Under such conditions natural selection is thought to lead to more long-distance dispersal, but this theoretical prediction has not yet been verified empirically. We test this hypothesis in experimental spatially structured populations of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae and supplement these empirical results with insights from an individual-based evolutionary model. We demonstrate that the spatial correlation of local extinctions changes the entire distribution of dispersal distances (dispersal kernel) and selects for overall less emigration but more long-distance dispersal.
Data from: A positive genetic correlation between hypoxia tolerance and heat tolerance supports a controversial theory of heat stress
We used quantitative genetics to test a controversial theory of heat stress, in which animals overheat when the demand for oxygen exceeds the supply. This theory, referred to as oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance, predicts a positive genetic correlation between hypoxia tolerance and heat tolerance. We demonstrate the first genetic correlation of this kind in a model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. Genotypes more likely to fly under hypoxic stress (12% O2) were also more likely to fly under heat stress (39°C). This finding prompts new questions about mechanisms and limits of adaptation to heat stress.
Data from: Antibiotic resistance correlates with transmission in plasmid evolution
Conjugative (horizontally transmissible) plasmids are autonomous replicators, whose 'self-interests' do not necessarily overlap with those of their hosts. This situation causes plasmids and bacteria to sometimes experience differing selection pressures. Escherichia coli plasmid pB15 contains genes for resistance to several antibiotics, including tetracycline. When plasmid-bearing cells were experimentally evolved in the laboratory, changes in resistance level in the unselected tetracycline marker coincided with changes in plasmid rates of vertical versus horizontal transmission. Here we used minimum-inhibitory assays that measure resistance levels as quantitative traits to determine phenotypic correlations among plasmid characters and to estimate divergence among plasmid lineages. Results suggested that plasmid-level evolution led to formation of two phenotypically-dissimilar groups: virulent (highly infectious) and avirulent (weakly infectious) plasmids. In contrast, measures of carbon-source utilization, and fitness assays relative to a common competitor revealed that bacterial hosts generally converged in phenotypic performance, despite divergence among their associated plasmids. Preliminary sequence analyses suggested that divergence in plasmid conjugation was due to altered configurations of a shufflon region (a site-specific recombination system), where genetic rearrangements affect conjugative ability. Furthermore, we proposed that correlated resistance and transmission in pB15 derivatives were caused by a tetracycline-resistance transposon inserted into a transfer operon, allowing transcription from its promoter to simultaneously affect both plasmid resistance and transmission.
Microhabitat partitioning correlates with opsin gene expression in coral reef cardinalfishes (Apogonidae)
<ol> <li>Fish are the most diverse vertebrate group, and they have evolved equally diverse visual systems, varying in terms of eye morphology, number and distribution of spectrally distinct photoreceptor types, visual opsin genes and opsin gene expression levels.</li> <li>This variation is mainly due to adaptations driven by two factors: differences in the light environments and behavioural tasks. However, while the effects of large-scale habitat differences are well described, it is less clear whether visual systems also adapt to differences in environmental light at the microhabitat level.</li> <li>To address this, we assessed the relationship between microhabitat use and visual system features in fishes inhabiting coral reefs, where habitat partitioning is particularly common.</li> <li>We suggest that differences in microhabitat use by cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) drive morphological and molecular adaptations in their visual systems. To test this, we investigated diurnal microhabitat use in 17 cardinalfish species and assessed whether this correlated with differences in visual opsin gene expression and eye morphology.</li> <li>We found that cardinalfishes display six types of microhabitat partitioning behaviours during the day, ranging from specialists found exclusively in the water column to species that are always hidden inside the reef matrix.</li> <li>Species predominantly found in exposed microhabitats had higher expression of the short-wavelength sensitive violet opsin (<i>SWS2B</i>) and lower expression of the dim-light active rod opsin (<i>RH1</i>). Species of intermediate exposure, on the other hand, expressed opsins that are mostly sensitive to the blue-green central part of the light spectrum (<i>SWS2As</i> and <i>RH2s</i>), while fishes entirely hidden in the reef substrate had a higher expression of the long-wavelength sensitive red opsin (<i>LWS</i>).</li> <li>We also found that eye size relative to body size differed between cardinalfish species, and relative eye size decreased with an increase in habitat exposure.</li> <li>Retinal topography did not show co-adaptation with microhabitat use, but data suggested co-adaptation with feeding mode.</li> <li>We suggest that, although most cardinalfishes are nocturnal foragers, their visual systems – and possibly those of other (reef) fishes – have also adapted to the light intensity and the light spectrum of their preferred diurnal microhabitats.</li> </ol>
Data from: Epigenetic memory via concordant DNA methylation is inversely correlated to developmental potential of mammalian cells
In storing and transmitting epigenetic information, organisms must balance the need to maintain information about past conditions with the capacity to respond to information in their current and future environments. Some of this information is encoded by DNA methylation, which can be transmitted with variable fidelity from parent to daughter strand. High fidelity confers strong pattern matching between the strands of individual DNA molecules and thus pattern stability over rounds of DNA replication; lower fidelity confers reduced pattern matching, and thus greater flexibility. Here, we present a new conceptual framework, Ratio of Concordance Preference (RCP), that uses double-stranded methylation data to quantify the flexibility and stability of the system that gave rise to a given set of patterns. We find that differentiated mammalian cells operate with high DNA methylation stability, consistent with earlier reports. Stem cells in culture and in embryos, in contrast, operate with reduced, albeit significant, methylation stability. We conclude that preference for concordant DNA methylation is a consistent mode of information transfer, and thus provides epigenetic stability across cell divisions, even in stem cells and those undergoing developmental transitions. Broader application of our RCP framework will permit comparison of epigenetic-information systems across cells, developmental stages, and organisms whose methylation machineries differ substantially or are not yet well understood.
Statistically Significant Correlations from SBR Practices Survey
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Raw data for analysis in AI-NERD: Elucidation of Relaxation Dynamics Beyond Equilibrium Through AI-informed X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy
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High-order correction of persistent batch effects in correlation networks
<p>This upload contains data to reproduce the results and figures in our work High-order correction of persistent batch effects in correlation networks. The code is publicly available on <a href="https://github.com/QuackenbushLab/cobra-experiments">GitHub</a>.</p>
Data and Code Files for Dalponti et al. Climate Affects the Correlated Evolution of Body Size and Trophic Position in Fishes
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Toothbrushing behavior over time: a correlational analysis of repeatedly assessed brushing performance
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Fig. 3. Key ROESY correlations for compounds 1, 5 and 6 in Iridoids and sesquiterpenoids from Valeriana officinalis and their bioactivities
Fig. 3. Key ROESY correlations for compounds 1, 5 and 6.
Fig. 2. 1H–1 H COSY and key HMBC correlations for compounds 1–7 in Iridoids and sesquiterpenoids from Valeriana officinalis and their bioactivities
Fig. 2. 1H–1 H COSY and key HMBC correlations for compounds 1–7.
Fig. 2. Key HMBC and ROESY correlations for compound 1 in Triterpenoid saponins from Anagallis monelli ssp. linifolia (L.) Maire and their chemotaxonomic significance
Fig. 2. Key HMBC and ROESY correlations for compound 1.
Fig. 3. Key HMBC correlations for compound 10 in Triterpenoid saponins from Anagallis monelli ssp. linifolia (L.) Maire and their chemotaxonomic significance
Fig. 3. Key HMBC correlations for compound 10.
Fig. 2. HMBC and 1H–1H COSY correlations observed for compounds 1–5 in Secoergostane- and ergostane-type steroids from Pleurotus cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus
Fig. 2. HMBC and 1H–1H COSY correlations observed for compounds 1–5.
Effects of 3D ultrasonography and 3D printed images on maternal-fetal attachment and its correlation with overall smoking within pregnancy: A pilot study.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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