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Kim Mun (Shaba) audio word list
<p>On April 18, 2013, I visited the Kim Mun of Shaba 沙坝, Zhetu Township 者兔乡. There are also Kim Mun in neighboring Yangtianchong 秧田冲. My informants were Pan Jingao 盘金高 (born October 15, 1976) and his father. They said that they are native to the area, with no migration stories.<br> </p> <p>Kim Mun of Shaba preserves breathy and creaky registers very clearly, making this a potentially important dialect for reconstructing Proto-Mienic.</p>
Ku (Wujiazhai) audio word list
<p>On April 16, 2013, I interviewed Pan Shulin 潘树林 (32, male) of Wujiazhai 五家寨, Shede Township 舍得彝族乡, Qiubei County, Yunnan, China. Ku of Wujiazhai is mutually unintelligible with Ku of Bainitang. Unlike the Ku of Bainitang, they do not have hanging coffins, and do not know where their ancestors had come from.<br> <br> Besides Wujiazhai 五家寨, this variety of Ku is also found in Dabantian 大板田, and in Longeshan 龙歌山 (of Nijiao township 腻脚乡).</p>
Na Meo audio word list
<p>Na Meo of Tuyen Quang<br> <br> • Location: Khuân Hẻ, Kim Quan commune, Tuyên Quang province, Việt Nam<br> • 80 households in the village, all Na Meo<br> • Autonym: na⁵⁵mjau³⁵ɬa⁵³ = na⁵⁵ ‘human being’; mjau ‘Miao’; ɬa⁵³ ‘black’<br> • Informant: Sầm Thị Niềm (female; born 1972)<br> • Date of data collection: January 28, 2014<br> • WAV audio recordings made of approximately 300 lexical items<br> <br> Kim Quan commune is highly ethnically diverse and has Flowery Hmong, White Hmong, Nung, Dao, and Black Hmong (“Na Meo”) residents. Flowery Hmong and White are mutually intelligible dialects belonging to the Chuanqiandian subgroup of West Hmongic, while Nùng (also called “Tày Nùng”) is Central Tai, corresponding to “Zhuang” in southern Guangxi and southern Yunnan. The local Dao (Yao), also known as the “Dao Kóc Mùn”, speak a Mienic language.<br> <br> The Na Meo are known locally by other ethnic groups as the “Mông Đen”, or “Black Hmong”. In Tuyên Quang province, it is spoken only in the single village of Khuân Hẻ, Kim Quan commune, Yên Sơn district, which is nearly 50 kilometers to the east of Tuyên Quang city.<br> <br> My informant Sầm Thị Niềm, a 41-year-old woman born in Khuân Hẻ, was multilingual in Na Meo, “Tày Nùng” (Central Tai), and Vietnamese.<br> <br> The locals are aware of the existence of other Na Meo speakers in Cao Minh commune, Lang Son province, and report that Na Meo of Cao Minh is mutually intelligible with Na Meo of Khuân Hẻ.</p>
Auva (Wendong) audio word list
<p>My recordings were collected from a 19-year-old woman in Pasai Village 帕赛村, Wendong Township 文东乡, Lancang County, Yunnan, China in April 2014.<br> <br> va̱31 of Pasai 帕赛, Wendong Township 文东乡, Lancang County 澜沧县, Yunnan, China. Angkuic and Waic speakers are found in the same village cluster. The Angkuic speakers refer to themselves as va̱31 (tense register), whereas they refer to the Waic speakers as va31 (lax register). Informant reported that the Bulang variety of Dawen Township, Shuangjiang County is similar.<br> <br> In Wendong Township 文东乡, Lancang County, Yunnan, Northern Angkuic speakers refer to themselves as va̱²¹ (creaky voice) or alternatively as ɔ⁵⁵va̱²¹ (“Auva”), while they refer to Waic speakers in neighboring villages of the same township as va²¹ (lax voice). The Waic speakers refer to themselves as vaʔ (lax voice), and unlike the Angkuic speakers, they speak a non-tonal language. The Northern Angkuic speakers (va̱²¹) are officially classified as Bulang 布朗 by the Chinese government, while the Waic speakers (va²¹) are officially classified as Wa 佤. Neither two of these “Va” should be confused with the Eastern Angkuic vaʔ⁵¹ spoken in Mojiang County.</p>
Mien (Daping) audio word list
<p>On May 7, 2013, I visited Wantai, Daping Township, Hezhou City 贺州市大平乡万太组 (or Wantai 湾太, Longcao Village 龙曹村, Daping Township 大平瑶族乡, Hezhou City) in Guangxi, China. My informant was an elderly man named Deng Rushan 邓如山 (February 1943). He was a Mien speaking belonging to the Guoshan Yao 过山瑶 group, whom he said are also known as the Pingtou Yao 平头瑶. His ancestors had migrated from Wuguang 梧广. Deng also told me that there are Jian Yao 尖瑶 in Qingshui Village, Gonghui Township (公会镇清水村) and in Huangdong 黄洞瑶族乡.</p>
Goulan Yao (Shixing) audio word list
<p>Sinitic lect spoken by the Yao people of Jiangyong County, Hunan. Recorded in late April 2013.</p> <p>Goulan Yao: Shixing 狮形, Lanxi Township 兰溪瑶族乡, Jiangyong County, Hunan, China</p>
Biao (Dagang) audio word list
<p>Three dialects of Biao were documented from May 8-9, 2013 in:</p> <ul> <li>Yonggu Township 永固镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong</li> <li>Zhailing Village 寨岭村, Dagang Township 大岗镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong</li> <li>Baoshan Village 保山村, Chang'an Township 长安镇, Fengkai County, Guangdong</li> </ul> <p>Liang Min (2002) documented the Biao lect of Shidong Township 诗洞镇, Huaiji County, and included a few examples from Yonggu Biao. Biao of Dagang Township 大岗镇 was previously undocumented. Shidong and Yonggu Biao speakers both report each others’ lects to be unintelligible. Dagang Biao is also unintelligible with both Shidong Biao and Yonggu Biao.</p> <p>(1) Yonggu Township 永固镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong Province<br> (2) Zhailing Village 寨岭村, Dagang Township 大岗镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong Province</p> <p>I have also collected data from Baoshan Village 保山村, Chang'an Township 长安镇, Fengkai County, Guangdong Province. This variety turned out to be mutually intelligible with the Dagang lect, since my informant from Zhailing, Dagang was able to fully converse with the Biao speakers of Baoshan when he traveled with me to the field site. Locals in Dagang report that Biao of Liangcun Township 梁村镇 is intelligible and nearly identical with Dagang Biao. Thus, there are at least three mutually unintelligible varieties of Biao, namely (1) Shidong 诗洞, (2) Yonggu 永固, and (3) Dagang 大岗.</p> <p>Biao appears to share some lexical and phonological links with Lakkja, which some Chinese linguists consider to be a divergent Kam-Sui language. Thus, Biao may form a subgroup with Kam-Sui and/or Lakkja, or it may even constitute a primary branch of Kra-Dai on its own.</p>
Ku (Shidongmen) audio word list
<p>On April 17, 2013, I documented Ku of Shidongmen 石洞门, Xijide Village 西基得村, Zhulin Township 珠琳镇, Guangnan County, Yunnan, China. Ku speakers are locally known as the Luo 倮族, who are recognized as distinct from the Pu 仆族. Locals in Zhulin recognize a Luo-Pu distinction within Yi.</p>
Va (Northern) audio word list
<p>On April 10-11, 2014, I collected about 270 words from Northern Va and about 100 words from Southern Va. Both are spoken in several scattered villages in Jingxing Township 景星乡, Mojiang County, Yunnan, China. Southern Va is spoken only by middle-age and elderly people, but not by children. It is more conservative and retains many sesquisyllabic prefixes, particularly /s-/, which are not retained in Northern Va. Northern Va may have about 2,000 speakers, and for Southern Va, perhaps just under 1,000. The Va of Mojiang County are geographically isolated from other Austroasiatic-speaking groups, as no other Austroasiatic languages are spoken within perhaps a 100-km radius.</p> <p>My Northern Va informant, surnamed Li 李, is a 27-year-old male shopkeeper who is fluent in Putonghua (standard Mandarin), Southwestern Mandarin, and Va. He has worked in Kunming for a few years before. According to Li, the ancestors of the Va were also called “Mang 莽” in the past, and had migrated from the Dali area, which is located much further to the northwest. My Southern Va informant is 42-year-old Wang Lijuan 王丽娟. Data collection on Southern Va was performed under time constraints, since it was done during a bus break by the side of a road while I was on my way to the Mojiang county seat.<br> <br> My Northern Va informant claimed that Southern Va is very difficult for him to understand, but my Southern Va informant reported that she understands Northern Va perfectly well. Also, speakers are aware that Va numerals (except 1-3) are from Tai. However, most of their neighbors are Kaduo (kha31 tu31) speakers, a Southern Loloish group; the Tai are a minority in the region.<br> <br> Northern Va is spoken in about 8 villages in Taihe Administrative Village 太和村, Jingxing Township 景星乡, Mojiang County, Yunnan, China by about 600 ethnic Bulang households or just over 2,000 families. All generations, including children, speak the language fluently.<br> • Wamo 挖墨<br> • Xinzhai 新寨 (Upper 上 and Lower 下 hamlets)<br> • Jiuzhai 旧寨<br> • Dazhai 大寨 (Upper 上 and Lower 下 hamlets)<br> • Xiaozhai 小寨 (Upper 上 and Lower 下 hamlets)<br> <br> Southern Va is spoken in the following villages of Zhenglong Administrative Village 正龙村, Jingxing Township 景星乡, Mojiang County, Yunnan, China. The children do not speak Va.<br> • Pingtian 平田<br> • Banglao 蚌老 (culture and language best preserved)<br> • Miena 乜那<br> • Binggu 丙故<br> • Yin’gou 阴沟<br> • Yakou 丫口 (culture and language least preserved)<br> <br> Even though their autonym is “Va,” their language is fully Angkuic, and does not have any Waic influence or substrate.</p>
Biao (Chang'an) audio word list
<p>Three dialects of Biao were documented from May 8-9, 2013 in:</p> <ul> <li>Yonggu Township 永固镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong</li> <li>Zhailing Village 寨岭村, Dagang Township 大岗镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong</li> <li>Baoshan Village 保山村, Chang'an Township 长安镇, Fengkai County, Guangdong</li> </ul> <p>Liang Min (2002) documented the Biao lect of Shidong Township 诗洞镇, Huaiji County, and included a few examples from Yonggu Biao. Biao of Dagang Township 大岗镇 was previously undocumented. Shidong and Yonggu Biao speakers both report each others’ lects to be unintelligible. Dagang Biao is also unintelligible with both Shidong Biao and Yonggu Biao.</p> <p>(1) Yonggu Township 永固镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong Province<br> (2) Zhailing Village 寨岭村, Dagang Township 大岗镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong Province</p> <p>I have also collected data from Baoshan Village 保山村, Chang'an Township 长安镇, Fengkai County, Guangdong Province. This variety turned out to be mutually intelligible with the Dagang lect, since my informant from Zhailing, Dagang was able to fully converse with the Biao speakers of Baoshan when he traveled with me to the field site. Locals in Dagang report that Biao of Liangcun Township 梁村镇 is intelligible and nearly identical with Dagang Biao. Thus, there are at least three mutually unintelligible varieties of Biao, namely (1) Shidong 诗洞, (2) Yonggu 永固, and (3) Dagang 大岗.</p> <p>Biao appears to share some lexical and phonological links with Lakkja, which some Chinese linguists consider to be a divergent Kam-Sui language. Thus, Biao may form a subgroup with Kam-Sui and/or Lakkja, or it may even constitute a primary branch of Kra-Dai on its own.</p>
Nisu (Dao San) audio word list
<p>On February 10, 2014 In U Nhí Chải, Dao San Township, Phong Tho District, Lai Chau Province, Vietnam, I met a "Lo Lo" woman who said that the autonym of her group was Nisuphu [ȵi³³so⁵⁵pʰo²¹]. She was born in China, but had married into a Hani (Ha Nhi) family in U Nhi Chai. Her language turned out to be Nisu (Southern Yi), a Loloish language.</p>
Hani (Dao San) audio word list
<p>On February 10, 2014 in U Nhí Chải, Dao San Township, Phong Tho District, Lai Chau Province, Vietnam, I collected a word list of U Nhi or Hani (ha³³ȵi³³pʰa⁵³). U Nhi turned out to be a local exonym for the Hani people in the area. My informant was a middle-aged woman about 50 years old who was more fluent in Southwestern Mandarin (which the locals called Hanhua 汉话) than in Vietnamese.</p> <p>The Hani language spoken in Phong Tho is similar to Hani dialects spoken in Jinping County, which is located just across the border. Three months later, I visited Jinping County but did not collect data on any languages there.</p>
Laopa audio word list
<p>On February 7, 2014, I met 2 young women in their 20's named Anh Hà and Thuyên Kim. They were on the bus from Van Ban district to Lao Cai who were from from Dồng Vệ, xã Chiền Khe, huyện Văn Bàn, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam. They spoken Laopa ([lau21 pa51), which turned out to be a dialect of Laghuu (Xa Pho). The Laopa women also were highly fluent in Putonghua (standard Mandarin Chinese) and Vietnamese.</p>
Phuthai (Atsaphone) audio word list
<p>Recorded in Savannakhet City in April 2015.</p> <p>My informant was Sipaseuth Phongphanith, who speaks the Phuthai dialect of Ban Phak Kha Nya, Atsaphone District, Savannakhet Province, Laos. Elicitation was done using Lao vocabulary lists from "Lao for Beginners" by Benjawan Poomsan Becker.</p>
Mien (Qingxiyuan) audio word list
<p>In April 2013, I documented the local Mien dialect of Qingxiyuan 清溪源, Yuankou Township 源口瑶族乡, Jiangyong County, Hunan, China as well as some Pingdi Yao lects that appeared to be somewhat similar to Pinghua Chinese dialects.</p>
Mauphu audio word list
<p>Recorded on May 6, 2015.<br> <br> "Mauphu" (autonym: mau²¹pʰu³⁵) is spoken by only about 20 speakers in the single village of Dagulu 大咕噜, Guangnan County, Yunnan, China. Middle-aged speakers remember a few phrases.<br> <br> My informant was Dai Baizhi 代柏芝 (born May 30, 1947; 68 years old), who used to be a schoolteacher.<br> <br> Mauphu and Motang have different phrases for 'eat rice'.</p> <ul> <li>zei21 sei33 (Mauphu)</li> <li>haŋ33 tsu33 (Motang)</li> </ul> <p>Mauphu has some words beginning with ts- where other Mondzish languages have s- instead, suggesting that Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ts- > s was an innovation that spread after Mondzish diversified, but did not originate in Proto-Mondzish.</p> <p>Mauphu and Motang are closely related languages, and form a group (or pair) within Mondzish.</p>
Biao Min (Baizhuping) audio word list
<p>On May 2, 2013, I visited two Biao Min villages of Guanyang County, Guangxi, China.</p> <p><br> The dialects are reported to be mutually intelligible. However, this language is undocumented, and is unintelligible with Biao Min of Dongshan Township, Quanzhou County, Guangxi located just to the north.<br> <br> Dialect 1:</p> <ul> <li>Mifengshan 蜜蜂山, Jiangtang 江塘村, Shuiche Township 水车乡, Guanyang County</li> </ul> <p><br> Dialect 2:</p> <ul> <li>Baizhuping 白竹坪, Wenshi Township 文市乡, Guanyang County</li> <li>Xiamashan 下马山, Xieshui Village 斜水村, Dongshan Township 东山乡, Quanzhou County (reported as the same dialect by speakers in Baizhuping; I did not have a chance to visit Xiamashan)</li> </ul>
Biao (Yonggu) audio word list
<p>Three dialects of Biao were documented from May 8-9, 2013 in:</p> <ul> <li>Yonggu Township 永固镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong</li> <li>Zhailing Village 寨岭村, Dagang Township 大岗镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong</li> <li>Baoshan Village 保山村, Chang'an Township 长安镇, Fengkai County, Guangdong</li> </ul> <p>Liang Min (2002) documented the Biao lect of Shidong Township 诗洞镇, Huaiji County, and included a few examples from Yonggu Biao. Biao of Dagang Township 大岗镇 was previously undocumented. Shidong and Yonggu Biao speakers both report each others’ lects to be unintelligible. Dagang Biao is also unintelligible with both Shidong Biao and Yonggu Biao.</p> <p>(1) Yonggu Township 永固镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong Province<br> (2) Zhailing Village 寨岭村, Dagang Township 大岗镇, Huaiji County, Guangdong Province</p> <p>I have also collected data from Baoshan Village 保山村, Chang'an Township 长安镇, Fengkai County, Guangdong Province. This variety turned out to be mutually intelligible with the Dagang lect, since my informant from Zhailing, Dagang was able to fully converse with the Biao speakers of Baoshan when he traveled with me to the field site. Locals in Dagang report that Biao of Liangcun Township 梁村镇 is intelligible and nearly identical with Dagang Biao. Thus, there are at least three mutually unintelligible varieties of Biao, namely (1) Shidong 诗洞, (2) Yonggu 永固, and (3) Dagang 大岗.</p> <p>Biao appears to share some lexical and phonological links with Lakkja, which some Chinese linguists consider to be a divergent Kam-Sui language. Thus, Biao may form a subgroup with Kam-Sui and/or Lakkja, or it may even constitute a primary branch of Kra-Dai on its own.</p>
Avala audio word list
<p>Avala (a21 va21 la21) is a previously undocumented Angkuic lect that I had recorded on April 30, 2014 in Bangliu 邦六, Manghuai Township 芒怀乡, Yun County 云县, Yunnan, China. Avala is practically extinct, and there is only one elderly man in the entire village cluster who remembers any words from the language – 83-year-old Chen Zhifang 陈织芳. Chen is hard of hearing and has lost most of his teeth; hence elicitation was difficult, resulting in inconsistent speech as well. Fortunately, of the 30 or so words I managed to elicit from him, he also remembered the autonym. Chen claims he does not remember any more words in Avala other than the ones that I have elicited from him.<br> <br> Locals in Manghuai Township reported more ethnic Bulang residing in Niuquan 牛圈, Maolan Township 茂兰镇, Yun County, but it is unknown whether they speak Avala (Bulang) or not.<br> <br> Avala is most similar to Luce’s P’uman and to Bulang of Nanjian County as recorded in Chinese characters by the Nanjian County Gazetteer (1994).</p>
Buyi (Suode) audio word list
<p>On April 11, 2013, I interviewed a Buyi informant in Suode (梭得), Jichangping Township 鸡场坪乡, Pan County, Guizhou, China. My informant reported that his ancestors had migrated from the Anshun area. The Buyi are also locally known as the Shui.</p>
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