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Figure 8. MAXENT distribution models produced for Tropidurus madeiramamore. A, present. B, Holocene. C in A highly polymorphic South American collared lizard (Tropiduridae: Tropidurus) reveals that open-dry refugia from South-western Amazonia staged allopatric speciation

Figure 8. MAXENT distribution models produced for Tropidurus madeiramamore. A, present. B, Holocene. C, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). D, Last Interglacial (LIG).

Figure 3 in A highly polymorphic South American collared lizard (Tropiduridae: Tropidurus) reveals that open-dry refugia from South-western Amazonia staged allopatric speciation

Figure 3. Nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenetic trees produced for Tropiduridae. As shown in the total evidence tree (Fig. 2), Tropidurus from savannah enclaves from Rondônia (Tropidurus madeiramamore) and Tropidurus oreadicus are inferred as distantly related phylogenetically. Non-parametric bootstrap values (1000 replicates) shown associated with branches.

Figure 11 in A highly polymorphic South American collared lizard (Tropiduridae: Tropidurus) reveals that open-dry refugia from South-western Amazonia staged allopatric speciation

Figure 11. Tropidurus madeiramamore and Tropidurus oreadicus in life. A, B, general and ventral views of the holotype of T. madeiramamore (MZUSP 107155). C, D, general and ventral views of the allotype of T. madeiramamore (MZUSP 107158). E, juvenile of T. madeiramamore (MZUSP 107267) from the margin of the Madeira River near the Museu da Estrada de Ferro Madeira-Mamoré (EFMM), Porto Velho. F, general view of a topotype of T. oreadicus (MTR 33325) from Primeira Cachoeira do Rio Urucuia, Buritis, Minas Gerais, Brazil (16°05ʹ49.3080″S, 46°14ʹ57.9840″W). Photograph F is by courtesy of M. A. Sena.

Figure 1 in A highly polymorphic South American collared lizard (Tropiduridae: Tropidurus) reveals that open-dry refugia from South-western Amazonia staged allopatric speciation

Figure 1. Localities sampled by A.L.G.C. and R.C.B.P. during fieldwork in the State of Rondônia, Brazil, between 14 and 27 November 2017, for collection of Tropidurus Wied, 1845. P. E. Vanzolini and L. J. Vitt originally sampled sites 2, 3, and 5 during their studies of the herpetofauna of the state of Rondônia in the early 1980s (for details, see Vanzolini 1986, Vitt 1993). Full locality names: (1) inselberg 'Pedrona da [linha] 10', Cacoal; (2) rock outcrops ~3.5 km west of Santa Cruz da Serra, Jaru; (3) rock outcrops on the southern outskirts of Ariquemes; (4) rock outcrops on the margin of highway BR-364, Itapuã do Oeste; (5) Floresta Nacional (FLONA) Jamari, Itapuã do Oeste (= Vila de Santa Bárbara); (6) margin of the Madeira River near the Museu da Estrada de Ferro Madeira-Mamoré (EFMM), Porto Velho; (7) Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho; (8) rock outcrops in Jaci-Paraná, Porto Velho; (9) top of Serra dos Parecis, Guajará-Mirim. Refer to the Supporting Information (File S1) for the geographical coordinates of the specimens sampled in each locality.

Figure 5 in Reproductive activity of two sympatric lizard species, Ameivula ocellifera and Glaucomastix itabaianensis (Squamata: Teiidae), from Northeastern Brazil

Figure 5. Reproductive phases of females of Ameivula ocellifera. (A) Pre-vitelogenic, (B) vitelogenic, (C) follicular atresia and (D) corpora lutea. Abbreviations: a, vitelline membrane; b, pyriform cells; c, small cells; d, pellucid zone; e, follicular theca; f, granulosa layer single; OV, oocyte.

Figure 2 in Reproductive activity of two sympatric lizard species, Ameivula ocellifera and Glaucomastix itabaianensis (Squamata: Teiidae), from Northeastern Brazil

Figure 2. Climatic diagram with average air temperature (in °C; solid line), air humidity (in %; grey bars) and precipitation (in mm; dashed line) for the Restinga of the Pirambu municipality, Bahia state of Sergipe, Brazil. The precipitation data were obtained from the meteorological station of the Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET 2019) nearest to the Pirambu municipality, from 2017 to 2018.

Figure 4 in Reproductive activity of two sympatric lizard species, Ameivula ocellifera and Glaucomastix itabaianensis (Squamata: Teiidae), from Northeastern Brazil

Figure 4. Reproductive phases of females of Glaucomastix itabaianensis. (A) pre-vitelogenic, (B) vitelogenic, (C) follicular atresia and (D) corpora lutea. Abbreviations: a, vitelline membrane; b, granulosa layer with the presence of pyriform cells; c, small cells.

Figure 7 in Reproductive activity of two sympatric lizard species, Ameivula ocellifera and Glaucomastix itabaianensis (Squamata: Teiidae), from Northeastern Brazil

Figure 7. Histogram of the reproductive cycle and body fat (monthly means) of males of (A) Glaucomastix itabaianensis and (B) Ameivula ocellifera from June 2017 to May 2018, in an extension of Restinga of the Pirambu municipality, state of Sergipe.

Figure 1 in Reproductive activity of two sympatric lizard species, Ameivula ocellifera and Glaucomastix itabaianensis (Squamata: Teiidae), from Northeastern Brazil

Figure 1. Specimens of (A) Glaucomastix itabaianensis and (B) Ameivula ocellifera (photo: Tainara Silva); and (C) geographic distribution of G. itabaianensis (circles) and A. ocellifera (stars) in Brazil. The black star with a circle in the centre on the map represents the populations examined in this study in the Restinga of the Pirambu municipality, state of Sergipe, Brazil.

Figure 6 in Reproductive activity of two sympatric lizard species, Ameivula ocellifera and Glaucomastix itabaianensis (Squamata: Teiidae), from Northeastern Brazil

Figure 6. Reproductive stages of males of Glaucomastix itabaianensis (A–D) and Ameivula ocellifera (E, F): (A) stage II; (B) stage III; (C, E) stage IV; (D) stage V; (F) epididymis in stage IV. Abbreviations: Lu, lumen; Sg, spermatogonia; St, spermatocytes; Sd, spermatids; Sz, spermatozoa; Sc, sertoli cells. Broad black arrow = germ cells disconnected from the germ epithelium; * = interstitial cells.

FIGURE 7 in Electivities And Resource Use By An Assemblage Of Lizards Endemic To The Dunes Of The São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil P L.B. R M T. R Abstract

FIGURE 7. Distributions of sizes of Tropidurus psammonastes, Eurolophosaurus divaricatus, Briba brasiliana and Cnemidophorus spec. nov. based on mass in four field campaigns conducted in the dunes of Ibiraba, State of Bahia, Brazil.

FIGURE 11 in Electivities And Resource Use By An Assemblage Of Lizards Endemic To The Dunes Of The São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil P L.B. R M T. R Abstract

FIGURE 11. Frequency-based comparison among relative food item availability (gray bars) in the Ibiraba dunes, State of Bahia, Brazil, and relative food consumption by the seven most abundant dune-dwelling lizard species (black bars). Black arrows show food categories for which lizards showed electivity (positive or negative) following criteria defined in the text. Food categories: 1 = Formicidae; 2 = Araneae; 3 = Coleoptera; 4 = Insect larvae; 5 = Diplopoda; 6 = Thysanura; 7 = Flowers; 8 = Plant tissues (except flowers); 9 = Arthropod eggs; 10 = Ensifera; 11 = Hymenoptera (except Formicidae); 12 = Solifugae; 13 = Acari; 14 = Scropiones; 15 = Isoptera; 16 = Chilopoda; 17 = Homoptera; 18 = Phasmida; 19 = Blattaria; 20 = Mantodea; 21 = Diptera; 22 = Hemiptera; 23 = Lepidoptera; 24 = Gastropoda; 25 = Opiliones; 26 = Pseudoscorpiones; 27 = Caelifera; 28 = Collembola; 29 = Neuroptera; 30 = Embioptera.

FIGURE 1 in Electivities And Resource Use By An Assemblage Of Lizards Endemic To The Dunes Of The São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil P L.B. R M T. R Abstract

FIGURE 1. Climate diagram for the municipality of Barra, State of Bahia (from Nimer, 1979), generated by the meteorological station closest to the study area (Ibiraba).

FIGURE 3 in Electivities And Resource Use By An Assemblage Of Lizards Endemic To The Dunes Of The São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil P L.B. R M T. R Abstract

FIGURE 3. Left: schematic profile of the dunes showing microgeographic positions: summit, slope, plateau, and valley. Right: an example of a drawing used to quantify six quantitative microhabitat variables: area covered by ground litter, shrubs, subshrubs, the terrestrial bromeliad Bromelia antiacantha, the small cactus Tacinga inamoena, and area of horizontal projection of trees.

FIGURE 13 in Electivities And Resource Use By An Assemblage Of Lizards Endemic To The Dunes Of The São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil P L.B. R M T. R Abstract

FIGURE 13. Comparison of food use among the seven most abundant lizard species in the Ibiraba dunes, State of Bahia, Brazil. The width of lines connecting each pair of species is proportional to the value of the symmetrical coefficient of the niche overlap (f). Gray areas circumscribe homogenous groups of species based on the mass of the heaviest item ingested.

FIGURE 2 in Electivities And Resource Use By An Assemblage Of Lizards Endemic To The Dunes Of The São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil P L.B. R M T. R Abstract

FIGURE 2. Map showing the geographic location of the study area. The inset shows the easternmost part of Brazil and four important cities as reference points: 1.) Belém, State of Pará; 2.) Salvador, State of Bahia; 3.) Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro; 4.) Brasília, Distrito Federal (Federal District). The darker, diagonal area surrounded by lighter areas represents the shrublands and dry forests of the Caatingas, bordered on the west and east by forest and degraded forest and on the south by the Cerrado grasslands. The area delimited by the smallest darker rectangle is magnified to show the dune fields on the west bank of the São Francisco River (S.F.R.) The dune field is bordered on the west by the Serra do Estreito (S.E.). Its northern limit is represented by the small triangles. The Icatu River (I.R., the only perennial river crossing the dunes), the Grande River (G.R.), and the Lagoa de Itaparica (L.I.), as well as the urban centers of the municipalities of Barra (BAR.) and Xique-Xique (X.X.) are shown for geographic reference. The fieldwork was performed in the dunes with sharp morphology (lighter strip along the SFR; black arrow) near the village of Ibiraba (IB.). The coordinates of the central point in this image are 10°30'S-42°45'W.

FIGURE 16 in Electivities And Resource Use By An Assemblage Of Lizards Endemic To The Dunes Of The São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil P L.B. R M T. R Abstract

FIGURE 16. Synthesis of available information (Moraes, 1993; present study) on the diet of gymnophthalmids present in the sandy areas along the middle course of São Francisco River, mapped into the phylogeny presented by Pellegrino et al., (2001). Numbers 1 to 6 across the top represent the locations studied (1 = Queimadas; 2 = Vacaria; 3 = Ibiraba; 4 = Alagoado; 5 = Santo Inácio; 6 = Lagoa de Itaparica; see map in Fig. 2). Black squares represent important items in the diet of each population studied, based on recurrence frequency. Numbers below squares represent the number of stomachs analyzed.

FIGURE 15 in Electivities And Resource Use By An Assemblage Of Lizards Endemic To The Dunes Of The São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil P L.B. R M T. R Abstract

FIGURE 15. Synthesis of the differences in diet (food items and sizes) and phase of activity among the five lizard species extensively using protected microhabitat areas (lower pentagram) and among the four lizard species extensively using exposed microhabitat areas (or avoiding protected areas) (upper square). Black straight lines crossed by gray curved lines show differences in food consumption and phase of activity (indicated in gray letters) between pairs of species.

FIGURE 12 in Electivities And Resource Use By An Assemblage Of Lizards Endemic To The Dunes Of The São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil P L.B. R M T. R Abstract

FIGURE 12. Relative contributions of very small, small, and medium-sized larvae to the total mass of larvae ingested by Cnemidophorus spec. nov. (CNE- black bars), Briba brasiliana (BRIgray bars) and Calyptommatus leiolepis (CAL- striped bars), the three lizard species endemic to the Ibiraba dunes, State of Bahia, Brazil for which larvae are the most important item in their diets.

FIGURE 10 in Electivities And Resource Use By An Assemblage Of Lizards Endemic To The Dunes Of The São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil P L.B. R M T. R Abstract

FIGURE 10. Frequency of food items available in the dunes of Ibiraba, State of Bahia, Brazil, estimated by captures in pitfall traps (black bars) and by total consumption by the lizard assemblage (gray bars). Black arrows indicate food categories of low consumption by the assemblage and gray arrows show food categories better estimated by lizard consumption. Food categories: 1 = Formicidae; 2 = Araneae; 3 = Coleoptera; 4 = Diplopoda; 5 = Thysanura; 6 = Ensifera; 7 = Hymenoptera (except Formicidae); 8 = Solifugae; 9 = Acari; 10 = Scorpiones; 11 = Chilopoda; 12 = Phasmida; 13 = Blattaria; 14 = Mantodea; 15 = Diptera; 16 = Hemiptera; 17 = Homoptera; 18 = Insect larvae and pupae; 20 = Pseudoscorpiones; 21 = Lepidoptera; 22 = Caelifera; 23 = Collembola; 24 = Neuroptera; 25 = Embioptera; 26 = Isoptera; 27 = Arthropod eggs; 28 = Flowers; 29 = Gastropoda; 30 = Plant matter (except flowers).