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19,493 results for “Populism”
Drosophila suzukii population dynamics and control efficiency of mineral dusts with a focus on grape protection
<p>The invasive pest<em> Drosophila suzukii</em> is threatening berry production. It is mainly managed via chemical control, which is associated with consumer and environmental concerns. Here, we tested the efficiency of mineral dusts under field and laboratory conditions. Furthermore, population dynamics were studied in a vineyard and its surroundings. The kaolin products Cutisan and Surround®, as well as the CaCO<sub>3</sub> product Carboliq had neither insecticidal nor repellent effects on <em>Drosophila suzukii</em> adults in laboratory choice tests with grapes at concentrations of up to 2% (w/v). Cutisan and Surround® significantly reduced the number of deposited eggs (-41.9% and -49.3%, respectively) while Carboliq had no effect on the oviposition under laboratory conditions. The Surround® treatment significantly reduced the number of flies trapped on 09/09/2020 at a test vineyard. Depending on the assessment date and treatment, between 59 and 84% of the flies in the bait traps were females. The number of eggs found in fruit treated with Carboliq in the field was higher at each assessment date than in the control but this difference was not statistically significant. Cutisan and Surround® applications in the field showed an equivalent or lower average number of eggs compared to the control but this difference was only significant on 24/09/2020. The highest number of <em>D. suzukii</em> adults was observed around September in the field and a decline of the population occurred in the winter months until July. In epidemic years, temperature - humidity - combinations prior to population peaks were quite stable with low humidity being associated with a high temperature and <em>vice-versa</em>. In non-epidemic years, humidity fluctuated more than in epidemic years and temperatures were lower before population peaks. The effect of global radiation on population maxima seemed to be minor.</p>
Data from: Floral scents of a deceptive plant are hyperdiverse and under population-specific phenotypic selection
<p>Floral scent is a key mediator in plant–pollinator interactions; however, little is known to what extent intraspecific scent variation is shaped by phenotypic selection, with no information yet in deceptive plants. We recorded 289 scent compounds in deceptive moth fly-pollinated <i>Arum maculatum </i>from various populations north vs. south of the Alps, the highest number so far reported in a single plant species. Scent and fruit set differed between regions, and some, but not all differences in scent could be explained by differential phenotypic selection in northern vs. southern populations. Our study is the first to provide evidence that phenotypic selection is involved in shaping geographic patterns of floral scent in deceptive plants. The hyperdiverse scent of <i>A. maculatum</i> might result from the plant's imitation of various brood substrates of its pollinators.</p>
Distinct population code for movement kinematics and changes of ongoing movements in human subthalamic nucleus
<p>The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is theorized to globally suppress movement through connections with downstream basal ganglia structures. Current theories are supported by increased STN activity when subjects withhold an uninitiated action plan, but a critical test of these theories requires studying STN responses when an ongoing action is replaced with an alternative. We perform this test in subjects with Parkinson's disease using an extended reaching task where the movement trajectory changes mid-action. We show that STN activity decreases during action switches, contrary to prevalent theories. Further, beta oscillations in the STN local field potential, which are associated with movement inhibition, do not show increased power or spiking entrainment during switches. We report an inhomogeneous population neural code in STN, with one sub-population encoding movement kinematics and direction and another encoding unexpected action switches. We suggest an elaborate neural code in STN that contributes to planning actions and changing the plans.</p>
Setting files from: Simulated patterns of mitochondrial diversity are consistent with partial population turnover in Bronze Age Central Europe
<p><strong>Simulated Data and Simulation Program</strong></p> <p>This dataset release permits to simulate the scenarios investigated in the article entitled "Simulated patterns of mitochondrial diversity are consistent with partial population turnover in Bronze Age Central Europe" by Broccard et al, using the program SPLATCHE3, which is included.</p> <p>There is a zipped folder "Broccard_et_al_SimulationData.zip" that contains i) a "ReadMe.txt" file with the instructions to launch the simulations; ii) the executable called "SPLATCHE3-Linux-64b"; iii) the input settings file for the various scenarios.</p> <p>See Broccard, N, Silva, NM and & Currat M., American Journal of Biological Anthropology (2021), for background and http://www.splatche.com/splatche3 for more information about the simulation program.</p>
Data from: Dinosaurian survivorship schedules revisited: new insights from an age-structured population model
<p>Little is known on dinosaur population biology due to insufficient information on age-dependent fecundities and mortalities. So far, survivorship curves (hereafter SC) of only six dinosaurs (four tyrannosaurs, one ceratopsian, one hadrosaur) were erected from bone assemblages of aged specimens. They indicate high survival throughout most of their life with presumable higher mortalities after hatching and increasing mortalities towards its end. However, all studies ignored that assemblages must preserve stationary age distributions (i.e., the population's age distribution is stable and its size is constant over time as overall population fecundities match mortalities, hereafter SAD population) to infer a reliable SC for a taxon.</p> <p>To assess SCs of these dinosaurs, I built a simple population model with age-dependent fecundities and survival rates. Its few input parameters are maximum longevity, age at sexual maturation and maximum annual offspring number, on which information exists in these dinosaurs. As bone histological studies and scaling relationships provide estimates on its three parameters, my model is also applicable to other extinct taxa.</p> <p> Modelling suggests that bone assemblages did not preserve SAD populations. SCs determined for SAD populations of <i>Albertosaurus sarcophagus</i>,<i> Gorgosaurus libratus</i>, <i>Dasplatosaurus torosus</i> and <i>Tyrannosaurus rex</i> indicated that low mortalities follow high mortalities early in their life or that mortalities were rather constant throughout their life. In <i>Psittacosaurus lujiatuensis</i> modelling suggests low mortalities throughout most of its life that increase towards its end. The SC of <i>Maiasaura peeblesorum</i> was not questioned by my model as it is unable to capture sigmoidal or other composite SCs.</p>
Populations of local direction-selective cells encode global motion patterns generated by self-motion. Data, Code and Model.
<p>Directional tuning of the population of local motion detectors T4/T5 in the visual system of the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>. Direction tuning and receptive field location was measured by recording responses to visual stimuli containing dark or bright edges/stripes moving into 8 directions. All provided MATLAB scripts were used to analyze and illustrate data show in the manuscript 'Populations of local direction-selective cells encode global motion patterns generated by self-motion.'</p> <p>All data were obtained using <em>in vivo </em>two photon microscopy. Image time series were preprocessed using SIMA python software for motion alignment and further processed using custom written matlab or python code.</p> <p>Please find all relevant information to use the code in the README file.</p>
Data and code for: Plastic and quantitative genetic divergence mirror environmental gradients among wild, fragmented populations of Impatiens capensis
<p><strong>Premise of the study:</strong> Habitat fragmentation generates molecular genetic divergence among isolated populations but few studies have assessed phenotypic divergence and fitness in populations where the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation are known. Phenotypic divergence could reflect plasticity, local adaptation, and/or genetic drift.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We examined patterns and potential drivers of phenotypic divergence among 12 populations of jewelweed (<em>Impatiens capensis </em>Meerb.) that show strong molecular genetic signals of isolation and drift among fragmented habitats. We measured morphological and reproductive traits in both maternal plants within natural populations and their self-fertilized progeny grown together in a common garden. We also quantified environmental divergence between home sites and the common garden.</p> <p><strong>Key results: </strong>Populations with less molecular genetic variation expressed less maternal phenotypic variation. Progeny in the common garden converged in phenotypes relative to their wild mothers but retained among-population differences in morphology, survival, and reproduction. Among-population phenotypic variance was 3-10x greater in home sites than in the common garden for 6 of 7 morphological traits measured. Patterns of phenotypic divergence paralleled environmental gradients in ways suggestive of adaptation. Progeny resembled their mothers less as the environmental distance between their home site and the common garden increased.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite strong molecular signatures of isolation and drift, phenotypic differences among these <em>Impatiens </em>populations appear to reflect both adaptive quantitative genetic divergence and plasticity. Quantifying the extent of local adaptation and plasticity and how these covary with molecular and phenotypic variation help us predict when populations may lose their adaptive capacity. </p>
Light limitation increases multidimensional trait evenness in phytoplankton populations
<p>This archive includes the final table used for the analyses and a readme file with some explanations.</p> <p>Our dataset consists of phytoplankton cell density and trait diversity estimates measured using scanning flow cytometry under different light intensity regimes.</p>
Data from: Sexual selection on male but not female function in monoecious and dioecious populations of broadleaf arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)
<p class="MsoNormal">Direct measures of sexual selection in plants are rare and complicated by modular growth. Because of modularity, instantaneous measures of fitness scale with size, but size variation in plants is largely non-heritable, obscuring patterns of selection on heritable variation. We measured the magnitude of sexual selection in a monoecious and a dioecious population of the clonal plant <em>Sagittaria latifolia</em> using Bateman gradients (<em>ß<sub>ss</sub></em>). These gradients were calculated using parentage analysis and residual regression to account for the effects of shoot and clone size on mating and reproductive success. In both populations: (i) mating via male function was associated with greater promiscuity; and (ii) <em>ß</em><sub>ss</sub> were positive, with significant associations between mating and reproductive success for male but not female function. Moreover, estimated <em>ß</em><sub>ss</sub> were similar for the monoecious and dioecious populations, possibly because non-overlapping female and male sex phases in hermaphroditic <em>S. latifolia </em>reduces the scope for interference between sex functions during mating. This study builds on previous studies of selection on plant mating traits, and of sexual selection under experimental conditions by showing that sexual selection can operate in natural populations of plants, including populations of hermaphrodites.</p>
Speciation rates are unrelated to the formation of population structure in Malagasy Gemsnakes
<p><span>Speciation rates vary substantially over the tree of life. These rates should be linked to the rate at which population structure forms if a continuum between micro and macroevolutionary processes exists. Previous studies examining the link between speciation rates and the degree of population formation in clades have shown both correlation and no correlation. No study has examined the relationship between speciation rates and population structure in a young group endemic to an island. We examine this correlation in 109 Gemsnakes (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) endemic to Madagascar originating in the early Miocene, thus controlling for extinction associated with time and area. We find no relationship between rates of speciation and the formation rates of population structure over space in 33 species of Gemsnakes. Rates of speciation show low variation, and population structure varying widely across species indicates that speciation rates and population structure disconnection are largely due to persistence of lineages not susceptible to extinction. Extinction can be due to many factors all of which can prevent long-term persistence of species. We discuss how delimiting populations versus species may contribute to problems understanding the continuum between shallow and deep evolutionary processes.</span></p>
Data from: Spatial consistency in drivers of population dynamics of a declining migratory bird
<p>1. Many migratory species are in decline across their geographical ranges. Single-population studies can provide important insights into drivers at a local scale, but effective conservation requires multi-population perspectives. This is challenging because relevant data are often hard to consolidate, and state-of-the-art analytical tools are typically tailored to specific datasets.</p> <p>2. We capitalized on a recent data harmonization initiative (SPI-Birds) and linked it to a generalized modeling framework to identify the demographic and environmental drivers of large-scale population decline in migratory pied flycatchers (<em>Ficedula</em> <em>hypoleuca</em>) breeding across Britain.</p> <p>3. We implemented a generalized integrated population model (IPM) to estimate age-specific vital rates, including their dependency on environmental conditions, and total and breeding population size of pied flycatchers using long-term (34–64 years) monitoring data from seven locations representative of the British breeding range. We then quantified the relative contributions of different vital rates and population structures to changes in short- and long-term population growth rates using transient life table response experiments (LTREs).</p> <p>4. Substantial covariation in population sizes across breeding locations suggested that change was the result of large-scale drivers. This was supported by LTRE analyses, which attributed past changes in short-term population growth rates and long-term population trends primarily to variation in annual survival and dispersal dynamics, which largely act during migration and/or non-breeding season. Contributions of variation in local reproductive parameters were small in comparison, despite sensitivity to local temperature and rainfall within the breeding period.</p> <p>5. We show that both short- and longer-term population changes of British-breeding pied flycatchers are likely linked to factors acting during migration and in non-breeding areas, where future research should be prioritized. We illustrate the potential of multi-population analyses for informing management at (inter)national scales and highlight the importance of data standardization, generalized and accessible analytical tools, and reproducible workflows to achieve them.</p>
Agricultural grasslands buffer density effects in red deer populations
<p>Data for</p> <p>Agricultural grasslands buffer density effects in red deer populations</p> <p>Initially accepted in Journal of Wildlife Management</p>
Population structure in diverse pepper (Capsicum spp.) accessions
<p>This data represents genotypes of a pepper diversity collection. Samples were sequenced using double-digest Genotyping-By-Sequencing (GBS) using Apek1 and Btg1 restriction enzymes. Fastq files were demultiplexed using Illumina bcl2fastq software (<a href="http://emea.support.illumina.com/downloads/bcl2fastq-conversion-software-v2-20.html">http://emea.support.illumina.com/downloads/bcl2fastq-conversion-software-v2-20.html</a>). Trimmomatic was used to remove the first 12-bases (adapter sequences) from the beginning of each read (Bolger et al., 2014). Cleaned reads were aligned to the C. annuum reference genome (UCD-10X-F1; a cross between Criollos de Morelos 334 landrace and a non-pungent blocky pepper-breeding line; Hulse-Kemp et al. 2018) using BWA-mem (Li, 2013). Variants were called using Freebayes software to jointly call variants across all samples (Garrison & Marth, 2012). The initial VCF file was filtered using VCFtools to remove variants with minor allele frequency < 1%, variants with genotype rates < 95%, and samples with genotype rates < 10%. This generated a total of 22,916 SNPs across the 12 chromosomes. Further a subset of the lines were phenotyped for vitamin content, we provide these phenotypes as well as a marker set of 2966 markers that can be used to explore them. </p>
Fig. 5 in Spined Loache Settlements Structure (Cobitidae) Of The Eastern Ukraine River Systems And Alternative Character Of Diploid And Polyploid Populations
Fig. 5. Distribution of loaches samples of group of species C. elongatoides, C. taenia, C. tanaitica by the average ratio of diploids in the river systems of Eastern Ukraine, the Oder, Vistula, and Danube (1) against a similar distribution in the river systems of the Eastern Ukraine.
Fig. 6 in Spined Loache Settlements Structure (Cobitidae) Of The Eastern Ukraine River Systems And Alternative Character Of Diploid And Polyploid Populations
Fig. 6. Ratio of diploid (grey fill) and popyploid (black fik) specimens in settlements and invasion routs of polyploid spined loaches.
Figures 85–88 Figures 85–86 in Reanalysis of the Yunnan population of Scorpiops kubani with a description of a new species, Scorpiops lowei sp. n. (Scorpiones: Scorpiopidae)
Figures 85–88 Figures 85–86. The PTC recorded for all the specimens studied from these four populations. The number above each column represents the sample size of the pectines calculated with the corresponding number. Figure 87–88. Scatterplot showing the counts for IAD and MD of pedipalp movable fingers of the specimens from four populations: S. lowei sp. n., S. sp. (Jinghong), S. sp. (Menglun) and S. vachoni. Figure 87. Scatterplot generated for visualizing the means of IAD and MD on the left/right fingers of each individual (if one finger was abnormal, then it was excluded and cited only the counts of the normal finger). Figure 88. Scatterplot generated for visualizing the IAD and MD on both fingers of each individual (abnormal fingers were excluded).
Figures 33–45 in Reanalysis of the Yunnan population of Scorpiops kubani with a description of a new species, Scorpiops lowei sp. n. (Scorpiones: Scorpiopidae)
Figures 33–45: Scorpiops lowei sp. n., male holotype, pedipalp chela dorsal (33), external (34) and ventral (35) view, patella dorsal (36), external (37) and ventral (38) view, femur and trochanter dorsal (39), external (40) and ventral (41) view, left movable finger (42), right movable finger (43), and dorsal (44) and ventral (45) views of chelicera. The trichobothrial pattern is indicated in Figures 33–38 and finger dentition is captioned in Figures 42–43. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figures 31–32 in Reanalysis of the Yunnan population of Scorpiops kubani with a description of a new species, Scorpiops lowei sp. n. (Scorpiones: Scorpiopidae)
Figures 31–32: Scorpiops lowei sp. n., sternites under UV light. Figures 31. Male holotype. Figures 32. Female allotype. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figures 23–24 in Reanalysis of the Yunnan population of Scorpiops kubani with a description of a new species, Scorpiops lowei sp. n. (Scorpiones: Scorpiopidae)
Figures 23–24: Scorpiops lowei sp. n., male holotype, carapace (23) and tergites I–VII (24) under UV light. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 89 in Reanalysis of the Yunnan population of Scorpiops kubani with a description of a new species, Scorpiops lowei sp. n. (Scorpiones: Scorpiopidae)
Figure 89: Map showing the type localities of Scorpiops lowei sp. n. in Yunnan (★) and S. kubani in Laos (▲), and the origin of the material of S. lowei sp. n. studied by Di et al. (2011) (●) and Tang (2022c) (●). Other populations/species studied: S. sp. from Jinghong (■), S. sp. from Menglun (■), S. sp. from Wangtianshu (▼) and S. vachoni topotypes (▼).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.