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FIGURE 4 in Larval morphology of Dart-Poison Frogs (Anura: Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae)

FIGURE 4. Diagram showing tentative correspondence between organs and gut sections between two different types of digestive system arrangements in the Dendrobatoidea. (A) Ventral view of tadpole of Rheobates palmatus, stage 36, UTA 22300, with skin removed and labeled organs and sections. Tadpole is directed anteriorly (up) to posteriorly (down). (B) Schematic generalized diagram of ventral views of tadpoles in the Dendrobatinae (minus Phyllobates) with labeled organs and sections of the gut showing correspondence with (A) and with a photograph of ventral view of a tadpole of Ranitomeya ventrimaculata, stage 34, ICN 53034 (C). For more explanations and exceptions to the generalized diagram see text and Fig. 5.

FIGURE 3 in Larval morphology of Dart-Poison Frogs (Anura: Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae)

FIGURE 3. Ventral view of tadpole of Rheobates palmatus, stage 36, UTA 22300, with skin removed (A). Tadpole is directed anteriorly (up) to posteriorly (down). (B) Diagram of anterior section of digestive tract when pulled apart and to the left from body cavity. Black arrows indicate direction of food flow after ingested, beginning with the esophagus (anterior section not seen, behind the liver, up and left). (C) Diagram of posterior section of digestive tract, that continue from (B); black long arrow indicate where digestive tract connects from (B) to (C). Posterior section of tract is observed only when dissected, because it is concealed inside the coils of the anterior sections of the gut (B). Parts of the gut are identified tentatively and labeled with black lines in the photograph (A) and the diagrams (B and C). Final short black arrow (C) indicates exit of undigested material through the rectum.

FIGURE 2 in Larval morphology of Dart-Poison Frogs (Anura: Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae)

FIGURE 2. Ventral view of the U-shaped larval jaw sheaths in the Dendrobatinae. All tadpoles are directed anteriorly (up) to posteriorly (down), not to scale. (A) Dendrobates truncatus. Stage 25, ICNMHN 40749. (B) Oophaga sp. Stage 28, MAR 312. (C) Andinobates bombetes. Stage 28, ICNMHN 42287. (D) Andinobates virolinensis. Stage 41, ICNMHN 9665. (E) Ranitomeya ventrimaculata. Stage 34, ICNMHN 53034.

FIGURE 1 in Larval morphology of Dart-Poison Frogs (Anura: Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae)

FIGURE 1. Ventral view of the W-shaped larval jaw sheaths in the Dendrobatoidea. All tadpoles are directed anteriorly (up) to posteriorly (down), not to scale. (A) Allobates juanii. Stage 35, ICNMHN 55276. (B) Allobates trilineatus. Stage 33, ICN 53117. (C) Allobates wayuu. Stage 32, ICNMHN 43559. (D) Ameerega hahneli. Stage 36, ICNMHN 53105. (E) Epipedobates narinensis. Stage 25, ICNMHN 53341. (F) Colostethus fraterdanieli. Stage 36, ICNMHN 40801. (G) Colostethus ruthveni. Stage 31, ICNMHN 35779. (H) Hyloxalus bocagei. Stage 38, ICNMHN 23789. (I) Hyloxalus subpunctatus. Stage 37, ICNMHN 32500. (J) Hyloxalus vergeli. Stage 37, ICNMHN 9699. (K) Rheobates palmatus. Stage 35, ICNMHN 23311. (L) Phyllobates bicolor. Stage 25, ICNMHN 18198.

FIGURE 9 in An integrative appraisal of the diagnosis and distribution of Allobates sumtuosus (Morales, 2002) (Anura, Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 9. Dorsal view (A), ventral view (B), and sole (C) of Allobates sumtuosus holotype (USNM 303591), collected in 1979 by R.I. Crombie and L.C. Branch at REBio Trombetas. Photos are courtesy of Pedro L. V. Peloso. Lower arrow indicates basal webbing between Toes III and IV. Upper arrows indicate the absence of dermal fringes along Toes III and IV.

FIGURE 6. Evolutionary relationships between Allobates sumtuosus and 15 in An integrative appraisal of the diagnosis and distribution of Allobates sumtuosus (Morales, 2002) (Anura, Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 6. Evolutionary relationships between Allobates sumtuosus and 15 Allobates species distributed in Brazil and in the Guiana Shield region inferred from a maximum likelihood analysis on sequences of 16S rDNA. Samples belonging to typical and putative A. sumtuosus are highlighted in gray. Clade labels indicate support values from 5000 bootstrap replicates (only values above 70 are shown). Except when noted within parenthesis, sequences proceeded from samples collected at the referred type locality of each species. Due to differences in the length of sequences obtained from GenBank, positions with less than 95% site coverage (> 5% of sequences missing data for that position) were eliminated. A total of 346 positions were used in the final dataset.

FIGURE 5 in An integrative appraisal of the diagnosis and distribution of Allobates sumtuosus (Morales, 2002) (Anura, Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 5. (A) Hand and (B) foot of a male specimen of Allobates sumtuosus (INPA-H 31960) collected at the species type locality in Reserva Biológica do Rio Trombetas, State of Pará, Brazil. Lower arrow in (A) indicates position of basal webbing between Toes III and IV. Upper arrow indicates the extension of basal webbing that could be interpreted as a dermal fringe. However, it is restricted to the proximal internal margin of Toes III and IV, not extending along the length of these toes, or between Toes II and III.

FIGURE 1 in An integrative appraisal of the diagnosis and distribution of Allobates sumtuosus (Morales, 2002) (Anura, Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 1. Color in life of Allobates sumtuosus individuals from the species type locality at Reserva Biológica do Rio Trombetas, State of Pará, Brazil. (A) Lateral view of a calling male. Note white to translucent vocal sac, iridescent white mottling with a few brown blotches from the white lateral line towards the abdomen, and discrete shades of yellow on the inguinal region. (B) and (C) Dorsolateral views of two additional males. (D) From left to right, ventral views of the same males depicted in (B) and (C), respectively. Photos: P.I. Simões.

FIGURE 8 in An integrative appraisal of the diagnosis and distribution of Allobates sumtuosus (Morales, 2002) (Anura, Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 8. Color variation in live specimens of Allobates sumtuosus. (A) Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke (RFAD), Manaus, Amazonas. (B) Ventral view of male (left) and female (right) specimens from RFAD. (C) Fazenda Dimona, Manaus, Amazonas, about 60 km north of RFAD. (D) Vila de Balbina, Amazonas. (E) São João da Baliza, Roraima. (F) Ventral view of the same individual. Photographs A–B: Albertina P. Lima; C–D Pedro I. Simões; E–F: Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher.

FIGURE 4 in An integrative appraisal of the diagnosis and distribution of Allobates sumtuosus (Morales, 2002) (Anura, Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 4. Variation in dorsal color patterns among preserved Allobates sumtuosus specimens. Upper line: typical male specimens proceeding from Reserva Biológica do Rio Trombetas (INPA-H 31952, 31958, 31960). Lower line: male (INPA-H 31950, center) and female (INPA-H 31948–31949, left and right, respectively) specimens proceeding from Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, in Manaus. Note variation in conspicuousness and width of pale dorsolateral stripe, evident only as a weakly pigmented stretch along the lateral edges of dorsum. Scale bar corresponds to 10.0 mm.

FIGURE 3 in An integrative appraisal of the diagnosis and distribution of Allobates sumtuosus (Morales, 2002) (Anura, Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 3. Advertisement calls of Allobates sumtuosus recorded in three locations in Brazilian Amazonia: (A) At the species type locality at Reserva Biológica do Rio Trombetas (REBio Trombetas), State of Pará; (B) at Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke (RFAD), in Manaus, State of Amazonas; and (C) in São João da Baliza (SJB), State of Roraima. Air temperatures at the time of recording were 23.5, 27.3 and 25.9°C, respectively. (D) Calls of Anomaloglossus stepheni, recorded in REBio Trombetas, at 27.0°C. The species is the only cryptically colored aromobatid frog known to be syntopic to A. sumtuosus along its type locality. However, calls of the two species are easily distinguished by the arrangement and duration of notes and intervening silent intervals.

FIGURE 7 in An integrative appraisal of the diagnosis and distribution of Allobates sumtuosus (Morales, 2002) (Anura, Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 7. Geographic distribution of Allobates sumtuosus records in Brazilian Amazonia (red dots), and type localities of two morphologically similar species, Allobates spumaponens (yellow diamond) and Allobates granti (yellow triangle) in Guyana and French Guiana, respectively. Allobates sumtuosus records correspond to: 1—Reserva Biológica do Rio Trombetas, State of Pará; 2—Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, in Manaus, Amazonas; 3—Fazenda Dimona, part of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragmentation Project (BDFFP), north of Manaus; 4—Vila de Balbina, near the city of Presidente Figueiredo; 5—São João da Baliza, in southeast Roraima. White dots indicate records of specimens identified as Allobates spumaponens by Ávila-Pires et al. (2010). State capitals in Brazil (white squares) are used as geographic references.

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FIGURE 1 in The complex advertisement calls of Allobates myersi (Pyburn, 1981) (Anura: Aromobatidae) from São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Brazil

FIGURE 1. (A), (B) and (C) Segments of advertisement call bouts of three Allobates myersi males (voucher numbers INPA-H 26369, 26370, 26372, respectively) recorded in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil. Call variation in number and arrangement of notes is observed within each call bout, and between call bouts of different individuals. In segment A, six calls with three distinct arrangements are observed. In segment B, five calls with two distinct arrangements are observed. In segment C, seven calls are shown, with four distinct arrangements. (D) Detailed view of a single call formed by a fast trill of four notes, followed by a second component formed by two notes, representing the most frequent call pattern observed in the study population (E) Dorsal and ventral view, in life, of a male A. myersi (INPA-H 26371). The relatively large snout-to-vent length (28.1±1.5mm in average between individuals analyzed), the brown to light-brown dorsum, and the bright red flash mark with diffuse edges on dorsal surface of thighs are diagnostic characters used to distinguish A. myersi from other congeneric species.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of nurse-frog (Aromobatidae, Allobates) from the Amazonian forest of Loreto, Peru

FIGURE 5. Variation in ventral color pattern of preserved specimens of Allobates sieggreenae sp. nov. Top row: three male paratypes (CRBIIAP 1779, 1740, MCP 14526). Bottom row: three female paratypes (CRBIIAP 1757, 1750, 1842).

FIGURE 1 in A new species of nurse-frog (Aromobatidae, Allobates) from the Amazonian forest of Loreto, Peru

FIGURE 1. (A) Map of western Amazonia and neighboring areas (inset map indicates its location within South America) showing rivers (blue lines), country borders (black contours), and known localities of Allobates sieggreenae sp. nov. and A. trilineatus sensu lato. (B) Satellite image of the Ucayali-Tapiche-Yavarí interfluve and neighboring regions with main rivers, cities, and conservation areas labeled (the area of the latter shaded with light green). Centro de Investigaciones Jenaro-Herrera (CIJH) and Río Blanco (RB).

FIGURE 7 in A new species of nurse-frog (Aromobatidae, Allobates) from the Amazonian forest of Loreto, Peru

FIGURE 7. Comparative oscillograms and power spectra (top and bottom graphs of each figure, respectively) of the advertisement call of the holotype of Allobates sieggreenae sp. nov. (A, B) and a topotypic A. trilineatus (C). (A) Call trill formed by irregularly spaced single notes. (B) Detailed view of three notes of the same call. (D, E) dorsolateral and ventral views of the recorded specimen (MCP 14309).

FIGURE 4 in A new species of nurse-frog (Aromobatidae, Allobates) from the Amazonian forest of Loreto, Peru

FIGURE 4. Variation in dorsal color pattern of preserved specimens of Allobates sieggreenae sp. nov. Top row: three male paratypes (CRBIIAP 1779, 1740, MCP 14526). Bottom row: three female paratypes (CRBIIAP 1757, 1750, 1842).

FIGURE 6 in A new species of nurse-frog (Aromobatidae, Allobates) from the Amazonian forest of Loreto, Peru

FIGURE 6. Color in life of type specimens, information of specific vouchers not recorded, of Allobates sieggreenae sp. nov. (A) Dorsolateral and (B) ventral views of an adult male. (C) Dorsolateral and (D) ventral views of an adult female. (E) An adult male vocalizing with its vocal sac inflated. (F) Dorsolateral and (G) ventral views of a juvenile specimen.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of nurse-frog (Aromobatidae, Allobates) from the Amazonian forest of Loreto, Peru

FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic hypothesis of Allobates and outgroup taxa inferred from a maximum likelihood analysis (ln = - 8,552.38) of 605 bp of the 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene. Numbers on branches are bootstrap frequencies (percentage)> 50% from 1,000 pseudoreplicates. The taxonomy of A. trilineatus follows Jaramillo et al. (2021) and is highlighted by different branch colors.

FIGURE 9 in A new species of nurse-frog (Aromobatidae, Allobates) from the Amazonian forest of Loreto, Peru

FIGURE 9. Morphometric comparisons among adult specimens of Allobates sieggreenae sp. nov. and A. trilineatus sensu stricto. (A) Scatter plot of the first two principal components explaining 88.6% of the variance. (B) Violin plots of the four most important morphometric variables explaining the variance of the first two principal components. SVL: snout vent length, ED: eye diameter, FL: foot length, HL: head length.