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3,472 results for “Balance”
Future greenhouse gas balance of northern peatlands
<p>Time series of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions (1861-2299) from northern peatlands, simulated by five land surface models. </p>
Broad diversity in monoterpene-sesquiterpene balance across wild sunflowers: implications of leaf and floral volatiles for biotic interactions
<p>• <strong>Premise of the study:</strong> As plant lineages diversify across environmental gradients, species are predicted to encounter divergent biotic pressures. This study investigates the evolution of volatile secondary metabolism across <em>Helianthus</em> genus. <br>• <strong>Methods:</strong> Leaves and petals of 40 species of wild <em>Helianthus</em> were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry to describe volatile secondary metabolite profiles. <br>• <strong>Key results:</strong> Across all species, 500 compounds were identified including 40% sesquiterpenes, 18% monoterpenes, 3% diterpenes, 4% fatty acid derivatives, and 35% other compounds such as phenolics and small organic compounds. Qualitatively, annuals and species from more arid western climates had leaf compositions with a higher proportion of total monoterpenes, while erect perennials and species from more mesic eastern habitats contained a higher proportion of total sesquiterpenes. Among species, mass-based leaf monoterpene and sesquiterpene abundance were identified as largely orthogonal axes of variation by principal components analysis. Leaf and petal profiles were not strongly correlated. <br>• <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Wide diversity in volatile metabolism was observed among wild <em>Helianthus</em>, indicating value of this genus as a model system, and a rich genetic resource. The independence of leaf and petal volatile profiles indicates a low level of phenotypic integration between vegetative and reproductive structures, implying vegetative defense and reproductive defense or pollinator attraction functions mediated by terpenoid profiles in these two organs can evolve without major tradeoffs. The major biosynthetic pathways manufacturing major terpenoids identified in wild <em>Helianthus </em>have been well described to date, providing a road map to deeper inquiry into the drivers of this diversity.</p>
North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) data used in "Passive Tracer Modelling at Super-Resolution with WRF-ARW to Assess Mass-Balance Schemes"
<p>North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - 20 August 2013, 26 August 2013, 2 September 2013 - used as input information (initial and boundary condition) for WRF simulations described in "Passive Tracer Modelling at Super-Resolution with WRF-ARW to Assess Mass-Balance Schemes" (Fathi et al., 2022 - egusphere-2022-1125). NARR data can be accessed and downloaded at the following web address "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/weather-climate-models/north-american-regional/". </p>
Data set for "Landscape-variability of the carbon balance across managed boreal forests"
<p>This data set is a compilation of biometric- and chamber-based annual CO<sub>2</sub> flux estimates obtained during the period 2016–2018. Data were collected in 50 main forest stands within the Krycklan Catchment Study (KCS, https://www.slu.se/Krycklan), a multi-scale long-term monitored boreal catchment spanning 68 km<sup>2</sup> in northern Sweden. Seven additional old forest stands were also included with the aim to reconcile our CO<sub>2</sub> flux estimates for the old age class.</p> <p>Selected forest stands encompassed different landscape attributes: 1) soil type (i.e., sediment and till), 2) dominant tree species (i.e., pine and spruce), and 3) stand age class (i.e., initiation, young, middle-aged, mature, and old stands). Annual CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes included are the following: net ecosystem production (NEP), net primary production (NPP), net primary production of trees (NPP<sub>t</sub>), net primary production of understory (NPP<sub>u</sub>) as well as total heterotrophic respiration (RH) and its soil and dead wood components (RH<sub>s</sub> and RH<sub>dw</sub>, respectively). All component CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes are presented as positive terms, whereas positive and negative NEP refers to net C sink and source, respectively.</p> <p>It also includes a set of potential abiotic and biotic drivers controlling NEP and its component fluxes at the landscape-scale.</p> <p>This data set is composed of three Microsoft Excel worksheets: readme, metadata, and data.</p> <p>More details can be found in Peichl et al. (2022) Landscape-variability of the carbon balance across managed boreal forests. Global Change Biology, 00, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16534.</p> <p>Contact information:</p> <p>Professor Matthias Peichl (<a href="mailto:matthias.peichl@slu.se">Matthias.Peichl@slu.se</a>)</p> <p>Ph.D. Eduardo Martínez García (<a href="mailto:eduardo.martinez@slu.se">Eduardo.Martinez@slu.se</a>, <a href="mailto:edu.martinez.garcia@gmail.com">edu.martinez.garcia@gmail.com</a>)</p> <p>Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd 17, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden</p>
Fluctuations in resource availability shape the competitive balance among non-native plant species
<p>Fluctuating resource availability plays a critical role in determining non-native plant invasions by mediating the competitive balance between non-native and native species. However, the impact of fluctuating resource availability on interactions among non-native species remains largely unknown. This represents a barrier to understanding invasion mechanisms, particularly in habitats that harbor multiple non-native species with different responses to fluctuating resource availability. To examine the responses of non-native plant species to nutrient fluctuations, we compared the growth of each of 12 non-native species found to be common in local natural areas to nutrients supplied at a constant rate or supplied as a single large pulse in a pot experiment. We found that seven species produced more biomass with pulsed nutrients compared to constant nutrients (hereafter 'benefitting species'), while the other five species did not differ between nutrient enrichment treatments (hereafter 'non-benefitting species'). To investigate how nutrient fluctuations influence the interactions among non-native plant species, we established experimental non-native communities in the field with two benefitting and two non-benefitting non-native species. Compared with constant nutrient supply, the single large pulse of nutrients did not influence community biomass, but strongly increased the biomass and cover of the benefitting species and decreased those of the non-benefitting species. Furthermore, the benefitting species had higher leaf N content and greater plant height when nutrients were supplied as a single large pulse than at a constant rate, whereas the non-benefitting species showed no differences in leaf N content and were shorter when nutrients were supplied as a single large pulse than at a constant rate. Our results add to the growing evidence that the individual responses of non-native species to nutrient fluctuation are species-specific. More importantly, benefitting species were favored by nutrients coming in a pulse, while non-benefitting ones were favored by nutrients coming constantly when they grew together. This suggests that nutrient fluctuations can mediate the competitive balance among non-native plants and may thus determine their invasion success in a community harbouring multiple non-native plant species.</p>
Balanced polymorphisms and their divergence in a Heliconius butterfly
<p>The evolution of mimicry in similarly defended prey is well described by Müllerian mimicry theory, which predicts the convergence of warning patterns in order to gain the most protection from predators. However, despite this prediction, we can find great diversity of color patterns amongst Müllerian mimics such as <i>Heliconius </i>butterflies in the neotropics. Furthermore, some species have evolved the ability to maintain multiple distinct warning patterns in single populations, a phenomenon known as polymorphic mimicry. The adaptive benefit of these polymorphisms is questionable since variation from the most common warning patterns is expected to be disadvantageous as novel signals are punished by predators naive to them. In this study we use artificial butterfly models throughout Central and South America to characterize the selective pressures maintaining polymorphic mimicry in <i>Heliconius doris.</i> Our results highlight the complexity of positive frequency-dependent selection, the principal selective pressure driving convergence amongst Müllerian mimics, and its impacts on interspecific variation of mimetic warning coloration. We further show how this selection regime can both limit and facilitate the diversification of mimetic traits.</p>
Raw data from thermistor string ice mass balance buoy 2021M31
<p>Raw data from thermistor string sea ice mass balance buoy. Raw data, no quality control. Data files (csv) are in zip file. Deployment card (pdf) is also attached to the data set.</p>
Data Set: Balanced Magnetic Antenna for Partial Discharge Measurements in Gas-Insulated Substations
<p>Data set for the publication named: Balanced Magnetic Antenna for Partial Discharge Measurements in Gas-Insulated Substations. Each header corresponds to the figure and legend.</p>
Amacrine cells differentially balance zebrafish colour circuits in the central and peripheral retina
<p>In vertebrate vision, the feature-extracting circuits of the inner retina are driven by photoreceptors whose outputs are already pre-processed. In zebrafish, for example, outer retinal circuits split "colour" from "greyscale" information across all four cone-photoreceptor types. How does the inner retina process this incoming spectral information while also combining cone signals to shape new greyscale functions?</p> <p>We address this question by imaging the light-driven responses of amacrine cells (ACs) and bipolar cells (BCs) in larval zebrafish, in the presence and pharmacological absence of inner retinal inhibition. We find that amacrine cells exert distinct effects on greyscale processing depending on retinal region, as well as contributing to the generation of colour opponency in the central retina. However, in the peripheral retina amacrine cells enhanced opponency in some bipolar cells while at the same time suppressing pre-existing opponency in others, such that the net change in the number of colour-opponent units was essentially zero. To achieve this 'dynamic balance' ACs counteracted intrinsic colour opponency of BCs via the On-channel. Consistent with these observations, Off-stratifying ACs were exclusively achromatic, while all colour opponent ACs stratified in the On-sublamina.</p> <p>This study reveals that the central and peripheral retina of larval zebrafish employ fundamentally distinct inhibitory circuits to control the interaction between greyscale- and colour-processing. Differential actions on the On- and Off-channels control the transmission of colour-opponent signals in the periphery.</p>
Net greenhouse gas balance of fibre wood plantation on peat in Indonesia
<p>Tropical peatlands cycle and store large amounts of carbon in their soil and biomass<sup>1–5</sup>. Climate and land-use change alter greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of tropical peatlands, but the magnitude of these changes remains highly uncertain<sup>6–19</sup>. Here we measure net ecosystem exchanges of carbon dioxide, methane and soil nitrous oxide fluxes between October 2016 and May 2022 from <em>Acacia crassicarpa </em>plantation, degraded forest and intact forest within the same peat landscape, representing land-cover change trajectories in Sumatra, Indonesia. This allows us to present a full plantation rotation GHG flux balance in fibre wood plantation on peatland. We find that the <em>Acacia </em>plantation has lower GHG emissions than the degraded site with a similar average groundwater level (GWL), despite more intensive land use. The GHG emissions from the <em>Acacia </em>plantation over a full plantation rotation (35.2 ± 4.7 tCO<sub>2</sub>-eq ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>, average ± standard deviation) were around two times higher than those from the intact forest (20.3 ± 3.7 tCO<sub>2</sub>-eq ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>), but only half of the current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 emission factor (EF)<sup>20</sup> for this land use. Our results can help to reduce the uncertainty in GHG emissions estimates, provide an estimate of the impact of land-use change on tropical peat and develop science-based peatland management practices as nature-based climate solutions.</p>
Assessing Future Hydrological Impacts of Climate Change on High-Mountain Central Asia: Insights from a Stochastic Soil Moisture Water Balance Model
<p>Dataset accompanying the publication "Assessing Future Hydrological Impacts of Climate Change on High-Mountain Central Asia: Insights from a Stochastic Soil Moisture Water Balance Model"</p> <p> </p>
Convection-permitting projections of future changes in water balance and groundwater-surface water interactions
<p>This dataset consists of processed data in the manuscript of "Convection-permitting projections of future changes in water balance and groundwater-surface water interactions".</p>
75-kyr paired mean summer temperature (MST) and moisture balance (BIT-index) data for eastern equatorial Africa based on GDGT distributions in the DeepCHALLA sediment sequence
<p>The DeepCHALLA (DCH) GDGT-based climate proxy data series consist of paired measurements on 373 discrete 2-cm-thick sediment samples, represented by their DCH event-free depth in meter (mefd). Section depth center refers to the distance (in cm) of the sample’s center from the top of the individual core section as represented by its DCH core code. Sediment age is based on the age model as presented in Fig. 2 in Baxter et al. (2023). Mean Summer Temperature (MST) was calculated from the distribution of sedimentary brGDGTs according to Pearson et al. (2011) and rescaled using an ensemble reconstruction for eastern Africa covering the last 25 ka (Extended Data Fig. 4 in Baxter et al., 2023). The branched versus isoprenoid tetraether (BIT) index of sedimentary brGDGTs from Lake Chala, reflecting lake water-balance variation, was calculated according to Hopmans et al. (2004).</p>
Energy balance Ruditapes decussatus
<p>Growth and physiological performance in growth phenotypes of the carpet shell clam (<em>Ruditapes decussatus</em>) fed diets of variable lipid/carbohydrate ratios</p>
Enhancing algebraic equation solving in upper elementary and middle school students using an algebra balance model
<p><span>This </span><span>study investigates the effectiveness of Level I, the first seven lessons, of the Hands-On Equations balance model in improving the equation-solving skills of upper elementary and middle school students. Fourth</span><span>-grade (n = 123) and eighth-grade (n = 105) students from eleven classes in the United States participated in this study. </span><span>A </span><span>pretest-to-posttest</span><span> design was used to evaluate the performance of </span><span>the students </span><span>on six algebraic equations, including three equations with the unknown on both sides of the equal sign. </span><span>The students were provided with a six-question pretest prior to classroom instruction on the system, a posttest following Lesson 6 using the manipulatives, and a posttest following Lesson 7 without the manipulatives. Students were allowed 15 minutes for each of the tests. Each question answered correctly was given 1 point, regardless of the difficulty level of the question. Although the question paper had a field to enter the check for each problem, only the value for <em>x</em> was used to determine if the problem was answered correctly. The study sought to measure the effect of the program on the 4th grade, 8th grade rural, and 8th grade suburban groups. It also sought to compare the 4th grade results to an 8th grade benchmark. The data set includes the testing instrument, the pre- and post-testing data for each class, as well as an item analysis for the three groups. </span></p>
Supporting information for: Integrating morphological, molecular, and cytogenetic data for F2 sea turtle hybrids diagnosis revealed balanced chromosomal sets
<p><span>Hybridization could be considered part of the evolutionary history of many species. The hybridization among sea turtle species on the Brazilian coast is atypical and occurs where nesting areas and reproductive seasons overlap. Integrated analysis of morphology and genetics is still scarce, and there is no evidence of the parental chromosome set distribution in sea turtle interspecific hybrids. In this study, chromosome markers previously established for pure sea turtle species were combined with morphological and molecular analyses aiming to recognize genetic composition and chromosome sets in possible interspecific hybrids initially identified by mixed morphology. The data showed that one hybrid could be an F<sub>2</sub> individual among <em>Caretta caretta </em>× <em>Eretmochelys</em> <em>imbricata</em> × <em>Chelonia</em> <em>mydas</em>, and another is resulting from backcross between <em>C. caretta </em>× <em>Lepidochelys</em> <em>olivacea</em>. Native alleles of different parental lineages were reported in the hybrids, and, despite this, it was verified that the hybrid chromosome sets were still balanced. Thus, how sea turtle hybridism can affect genetic features in the long term is a concern, as the implications of the crossing-over in hybrid chromosomal sets and the effects on genetic function are still unpredictable. </span></p>
Balancing Accuracy and Evaluation Overhead in Simulation Point Selection
<p>This is the dataset collected for the paper "Balancing Accuracy and Evaluation Overhead in Simulation Point Selection" published at IISWC 2023. It contains 710850 SimPoint configurations and their statistics collected over 22 SPEC2017 benchmarks.</p>
No evidence that the widespread environmental contaminant caffeine alters energy balance or stress responses in fish
<p>Anthropogenic sources of environmental pollution are ever-increasing as urban areas expand and more chemical compounds are used in daily life. The stimulant caffeine is one of the most consumed chemical compounds worldwide, and as a result, has been detected as an environmental contaminant in all types of major water sources on all continents. Exposure of wildlife to environmental pollutants can disrupt the energy balance of these organisms, as restoration of homeostasis is prioritised. In turn, energy allocated to other key biological processes such as growth or reproduction may be affected, consequently reducing the overall fitness of an individual. Therefore, we aimed to investigate if long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of caffeine had any energetic consequences on wildlife. Specifically, we exposed wild eastern mosquitofish (<em>Gambusia holbrooki</em>) to one of three nominal concentrations of caffeine (0, 100, and 10,000 ng/L) and assayed individuals for metabolic rate, general activity, antipredator and foraging behaviour, and body size as measures of energy expenditure or energy intake. We found no differences in any measured traits between any of the given exposure treatments, indicating that exposure to caffeine at current environmental levels may not adversely affect the energy balance and fitness of vulnerable freshwater fish.</p>
Balancing Authority Hourly Generation Of Installed Plant Capacities in CONUS
<p>This dataset contains the hourly generation time series for each Balancing Authority representing the installed capacity in each month from 2007 through 2020. The time series is aggregated from plant-level generation of plants that exist in the Energy Information Administration (EIA) database as of 2020. The time series are simulated <strong>actual generation</strong> meaning that the installed capacities have been applied to the hourly capacity factor profiles in <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7901614">Bracken et al. 2023</a>. These historical generation time series reflect the actual monthly installed capacity at each plant; the EIA 860 and EIA 860m databases were mined to identify months of first operation, retirement, and extended periods of maintenance or non-operation. These databases were also used to create time series of Balancing Authority (BA) level hourly generation to reflect the actual monthly installed capacity. The BA-level time series tracks the BA membership of each power plant in each month; the time series reflects the monthly inventory and hourly production in each BA.</p> <p>For more information please refer to Campbell et al. 2023, Dynamically Downscaled Power Production for All EIA Wind and Solar Power Plants, in prep, and to the code repository at <a href="https://github.com/GODEEEP/godeeep-eia-power">https://github.com/GODEEEP/godeeep-eia-power</a>.</p> <p>The dataset contains three types of files:</p> <p>Monthly Plant-Level Inventory - The monthly plant-level inventory (<code>all_years_860m.csv</code>) contains the identification codes for each generator (including the <code>plant_code_unique</code> identifier to link with the solar and wind profiles in Bracken et al. 2023), the capacity in that month, the balancing authority that plant operated for in that month, the resource type (<code>solar</code> or <code>wind</code>), the month and year, and whether the nameplate capacity in that month needs to be scale to account for aggregation of very large wind power plants (i.e., more than 300 turbines).</p> <p>BA-level Hourly Generation - The BA-level hourly generation files (<code>solar_BA_generation.csv</code> and <code>wind_BA_generation.csv</code>) contain hourly generation at the BA level for each BA in the 2020 EIA 860 database. The first column contains a time stamp and each column header is the name of the BA as it exists in the EIA 860 database (e.g., ISO New England is ISNE, CAISO is CISO). The time series spans 2007 through 2020. The time series begin in 2007, as this aligns with the first year of publication of the EIA 923 monthly plant-level generation dataset and with the first year of available BA-level self-reported generation. The purpose of the temporal baseline alignment is for validation of the time series, discussed in Campbell et al. 2023. Validation metrics in this paper are provided at the BA-level.</p> <p>Plant-level Hourly Generation - The plant-level hourly generation files (<code>solar_plant_generation.csv</code> and <code>wind_plant_generation.csv</code>) contain hourly generation at the generator level for each power plant that exists in the EIA 860 database in 2020. The files are organized with an hourly timestamp for each row and a unique generator id for each column. The generator id is a concatenation of the EIA Plant ID and the EIA Generator ID with an underscore separating the strings. <strong>The plant-level hourly generation time series are intended to be aggregated to the BA-level.</strong> These plant-level time series are provided to the user to allow for re-aggregation for bespoke regional analyses.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Known Issues</strong></p> <ul> <li>The following wind power plants (identifier <code>plant_code_unique</code>) have a cf greater than 1 and were scaled to 0.885 <ul> <li>['2024', '2024_1', '2024_3', '2024_4', '7855', '7855_1', '7927', '7927_1', '7927_2', '7965', '7965_1', '7974', '7974_1', '52162', '52163', '54300', '54793', '54793_2', '55741', '55944', '55995_1', '56577', '57214', '57257', '57258', '57258_1', '57594', '57721', '57721_1', '58105', '58112', '58113', '58113_1', '59328', '59329', '59330', '59331', '61677', '61677_1', '61677_2', '62442', '64130']</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Changelog</strong></p> <ul> <li>v1.1.0 - Updates the basis for plant-level inventory from the EIA860 monthly reports (considered preliminary) to the EIA860 annual reports (considered complete and final).</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>This research was supported by the Grid Operations, Decarbonization, Environmental and Energy Equity Platform (GODEEEP) Investment, under the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL).</p> <p>PNNL is a multi-program national laboratory operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by Battelle Memorial Institute under Contract No. DE-AC05-76RL01830.</p>
Phantom measurement data for 'Pure balanced steady-state free precession imaging (pure bSSFP)'
<p>This dataset contains the phantom bSSFP phase-cycled measurement data used in the published article: Schäper et al. 'Pure balanced steady-state free precession imaging (pure bSSFP)', Magn Reson Med. 2022;87:1886-1893 (doi: 10.1002/mrm.29086).<br> The acquisitions were made with a 3 T MRI system (Magnetom Prisma; Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) using a 20 channel head coil. The data contains four datasets for different TR values (1.5 ms, 3 ms, 5 ms and 8 ms), each was measured with eight phase cycles (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270° and 315°). For further measurement details, please refer to the mentioned original article.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.