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Fig. 5 in Enhancement of antroquinonol production via the overexpression of 4-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase biosynthesis-related genes in Antrodia cinnamomea

Fig. 5. The HPLC chromatogram of the 95% ethanol-extracted compounds from pCT74-gpd (A), pCT74-gpd-ubiA (B), and pCT74-gpd-CoQ2 (C) transformants. The culture experiments were carried out in 500-mL shake flasks at 28 ◦C and 150 rpm for 10 days.

Fig. 3 in Enhancement of antroquinonol production via the overexpression of 4-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase biosynthesis-related genes in Antrodia cinnamomea

Fig. 3. Growth morphology of A. cinnamomea and its transformants on PDA at 12 days. A, Wild-type A. cinnamomea S-29 cultivated on PDA plate; B, C and D, Transformants cultivated on selective PDA plates (B, pCT74-gpd; C, pCT74-gpd-ubiA; D, pCT74-gpd-CoQ2).

Fig. 2 in Enhancement of antroquinonol production via the overexpression of 4-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase biosynthesis-related genes in Antrodia cinnamomea

Fig. 2. The construction of three plasmids (A) and verification of transformants (B). Lane M, DNA marker; Lane 1, the pCT74-gpd plasmid as a positive control; Lane 2, the pCT74-gpd transformant; Lane 3, the pCT74-gpd-ubiA plasmid as a positive control; Lane 4, the pCT74-gpd-ubiA transformant; Lane 5, the pCT74-gpd-CoQ2 plasmid as a positive control; Lane 6, the pCT74-gpd-CoQ2 transformant; Lane WT, the wild-type strain; Lane N, negative control.

Fig. 1. A in Enhancement of antroquinonol production via the overexpression of 4-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase biosynthesis-related genes in Antrodia cinnamomea

Fig. 1. A. Effect of digestion time on protoplast yield; B. Effect of enzyme concentration on protoplast yield. a-f Different lower-case letters indicate a significant difference (p <0.05).

Fig. 3 in A pair of threonines mark ent-kaurene synthases for phytohormone biosynthesis

Fig. 3. Identification of the TT motif. A) Representative alignment of KSs spanning plant evolution with the KS specific pair of threonines (TT motif) indicated by asterisks (*) above the alignment. B) Sequence logos demonstrating the absolute conservation of this TT motif in KS (bottom) relative to the derived KS(L)/TPS-e subfamily more generally (top). C) Location of TT motif in active site from model of AtKS (blue) containing 2-fluoroGGPP (green) and Mg2+ co-factors (magenta) derived from the template co-crystal structure of taxadiene synthase (Koksal et al., 2011).

Fig. 2 in A pair of threonines mark ent-kaurene synthases for phytohormone biosynthesis

Fig. 2. Representative phylogenetic tree for plant KS(L)/TPS-e subfamily. Green lines indicate KS activity, red lines KSL that mediate alternative product outcome. Green text indicates KS with known or assumed role in phytohormone biosynthesis, while blue text indicates enzymes known to produce 1 for secondary metabolism – i.e., in maize (Fu et al., 2016).

Fig. 7 in A pair of threonines mark ent-kaurene synthases for phytohormone biosynthesis

Fig. 7. TT motif codons are not conserved. A) Exon sizes from KS with known genomic sequence. B) Sequence of TT motif containing exon from AtKS (codons for TT motif in larger blue text). C) Sequence logo indicating lack of conservation of the codons for the TT motif – i.e., in the variable third/'wobble' position.

Fig. 6 in A pair of threonines mark ent-kaurene synthases for phytohormone biosynthesis

Fig. 6. TT motif has minimal effect on protein structure. CD spectra for wildtype (WT) and the T527 V/T528V (TT/VV) double mutant of AtKS (note that the minimal differences observed here are not reproducible).

Fig. 3 in Comparison of carbohydrate partitioning and expression patterns of some genes involved in carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways in annual and biennial species of Cichorium spp.

Fig. 3. Relative gene expression of SUT1-3 in different tissues of chicory and endive at S1 and S2 stages. Transcript levels were determined by qPCR and normalized against the expression of the reference gene (RPL19). Transcript levels in different organs were expressed relative to the levels of leaves of chicory at S1. Values represent the mean of three biological replicates ± SE. Different letters indicate statistical significance P <0.05 (Duncan's multiple range test).

Fig. 2 in Comparison of carbohydrate partitioning and expression patterns of some genes involved in carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways in annual and biennial species of Cichorium spp.

Fig. 2. Transcript levels of FAZY genes, 1-SST (a), 1-FFT (b), 1-FEHI (c), 1-FEHII (d) in different tissues of chicory and endive at S1 and S2 stages. Transcript levels were determined by qPCR and normalized against the expression of the reference gene (RPL19). Transcript levels in different organs were expressed relative to the levels of leaves of chicory at S1. Values represent the mean of three biological replicates ± SE. Different letters indicate statistical significance at P <0.05 (Duncan's multiple range test).

Fig. 1 in Comparison of carbohydrate partitioning and expression patterns of some genes involved in carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways in annual and biennial species of Cichorium spp.

Fig. 1. Fructose (a), glucose (b) and sucrose content (c) in different tissues of endive and chicory at two stages (S1 and S2), Values represent the mean of three biological replicates ± SE. Different letters indicate statistical significance at P <0.05 (Duncan's multiple range test). 1-kestose, nystose, inulin (D) and mDP (E) in roots of chicory at two stages (S1and S2), Values represent the mean of three biological replicates ± SE. Different letters indicate statistical significance according to the LSD at 0.01 probability level.

Fig. 4 in Comparison of carbohydrate partitioning and expression patterns of some genes involved in carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways in annual and biennial species of Cichorium spp.

Fig. 4. Relative expression analysis of SUS, VI, and CWI1-3, in different tissues of chicory and endive at S1 and S2 stages. Transcript levels were determined by qPCR and normalized against the expression of the reference gene (RPL19). Transcript levels in different organs were expressed relative to the levels of leaves of chicory at S1. Values represent the mean of three biological replicates ± SE. Different letters indicate statistical significance at P <0.05 (Duncan's multiple range test).

Fig. 2 in Comparative transcriptome analysis infers bulb derived in vitro cultures as a promising source for sipeimine biosynthesis in Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (Liliaceae, syn. Fritillaria roylei Hook.) - High value Himalayan medicinal herb

Fig. 2. (A–E) Differential gene expression analysis in comparative F. roylei transcriptome: (A) Heat-map showing differential gene expression in the bulb (PKW) vs callus (PK2); bulb (PKW) vs in vitro regenerated plantlets (PK1) and callus (PK2) vs in vitro regenerated plantlets (PK1); (B) Venn diagram represents the differential gene expression in PKW vs PK1; PKW vs PK2; PK2 vs PK1, (C–E) Volcano plots represents the differential gene expression in PKW vs PK1; PKW vs PK2; PK2 vs PK1 as colour description image, where p-value & log2 fold-change in red colour represents genes with log2 fold-change cut off 2 and p-value <=0.05; p-value in blue colour represents genes with no cut off on log2 fold-change and p-value <=0.05. Whereas, log2 fold-change in green colour represents genes with fold-change cut off 2 but no p-value cut off and non-significant (NS) in grey colour represents genes with no filter on log2 fold-change and p-value, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Comparative transcriptome analysis infers bulb derived in vitro cultures as a promising source for sipeimine biosynthesis in Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (Liliaceae, syn. Fritillaria roylei Hook.) - High value Himalayan medicinal herb

Fig. 1. (A–F) Functional annotations and unigenes classification of comparative F. roylei transcriptome: (A) Unigenes annotation with top 15 different plant species; (B) Top 5 pathway representation as per Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; (C) Gene Ontology classification under the cellular component, molecular function, and biological process categories; (D) COG (Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins) classification into nine different categories; (E) Unigenes classification into major transcription factor families; (F) Gene family and sub-family classification using TAIR database.

Fig. 4 in Comparative transcriptome analysis infers bulb derived in vitro cultures as a promising source for sipeimine biosynthesis in Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (Liliaceae, syn. Fritillaria roylei Hook.) - High value Himalayan medicinal herb

Fig. 4. Comparative expression pattern validation for the sipeimine biosynthetic pathway genes as obtained from RNA-Seq data and qRT-PCR.

Fig. 3 in Comparative transcriptome analysis infers bulb derived in vitro cultures as a promising source for sipeimine biosynthesis in Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (Liliaceae, syn. Fritillaria roylei Hook.) - High value Himalayan medicinal herb

Fig. 3. Proposed sipeimine biosynthetic pathways in F. roylei. Heat-map showing gene expression in the bulb, callus, and regenerated plantlets. The genes were mapped using TPM (transcripts per kilobase million) values and colour-coded by increasing relative expression. The broken dotted arrow represents putative terminal biosynthesis steps. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 8 in Drought stress induces biosynthesis of flavonoids in leaves and saikosaponins in roots of Bupleurum chinense DC

Fig. 8. Effects of drought stress on expression of key enzyme genes. A: HMGR; B: IPPI; C: FPS; D: SS; E: SE; F: β-AS; G: P450-7; H: P450-12; I: UGT-8. Shown are the means ± standard deviation (n = 3). The asterisk indicates a significant difference (p <0.05) between drought-stressed and control plants (Duncan's single-factor variance analysis).

Fig. 7 in Drought stress induces biosynthesis of flavonoids in leaves and saikosaponins in roots of Bupleurum chinense DC

Fig. 7. Changes in saikosaponin content under drought stress. (A) Total saikosaponin content. (B) SS-a content. (C) SS-d content. (D) SS-c content. (E) SS-e content. (F) SS-f content. Shown are the means ± standard deviation (n = 9). The asterisk indicates a significant difference (p <0.05) between drought-stressed and control plants (Duncan's single-factor variance analysis).

Fig. 4 in Drought stress induces biosynthesis of flavonoids in leaves and saikosaponins in roots of Bupleurum chinense DC

Fig. 4. Effects of drought stress on activities of SOD, POD, and CAT. (A) Changes in SOD activity. (B) Changes in POD activity. (C) Changes in CAT activity. Shown are the means ± standard deviation (n = 3). The asterisk indicates a significant difference (p <0.05) between drought-stressed and control plants (Duncan's singlefactor variance analysis).

Fig. 5 in Drought stress induces biosynthesis of flavonoids in leaves and saikosaponins in roots of Bupleurum chinense DC

Fig. 5. Changes in flavonoid content under drought stress. (A) Rutin content. (B) Quercetin content. (C) Kaempferol content. (D) Isorhamnetin content. Shown are the means ± standard deviation (n = 9). The asterisk indicates a significant difference (p <0.05) between drought-stressed and control plants (Duncan's single-factor variance analysis).