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FIGURE 9 in Continuous character variation within the Glossopleura-Anoria-Sonoraspis plexus: Dolichometopid trilobites from the Cadiz Formation (Cambrian: Miaolingian, Wuliuan), California

FIGURE 9. Phylogenetic analysis of 12 dolichometopid taxa for which there are relatively complete specimens, plus two outgroup taxa. A) Strict consensus of 40 MPTs of 41 steps. B) Strict consensus of 4 MPTs of 38 steps, after removal of the less well represented taxon G. bion. C) Strict consensus of 2 MPTs of 35 steps with just 8 dolichometopid taxa, after assuming the following synonymies: G. mckeei = G. boccar; S. californica = G. mohavensis; and G. producta = G. boccar. See text.

FIGURE 4 in Continuous character variation within the Glossopleura-Anoria-Sonoraspis plexus: Dolichometopid trilobites from the Cadiz Formation (Cambrian: Miaolingian, Wuliuan), California

FIGURE 4. Comparison of cranial measurements (in mm) in dolichometopids assigned to Glossopleura (blue), Sonoraspis (red), and Anoria (black). A) Eye length relative to glabella length. B) Eye position as represented by mid-ocular distance versus glabella length. Genera coded by color as noted above. Species denoted by symbols as listed alphabetically here: Glossopleura bion (filled blue squares), G. boccar (open blue diamonds), G. campbelli (open blue circles), G. gigantea (open blue ovals), G. lodensis (blue stars), G. mckeei (open blue triangles), G. mohavensis (blue dashes), G. producta (filled blue triangles), G. similaris (open inverted blue triangles), G. stephenensis (filled inverted blue triangles), G. utahensis (vertical blue bars), G. walcotti (filled blue diamonds), G. yatesi (filled blue circles); Sonoraspis californica (filled red squares), S. gomezi (open red squares), S. nelsoni (red pluses); Anoria baton (black pluses), A. bessus (black X), and A. tontoensis (filled black circles),

FIGURE 11 in Continuous character variation within the Glossopleura-Anoria-Sonoraspis plexus: Dolichometopid trilobites from the Cadiz Formation (Cambrian: Miaolingian, Wuliuan), California

FIGURE 11. Some representative dolichometopids from other formations included in this study. A–B and D–E) Glossopleura boccar. C) Glossopleura similaris(?) F) Anoria tontoensis. G–H) Glossopleura mohavensis. A) USNM 62703, type of Glossopleura boccar, from the Stephen Formation. B) USNM 62702, specimen originally assigned to G. stephenensis, from the Stephen Formation. C) KUMIP 314054, G. similaris(?), from the Spence Shale (Langston Formation). D) SGDS 1975, G. boccar, from the Chisholm Formation. E) USNM 62714, specimen originally assigned to G. mckeei, from the Bright Angel Formation. F) USNM 62685, Anoria tontoensis, from the Bright Angel Formation. G) LACMIP 10782, specimen originally assigned to "Sonoraspis nelsoni", from the Monola Formation. H) LACMIP 2469/24444.1, specimen originally assigned to "Sonoraspis californica", from the Pole Canyon Formation. (Image in D courtesy of Andrew R.C. Milner. G and H courtesy LACM: Hendy, A., Walker, L., Mertz, W. [2020]. LACM Invertebrate Paleontology. Version 1.9. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/ 10.15468/6nxzen accessed via GBIF.org on 2021-03-23.) All scale bars equal 1 cm.

FIGURE 10. Dolichometopid trilobite specimens from the Cadiz Formation, California. A in Continuous character variation within the Glossopleura-Anoria-Sonoraspis plexus: Dolichometopid trilobites from the Cadiz Formation (Cambrian: Miaolingian, Wuliuan), California

FIGURE 10. Dolichometopid trilobite specimens from the Cadiz Formation, California. A) Glossopleura lodensis (USNM 78400a), note eight thoracic segments, elongate T5 pleural spines, anteriorly expanded glabella, and long eyes (impression, lighting from left). B) Glossopleura mohavensis (USNM 78400b), note eight thoracic segments (dorsal exoskeleton, lighting from left). C) Glossopleura mohavensis (LACM 10785; "Sonoraspis californica"), note wide glabella, eight thoracic segments, and axial spine bases (impression, lighting from left). D) Glossopleura mohavensis (LACM 10786; "Sonoraspis californica"), note wide glabella, eight thoracic segments, and axial spine bases (impression, lighting from left). E) Glossopleura mohavensis (MWC 7769), note eight thoracic segments (dorsal exoskeleton, lighting from left). F) Glossopleura mohavensis (MWC 7779), (dorsal exoskeleton, lighting from left). A and B from the Bristol Mountains; C and D from near Section A of Foster (1994) (type section; north of Route 66), Marble Mountains; E and F from UCR 7359, near Section B of Foster (1994) (south of Route 66), Marble Mountains. All scale bars = 1 cm.

FIGURE 6 in Continuous character variation within the Glossopleura-Anoria-Sonoraspis plexus: Dolichometopid trilobites from the Cadiz Formation (Cambrian: Miaolingian, Wuliuan), California

FIGURE 6. Anterior expansion of glabella in dolichometopids. A) Comparing AGW/MGW and AGW/PGW, showing Anoria and Sonoraspis less expanded but well mixed with Glossopleura specimens. B) Full data set statistics.

FIGURE 2 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 2. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431a). A, lateral view of the part; B-C, tomographic models of the part — lateral view of the part with the matrix partially removed digitally and lateral view of the part with the matrix further removed digitally, respectively. All scale bars are 5 mm. Blue and white arrowheads point to the tergopleurae of the third trunk segment and black and red arrowheads indicate the paddle shaped exopods of trunk limbs 1-3.

FIGURE 1 in Continuous character variation within the Glossopleura-Anoria-Sonoraspis plexus: Dolichometopid trilobites from the Cadiz Formation (Cambrian: Miaolingian, Wuliuan), California

FIGURE 1. Measurements taken of dolichometopid cephala for this study. Abbreviations: AGW, anterior glabella width; CW, cephalon width; EL, eye length; GL, glabella length; MGW, mid-glabella width; MOD, midocular distance; PGW, posterior glabella width.

FIGURE 5 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 5. Reconstruction of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China: Artistic reconstruction of larvae, juveniles, and an adult specimen by C. McCall.

FIGURE 2 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 2. Adult specimens of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China. A, U-shaped individual with preserved post-anal organ, YKLP14530. B, Interpretative drawing of A. C, Nearly complete curved specimen, co-occurring with some incomplete specimens, YKLP14531. D, Interpretative drawing of C. Scale bars, 1 mm. A, anus; CO, collar; EBR, epibranchial ridge; GB+TB, gill and tongue bars; In, intestine; KHS, kidney–heart–stomochord complex; P, proboscis; PAO, post-anal organ; PR, parabranchial ridges; T, trunk.

FIGURE 3 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 3. Larvae and juvenile specimens of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China, and comparison to extant hemichordate and echinoderm larvae. A, Post-hatched early stage tornaria larva, YKLP 14532. B, Interpretive drawing of A. C, Early to middle stage larva, YKLP14540. D, Interpretive drawing of C. E, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14533. F, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14536. G, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14548. H, Juvenile specimen with at least two pairs of preserved oval-shaped gill pores, YKLP14549. I, Interpretive drawing of E. J, Interpretive drawing of F. K, Interpretive drawing of G. L, Interpretive drawing of H. M, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14551. N, SEM micrograph of an extant tornaria larva of Schizocardium sp. from the coast of Texas. O, SEM micrograph of an extant early stage juvenile of Schizocardium sp. from the coast of Texas. P–S, Interpretive drawings of the developing stages of an indirect developing modern enteropneust (modified from Gonzalez et al., 2017). P, Early stage tornaria larva. Q, Middle stage tornaria larva. R, Late stage tornaria larva. S, Post metamorphic juvenile. T, Interpretive drawing of an echinoderm (Holothuroidea) larva (modified from Dyachuk and Odintsova, 2013). Scale bars, 500 μm (A–L, N, O), 1 mm (M). AO, apical organ. CB, ciliary band; CO, collar; D, digestive tract; ES, esophagus; GP, gill pore; In, intestine; KHS, kidney–heart–stomochord complex; M, mouth; P, proboscis; PAO, post-anal organ; PFB, perioral feeding band; PT, post telotroch; T, trunk.; TL, telotroch.

FIGURE 1 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 1. Adult specimens of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China. A, Part of the holotype, YKLP14443. B, X-ray tomographic image of YKLP14443. C, Interpretative drawing of the anterior part of A. D, A well-preserved individual attached to an uncertain sclerite, YKLP14529. E, Fluorescent microscopy image of the white dashed area in C. F, Interpretative drawing of C. Scale bars, 2 mm (A–C, G), 1 mm (D–F). CO, collar; EBR, epibranchial ridge; GB+TB, gill and tongue bars; GP, gill pore; KHS, kidney–heart–stomochord complex; M, mouth; NS, nuchal skeleton; P, proboscis; PR, parabranchial ridges; T, trunk.

FIGURE 4 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 4. SEM and SEM-EDX analyses of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China. A–H, Soft-bodied tissue preservation of YKLP14532. A, A SEM micrograph showing the larva. B–H, Individual elemental maps. B, Iron. C, Sulfur. D, Carbon. E, Oxygen. F, Aluminum. G, Silicon. H, Potassium. I–P, Soft-bodied tissue preservation of YKLP14540. I, A SEM micrograph showing the larva. J–P, Individual elemental maps. J, Iron. K, Sulfur. L, Carbon. M, Oxygen. N, Aluminum. O, Silicon. P, Potassium. Scale bars equal 200 μm.

FIGURE 6 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 6. Inferred phylogenetic relationships: Phylogenetic position of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos and other Cambrian ambulacrarians using majority-rules Bayesian analysis of 113 characters and 27 taxa. Numbers at nodes represent posterior probabilities. Pie charts indicate the results of an ancestral state reconstruction.

FIGURE 6 in Anthropologically introduced biases in natural history collections, with a case study on the invertebrate paleontology collections from the middle Cambrian Spence Shale Lagerstätte

FIGURE 6. Publications over time that refer specifically to Spence Shale specimens or use quantitative data from the Spence Shale in an analysis.

FIGURE 4 in Anthropologically introduced biases in natural history collections, with a case study on the invertebrate paleontology collections from the middle Cambrian Spence Shale Lagerstätte

FIGURE 4. Specimens in the KUMIP collections by locality, breaking down number of specimens of biomineralizing and soft-bodied taxa from each locality.

FIGURE 1 in Anthropologically introduced biases in natural history collections, with a case study on the invertebrate paleontology collections from the middle Cambrian Spence Shale Lagerstätte

FIGURE 1. Examples of anthropological actions that create bias in natural history collections and when they occur.

FIGURE 1 in Injured trilobites within a collection of dinosaurs: Using the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology to document Cambrian predation

FIGURE 1. Gabriellus kierorum specimens from the (?)Rosella Formation. A, B. Gabriellus kierorum with truncation of left pleural spines on the fifth and sixth thoracic segment (TMP.1983.021.0034). A: Complete specimen. B: Close up of abnormality (white arrows). C–E: Gabriellus kierorum with bilaterally expressed thoracic abnormalities (TMP.1983.021.0039). C: Complete specimen. D: Close up of abnormality on the left side of the specimen (white arrows) and the partly recovered spine (black arrow). E: Close up of abnormality on the right side of the specimen (white arrows).

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Fig. 1 in Alfaites romeo gen. et sp. nov., a new Hyolitha from the Cambrian of Skryje-Týřovice Basin (Czech Republic)

Fig. 1. Maps showing the location of fossil sites in the middle Cambrian Buchava Formation within the Skryje-Týřovice Basin, Central Bohemia. A. Map of Europe with the Czech Republic. B. Map of the Czech Republic showing distribution of Palaeozoic rocks of Barrandian area. C. Simplified sketch map of the Skryje-Týřovice Basin. D. Geological map showing distribution of middle Cambrian Buchava Formation and location of the Buchava, Hradiště and Biskoupky localities. E. Stratigraphic position of the Buchava, Hradiště and Biskoupky localities and range of Alfaites romeo gen. et sp. nov. Geology modified from Mašek et al. (1997) and Vorel et al. (2014); lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy after Fatka et al. (2011) and Vokáč (2002). 1 = Biskoupky locality; 2 = Buchava locality; 3 = Hradiště locality.

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Fig. 2 in Alfaites romeo gen. et sp. nov., a new Hyolitha from the Cambrian of Skryje-Týřovice Basin (Czech Republic)

Fig. 2. Alfaites romeo gen. et sp. nov. A-B. Holotype (NM L46640). A. Outer mould of internal side of operculum. B. Detail of outer mould of internal side of operculum with marked cardinal teeth. C–I. Paratypes. C. Outer mould of internal side of operculum (NM L46642). D. Outer mould of external side of operculum (NM L46646). E. Outer mould of external side of operculum (NM L46641). F. Outer mould of apertural part of conch – lateral view (NM L46645). G. Inner mould of apertural part of conch – dorsal view (NM L46645). H. Subtrigonal cross-section of conch (NM L46643). I. Outer mould of dorsal side of conch with distinct asymmetrical ribs (NM L46644). Scale = 1 mm.