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245 results for “Cannibalization”
Data from: Watch out for your neighbor: climbing onto shrubs is related to risk of cannibalism in the scorpion Buthus cf. occitanus
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Data for: A novel function of banded stripes to prevent cannibalism in snake-eating snakes
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Data from: Cannibalism and activity rate in larval damselflies increase along a latitudinal gradient as a consequence of time constraints
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Data from: Cannibalism and intraguild predation community dynamics: coexistence, competitive exclusion and the loss of alternative stable states
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Mate-finding Allee effects can be exacerbated or relieved by sexual cannibalism
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Filial egg cannibalism in the European earwig: its determinants and implications in the evolution of maternal egg care
<p>Dataset used in the publication "Filial egg cannibalism in the European earwig: its determinants and implications in the evolution of maternal egg care "</p>
Data from: Sexual cannibalism increases male material investment in offspring: quantifying terminal reproductive effort in a praying mantis
Models of the evolution of sexual cannibalism argue that males may offset the cost of cannibalism if components of the male body are directly allocated to the eggs that they fertilize. We tested this idea in the praying mantid Tenodera sinensis. Males and females were fed differently radiolabelled crickets and allowed to mate. Half of the pairs progressed to sexual cannibalism and we prevented cannibalism in the other half. We assess the relative allocation of both male-derived somatic materials and ejaculate materials into the eggs and soma of the female. Our results show that male somatic investment contributes to production of offspring. The eggs and reproductive tissues of cannibalistic females contained significantly more male-derived amino acids than those of non-cannibalistic females, and there was an increase in the number of eggs produced subsequent to sexual cannibalism. Sexual cannibalism thus increases male material investment in offspring. We also show that males provide substantial investment via the ejaculate, with males passing about 25% of their radiolabelled amino acids to females via the ejaculate even in the absence of cannibalism.
Fig. 1 in Interference Competition and Cannibalism by Dorcus rectus(Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) Larvae in the Laboratory and Field
Fig. 1. Allometry of larval body mass (mg ) on head capsule
Male courtship reduces the risk of cannibalism in web-building spiders but varies in structure
<p>Male courtship serves multiple functions in addition to inducing females to accept them as a mate. In predatory species, male courtship can function to reduce the risk of sexual cannibalism. This is particularly important in web-building spiders in which males risk being mistaken for prey when they enter the female's predatory trap – the web – in order to commence courtship. Male spiders generate vibrations by shuddering in the female's web. Shudder vibrations can delay female aggression, even toward prey struggling in the web. We predicted that shudder vibrations are highly conserved across species of web-building spider as males all face the same constraint of not being mistaken for prey by females. We examined how conserved shudder vibrations are across web-building spiders by testing whether female <i>Trichonephila plumipes</i> delay aggressive behaviour toward real prey struggling in the web during playback of conspecific or heterospecific (<i>Argiope keyserlingi</i>) male shudder vibrations. We found that while conspecific shudder vibrations do indeed delay female predatory behaviour, heterospecific male shudder vibrations do not. There is evidence of shudder or shudder-like vibrations in male courtship behaviour across web-building spider families, but these vary in structure. This suggests that despite strong constraints on courtship signal design to separate predatory responses from sexual responses, there is additional selection driving the divergence of signals across distantly related spider species.</p>
Figure 5 from: Rutkowski T, Maák I, Vepsäläinen K, Trigos-Peral G, Stephan W, Wojtaszyn G, Czechowski W (2019) Ants trapped for years in an old bunker; survival by cannibalism and eventual escape. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 72: 177-184. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.72.38972
Figure 5 The earth mound, almost deserted by the ants, at the bottom of the bunker in winter, four months after setting the boardwalk. 'Ant cemeteries' are visible around the mound and next to the walls. Photo taken on 11.02.2017 (Wojciech Stephan).
Figure 4 from: Rutkowski T, Maák I, Vepsäläinen K, Trigos-Peral G, Stephan W, Wojtaszyn G, Czechowski W (2019) Ants trapped for years in an old bunker; survival by cannibalism and eventual escape. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 72: 177-184. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.72.38972
Figure 4 On the earth mound in the bunker, the density of ants was high on the day when the boardwalk was put. Photo taken on 18.09.2016 (Wojciech Stephan).
Figure 2 from: Rutkowski T, Maák I, Vepsäläinen K, Trigos-Peral G, Stephan W, Wojtaszyn G, Czechowski W (2019) Ants trapped for years in an old bunker; survival by cannibalism and eventual escape. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 72: 177-184. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.72.38972
Figure 2 The upper part of the ant trail in Fig. 1; the ants (on the left) were unable to move along the ceiling and thus could not reach the outlet of the ventilation pipe. Photo taken on 18.09.2016 (Wojciech Stephan).
Figure 1 from: Rutkowski T, Maák I, Vepsäläinen K, Trigos-Peral G, Stephan W, Wojtaszyn G, Czechowski W (2019) Ants trapped for years in an old bunker; survival by cannibalism and eventual escape. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 72: 177-184. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.72.38972
Figure 1 A piece of board leaning against the wall initiated an ant trail leading upwards. Photo taken on 18.09.2016 (Wojciech Stephan).
Figure 3 from: Rutkowski T, Maák I, Vepsäläinen K, Trigos-Peral G, Stephan W, Wojtaszyn G, Czechowski W (2019) Ants trapped for years in an old bunker; survival by cannibalism and eventual escape. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 72: 177-184. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.72.38972
Figure 3 The boardwalk just assembled, to provide the ants a means to reach the ventilation pipe. Photo taken on 18.09.2016 (Wojciech Stephan).
Interaction between hunting strategy, habitat type and stratum drive intraguild predation and cannibalism
Intraguild predation (IGP) is a common interaction between generalist predators when they competitively exploit similar resources and prey on each other. Theoretical models predict limitations for intraguild predator coexistence unless some mechanisms, such as utilization of alternative prey (i.e., trophic niche partitioning) and cannibalism, increase the relative intraspecific clustering and interspecific segregation. As hunting strategies determine trophic niches of predators and their own vulnerability to predation, the hunting strategies may also determine the relative importance of cannibalism, predation, and exploitative competition and consequently the intensity of IGP. The importance of hunting strategies on the potential outcome of IGP and how habitat properties modify the interaction between hunting strategies remain poorly understood. Using published data on spider prey of spider predators, we first investigated how predation of a top-predator on a mesopredator is determined by the functional distance between both predators to understand how predation and exploitation are distributed in spider communities. Subsequently, we investigated the predation among spiders with particular hunting strategies to understand which strategies interact most frequently. We also investigated whether the interaction between hunting strategies was influenced by habitat type (forest, open (semi)natural habitat, agroecosystem) or by habitat stratum (ground vs. vegetation). The hunting strategies of top-predators and mesopredators interacted to determine the relative capture proportions of conspecifics and hetero-specifics. This interaction was further modified by habitat type and stratum. Two mechanisms can reinforce coexistence in highly diverse spider communities. First, top-predators preyed most frequently on functionally distinct mesopredators, which indicates the overall intensity of IGP may be relaxed by a balanced distribution between exploitative competition and predation. Second, cannibalism was common for top-predators with a hunting strategy of frequently preying on functionally similar mesopredators. Cannibalism may lead to self-limitation of top-predator populations and may thereby facilitate coexistence between two predator species.
Body size, not personality, explains both male mating success and sexual cannibalism in a Widow Spider
<p>Theory suggests that consistent individual variation in behavior relates to fitness, but few studies have empirically examined the role of personalities in mate choice, male-male competition and reproductive success. We observed the Mediterranean black widow, <i>Latrodectus tredecimguttatus</i>, in the individual and mating context, to test how body size measures and two functionally important aggressive behaviors, i.e., male aggression towards rivals and female voracity towards prey, affect mating behaviors, mating success and sexual cannibalism. We specifically selected voracity towards prey in females to test the "aggressive spillover hypothesis", suggesting that more voracious females are more sexually cannibalistic. Both females and males exhibit consistent individual differences in the examined aggressive behaviors. While larger males win contests more often and achieve more copulations, neither male nor female size measures correlate to aggression. Female voracity does not correlate with aggression towards mates and sexual cannibalism, rejecting the "spillover hypothesis". However, occurrence of sexual cannibalism positively relates to longer insertion duration. Furthermore, the smaller the ratio between male and female body length the more likely a female attacked and cannibalized a mate. We show that individual variation in aggression levels plays no direct role in mating behavior of the Mediterranean black widow. Instead, body size affects male mating success and occurrences of sexual cannibalism in females.</p>
Infant cannibalism in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys
<p><span><span>Cannibalism has been observed in a variety of animal taxa, however, it is relatively uncommon in primates. Thus we rely heavily on case reports of this behavior to advance our understanding of the contexts under which it occurs. Here we report the first observation of cannibalism in a group of wild white-faced capuchin monkeys (<i>Cebus imitator</i>). The subject was a dead infant, estimated to be 10 days old, and the probable victim of infanticide. Consumption of the corpse was initiated by a 2-year-old male (second cousin of the infant), though it was eventually taken over and monopolized by the group's alpha female (grandaunt of the infant). Although most group members expressed interest in the corpse (sniffing, touching, threatening it), no others made an attempt to consume it. Given that this is the only observation of cannibalism recorded in over 37 years of study on this population, we consider it to be a rare behavior in this species. This detailed record contributes new data, which, when combined with other reports within and across species and contexts, enables the evaluation of adaptive explanations of cannibalism.</span></span></p>
Fig. 53 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 53. Afrorhytida knysnaensis (Pfeiffer, 1846), reproductive tract (NMSA W4643), scale bar = 5.0 mm. Abbreviations: ag – albumen gland, bc – bursa copulatrix, bd – bursa copulatrix duct, ep – epiphallus, ga – genital atrium, hd – hermaphrodite duct, od – oviduct, ot – ovotestis, p – penis, pr – prostate gland, pr – penial retractor muscle, v – vagina, vd – vas deferens.
Fig. 79 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 79. Distribution of Capitina species: C. schaerfiae (Pfeiffer, 1861) (triangles), C. calcicola sp. n. (squares). Symbols with a white centre indicate localities for specimens used in DNA analyses (Moussalli et al. 2009). Contour at 1000 m.
Fig. 52 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 52. Distribution of Natalina (Tongalina) wesseliana (Kobelt, 1876). Triangles with a white centre indicate localities for specimens used in DNA analyses (Moussalli et al. 2009); contours at 1000 m and 1500 m.
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