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FIGURE 2 in Parapaulipalpina lobata, new species, the first species of Parapaulipalpina Gnaspini, 1996 (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini) from Brazil

FIGURE 2. Parapaulipalpina lobata Gnaspini, Moraes & Gomyde, new species, male holotype. Head, dorsal (A) and left lateral (B) views.

FIGURE 6 in Parapaulipalpina lobata, new species, the first species of Parapaulipalpina Gnaspini, 1996 (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini) from Brazil

FIGURE 6. Parapaulipalpina lobata Gnaspini, Moraes & Gomyde, new species, male paratype in MZSP. Apex of aedeagus in dorsal (A), left lateral (B), frontal (C), and ventral (D) views. do = dorsal opening; fl = flagellum; ll = left lobe; par = paralobe of the right lobe; rl = right lobe; tb = 'tubercles' on the internal margin of the ventral opening.

FIGURE 3 in Parapaulipalpina lobata, new species, the first species of Parapaulipalpina Gnaspini, 1996 (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini) from Brazil

FIGURE 3. Parapaulipalpina lobata Gnaspini, Moraes & Gomyde, new species, male holotype. A, protarsus, ventral view (detail of tenent setae is shown in B); C–E, apex of protarsus in ventral (C), left lateral (D), and dorsal (E) views; F, hindleg (detail of apex of tibia and base of tarsus is shown in G); H, apex of metatibia, ventral view. est = empodial setae; mp = medial projection on the distal margin of the terminal tarsomere; mpp = pair of medial projections on the distal margin of the terminal tarsomere;?sdc = small dorsal spines close to the base of tarsal claw; slc = spines near base of tarsal claw.

FIGURE 1 in Parapaulipalpina lobata, new species, the first species of Parapaulipalpina Gnaspini, 1996 (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini) from Brazil

FIGURE 1. Parapaulipalpina lobata Gnaspini, Moraes & Gomyde, new species, male paratype. Habitus, dorsal (A) and left lateral (b) views.

FIGURES 22–29 in Restoring an old concept of Pholeuonopsis (=Blattodromus syn. nov.) and new recombination for one species from the Balkan Peninsula (Insecta, Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae, Leptodirini)

FIGURES 22–29. Pholeuonopsis (s. str.) grabowskii grabowskii Apfelbeck, 1907a, 22–23: aedeagus, dorsal and left latero– ventral aspects, scale bar 0.86 mm; 24: median lobe apex, ventral aspect, scale bar 0.19 mm; 25: paramera apex, dorsal aspect, scale bar 0.02 mm. 26: redrawing of spermatheka of Pholeuonopsis (s. str.) tarensis, from Ćurčić & Pavićević 2018 in S. Ćurčić et al. 2018. 27: redrawing of spermatheka of Pholeuonopsis (s. str.) sljivovicensis, from S. Ćurčić et al. 2015. 28: redrawing of spermatheka of Pholeuonopsis (s. str.) perucensis, from S. Ćurčić et al. 2014. 29: Vilina pećina cave, on the entrance, Lebršnik Mts., Bosnia & Herzegovina.

FIGURES 15–21 in Restoring an old concept of Pholeuonopsis (=Blattodromus syn. nov.) and new recombination for one species from the Balkan Peninsula (Insecta, Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae, Leptodirini)

FIGURES 15–21. Pholeuonopsis (s. str.) herculeana Reitter, 1904, 15–16: aedeagus, dorsal and left latero–ventral aspects, scale bar 1.37 mm; 17: median lobe apex, ventral aspect, scale bar 0.44 mm; 18: paramera apex, dorsal aspect, scale bar 0.03 mm; 19: female ventrite VIII, dorsal aspect, scale bar 1.00 mm; 20: style, dorsal aspect, scale bar 0.35 mm; 21: spermatheca, dorsal aspect, scale bar 0.20 mm.

FIGURES 7–14 in Restoring an old concept of Pholeuonopsis (=Blattodromus syn. nov.) and new recombination for one species from the Balkan Peninsula (Insecta, Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae, Leptodirini)

FIGURES 7–14. Pholeuonopsis (s. str.) herculeana Reitter, 1904, 7: venter, dorsal aspect, scale bar 0.89 mm; 9: mesoventral carina, right lateral aspect, scale bar 0.23 mm; 11: metendosternite, dorsal aspect, scale bar 1.40 mm; 12: metatergal apparatus, dorsal aspect, scale bar 0.94 mm. Pholeuonopsis (s. str.) grabowskii grabowskii Apfelbeck, 1907a, 8: venter, dorsal aspect, scale bar 0.62 mm; 10: mesoventral carina, right lateral aspect, scale bar 0.20 mm; 13: metendosternite, dorsal aspect, scale bar 0.51 mm; 14: metatergal apparatus, left side and medial part, dorsal aspect, scale bar 0.62 mm.

FIGURES 1–6 in Restoring an old concept of Pholeuonopsis (=Blattodromus syn. nov.) and new recombination for one species from the Balkan Peninsula (Insecta, Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae, Leptodirini)

FIGURES 1–6. Pholeuonopsis (s. str.) herculeana Reitter, 1904, 1: habitus, dorsal aspect, scale bar 1.25 mm, original by P. Krásenský, ex Hlaváč et al. 2017: 92; 3: pronotum, dorsal aspect, scale bar 1.88 mm; 5: head, dorsal aspect, scale bar 0.80 mm. Pholeuonopsis (s. str.) grabowskii grabowskii Apfelbeck, 1907a, 2: habitus, dorsal aspect, scale bar 0.97 mm, original by P. Krá- senský, ex Hlaváč et al. 2017: 96; 4: pronotum, dorsal aspect, scale bar 1.20 mm; 6: head, dorsal aspect, scale bar 0.60 mm.

Figure 2 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 2. Mesotarsus, Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini - Adelopsis leo, articulation between tarsomeres I (below) and II (above). A, lateral-external view. B, ventral view. C, lateral-internal view. bs = 'bachelor seta'; tw = 'twin spines'; arrow = additional slender setae; stars = periapical spines of the apical crown of spines.

Figure 8 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 8. Mesotarsus, Cholevinae: Anemadini. A, Nemadina – Nemadus colonoides, female. B, C, Paracatopina – Paracatops alacris. D, Anemadina – Anemadus italicus. A, C, ventro-lateral-external view. B, D, ventro-lateral-internal view. tI-tIV = first to fourth tarsomeres; bs = 'bachelor seta'.

Figure 9 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 9. Mesotarsus, Cholevinae: Cholevini: Catopina and Cholevina, and Oritocatopini. A, B, Catops fuliginosus. C, D, Catopsimorphus (s.s.) orientalis. E, F, Afrocatops sp. A, C, E, ventro-lateral-internal view; B, D, F, ventro-lateral-external view. tI-tIV = first to fourth tarsomeres.

Figure 1 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 1. Midleg, Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini - Adelopsis leo. A, dorsal/internal view. B, ventral/external view. C, a hypothetical cross-section of a tarsomere of the left leg, showing what we refer to as the dorsal ('df'), internal lateral ('ilf'), ventral ('vf') and external lateral ('elf') faces of the tarsomere, as well as the inner ('icv') and external ('ecv') 'corners' of the ventral face of the tarsomere. Fe = femur; Ta = tarsus; Ti = tibia.

Figure 12. Data from Table 1 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 12. Data from Table 1 mapped on taxonomic diagrams of the subfamily Cholevinae. A, the 'traditional' division of the Cholevinae (based on Newton, 1998). B, phylogenetic analysis of the Cholevinae [based on Antunes-Carvalho et al. (2019: fig. 25) – in our figure we represent non-monophyletic taxa with a double line connection]. Taxa without an assigned symbol were not studied here. 'Anemadini' as a taxon is not represented in (B), because it was considered non-monophyletic in that study; however, its subtribes are represented. The black squares denote taxa where the features studied here were observed – 'T' denotes presence of 'twin spines' and 'B' denotes presence of a 'bachelor seta'; the open squares with a 'X' denote taxa where the features studied were not observed in the specimens analysed.

Figure 4 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 4. Mesotarsus, Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini. A, B, Amplexella dimorpha. C, D, Ptomaphaminus chapmani. A, C, ventro-lateral-internal view. B, D, ventro-lateral-external view. tI-tV = first to fifth tarsomeres; bs = 'bachelor seta'; tw = 'twin spines'; arrow = pair of setae at the apical margin of mesotarsomere IV; stars = periapical spines of the apical crown of spines.

Figure 3 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 3. Meso- and metatarsus, Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini - Adelopsis leo. A, B, mesotarsus (part). C, D, metarsus (part). A, C, ventro-lateral-internal view. B, D, ventro-lateral-external view. tI-tV = first to fifth tarsomeres; bs = 'bachelor seta'; tw = 'twin spines'; circle = pointy apices of 'twin spines' facing opposite to each other; arrow = pair of setae at the apical margin of mesotarsomere IV; ellipse shows that the 'twin spines' are articulated to a single elevation on the integument.

Figure 7 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 7. Mesotarsus, Cholevinae: Anemadini. A-C, Eunemadina. A, B, Dissochaetus vanini. C, Eunemadus chilensis. D, Nemadina – Nemadus colonoides, female. A, C, D, ventro-lateral-internal view. B, ventro-lateral-external view. tI-tV = first to fifth tarsomeres; tw = 'twin spines'.

FIGURE 8 in New insights into the subterranean genus Speoplanes Müller, 1911 (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae) from the Dinarides

FIGURE 8. Metatergal apparatus (A) and metendosternite (B) of S. giganteus: male, Mosor, Ledenica pod Jabukovcem.

FIGURE 7 in New insights into the subterranean genus Speoplanes Müller, 1911 (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae) from the Dinarides

FIGURE 7. Female genitalia of Speoplanes sp. On the left: S. giganteus, Mosor, Ledenica pod Jabukovcem, spermatheca, mediotergite and stylus; on the right: S. biocovensis, Biokovo, Jama ispod Sv. Jure, spermatheca, mediotergite and stylus.

FIGURE 6 in New insights into the subterranean genus Speoplanes Müller, 1911 (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae) from the Dinarides

FIGURE 6. Speoplanes sp., parameres of the male genitalia. A: Apical region of left paramere. Left: S. giganteus, Mosor, Ledenica pod Jabukovcem, right: S. biocovensis, Biokovo, Jama ispod Sv. Jure. B: Apical region of right paramere. Left: S. giganteus, Mosor, Jama Velika Gajna, right: S. biocovensis, Mali Šibenik, Jama na vrhu Malog Šibenika.

FIGURE 5 in New insights into the subterranean genus Speoplanes Müller, 1911 (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae) from the Dinarides

FIGURE 5. Morphological variation of the mesoventral carina of Speoplanes species. A: Mesoventral carina of S. giganteus male (left: specimen of Mosor, Ledenica pod Jabukovcem, right: Mosor, Jama Velika Gajna). B: Mesoventral carina of S. biocovensis male (left: specimen of Mali Šibenik, Jama na vrhu Malog Šibenika; right: Biokovo, Jama ispod Sv. Jure).