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Fig. 12 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 12. Neoformation organelles in dividers of Limnostrombidium viride in the transmission electron microscope. (A) Oblique section of the organelle's distal (asterisk) and proximal portions with the outgrowing cilia of the oral primordium. The axonemes (arrowheads) are very short, lack the central pair of microtubules, and are bulbous because being embedded in many vesicles. (B) Cross section of cilia. Their axonemes already possess the "9×2+2" ultrastructure (arrowheads). (C) Tangential section of the neoformation organelle showing cross sections of cilia (arrowheads) and vesicles with electron-dense content of unknown function. (D) Longitudinal section of the posterior cell portion. Both the unciliated (arrowhead) and ciliated (double arrowhead) portions of the organelle are shown twice in cross section. MB, cell membrane; PE, perilemma; V, vesicles. Scale bars: 1 µm (A–C), 5 µm (D).

Fig. 11 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 11. Ring-canal of Limnostrombidium viride in the transmission electron microscope. The transverse section of the organelle shows its position between the anterior furrow (asterisk) and the stripe of extrusome attachment sites (arrow denotes the electron-dense cap of an empty "extrusome chamber"). Vesicles are adjacent to the irregular anterior membrane portion of the canal, while the posterior portion is underlain by two layers of perpendicularly orientated microtubules. ML, two layers of microtubules; PE, perilemma; RC, lumen of ringcanal; V, vesicles of unknown function. Scale bar: 1 µm.

Fig. 10 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 10. Extrusome attachment sites (A) and immature extrusomes (B, C) of L. viride in the TEM. (A) Freeze-fracture replica showing the extrusome attachment rosettes. (B, C) Transverse and longitudinal sections; white lines mark corresponding section planes. The extrusome shows in longitudinal section an electron-dense fusiform wall and an electron-light lumen with indistinct transverse stripes. The apical portion of the extrusome is surrounded by an electron-dense structure; both are enclosed by a membrane (arrowheads). The transverse section shows the extrusome to be composed of six electron-dense trapeziums arranged around a bright lumen. 1, attachment rosette with one central and eight peripheral particles; 2, first ring; 3, second ring; ED, electron-dense structure; EX, extrusomes. Scale bars: 1 µm.

Fig. 9 in Ultrastructural Studies on a Model Tintinnid - Schmidingerella meunieri (Kofoid and Campbell, 1929) Agatha and Strüder-Kypke, 2012 (Ciliophora). I. Somatic Kinetids with Unique Ultrastructure

Fig. 9. Tree displaying the phylogenetic relationships based on morphological and genetic data of euplotids, hypotrichs, oligotrichids, and choreotrichids. (A) Overall morphologies of the taxa [illustrations: euplotid after Ehrenberg (1830); hypotrich from Deitmer et al. (1984); oligotrichid from Montagnes (1996); choreotrichids from Petz et al. (1995), Petz and Foissner (1992), and Gruber et al. (2018)]. (B) Kinetid structures. For strobilidiids, inferred from micrographs and description in Grim (1987). (C) Molecular genealogy with apomorphies (black squares) in the kinetid ultrastructures mapped on the branches with the most parsimonious placement based on the current state of knowledge. Black circles represent basal bodies and red dots associated common cilia as inferred from protargol-stained material. Asterisks mark homoplasy. Dark blue, transverse ribbon; grey, desmose; light blue, kinetodesmal fibril; orange, extraordinary microtubular ribbons; purple, postciliary ribbon; BB, basal body; Kd, kinetodesmal fibril; Pc, postciliary ribbon; T, transverse ribbon.

Fig. 3 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 3. Oral ciliature of Limnostrombidium viride in the scanning (A) and transmission electron microscopes (B–D). (A) Proximal portion of the adoral zone of membranelles. The endoral membrane is usually covered by a cytoplasmic fold and a membranous sheet (probably perilemma). (B) Longitudinal section of the buccal lip and endoral membrane in ventral view. Note the numerous vesicles with fluffy content of unknown nature in the anterior cell half and especially in the buccal lip. The perilemma forms stacks in the buccal cavity, while it otherwise covers the cell only with a single layer. (C) Longitudinal section of the buccal vertex near the cytostome. The distal ends of the endoral cilia have modified axonemes (arrowhead), i.e., they have a reduced number of peripheral microtubular doublets. Some cilia of the buccal membranelles and the multiple membranes are also recognisable. (D) Transverse section of the basal bodies of the endoral membrane (seen from inside the buccal cavity). BL, buccal lip; BM, buccal membranelles; CM, collar membranelles; E, endoral membrane; ED, electron-dense bodies; LM, bifurcated left microtubular ribbons; NE, possibly nematodesmata; PE, perilemma; RM, right microtubular ribbons. Scale bars: 10 µm (A), 1 µm (B–D).

Fig. 9 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 9. Extrusomes of Limnostrombidium viride in the SEM (A, B) and TEM (C, D). (A) Lateral view of a cell. Arrowheads mark just ejected extrusomes. (B) Extrusome cluster. (C) Cross section of extrusome stripe. (D) Longitudinal section. One extrusome is just ejected (arrow), four are in the resting state, and three "empty chambers" (asterisks) are the remains of previously ejected extrusomes. CSL, concentric sheet layers; CT, curved tubules; EC, extrusome cores; ED, electron-dense bodies; EM, extrusome membranes; EX, extrusomes; GK, girdle kinety; MT, separating microtubules; PE, perilemma. Scale bars: 20 µm (A), 1 µm (B–D).

Fig. 7 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 7. Hemitheca of Limnostrombidium viride in the transmission electron microscope. (A) Tangential section showing the seams (arrow) between the polygonal cortical platelets, which are covered by the layer of longitudinal microtubules. (B) Freeze-fracture replica showing the seams between the polygonal platelets, the layer of longitudinally orientated microtubules, the alveoli, and remnants of the cell membrane with its densely arranged particles (arrows). (C) Transverse section showing the perilemma with its electron-dense bodies, the alveoli, the layer of longitudinal microtubules, and the polygonal cortical platelets. The arrowhead marks the cell membrane. AL, alveoli; CP, cortical platelets; MT, cortical microtubular layer; PE, perilemma. Scale bars: 1 µm.

Fig. 4 in Ultrastructural Studies on a Model Tintinnid - Schmidingerella meunieri (Kofoid and Campbell, 1929) Agatha and Strüder-Kypke, 2012 (Ciliophora). I. Somatic Kinetids with Unique Ultrastructure

Fig. 4. Longitudinal sections of dorsal dikinetids in Schmidingerella meunieri in the transmission electron microscope. (A, D) Two dikinetids each. The posterior dikinetidal basal body (on the left) has associated a cilium, whereas the anterior basal body (on the right) displays a condylocilium. Arrows mark extraordinary ribbons I or II. (B, C) Longitudinal sections of condylocilia. III, extraordinary microtubular ribbon III; AP, axosomal plate; Axn, axoneme; Axs, axosome; CG, core granule; Co, condylocilium; Cw, cartwheel; M, cell membrane; P, perilemma. Scale bars: 250 nm.

Fig. 2 in Trichodinid Ectoparasites (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) of Non-native Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) in Europe

Fig. 2. Trichodina cf. heterodentata Dunkan, 1977. A – silver impregnated photomicrograph; B – dentical diagram. Scale: 20 μm.

Fig. 2 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 2. Transmission electron micrographs of collar membranelles in Limnostrombidium viride. Their anterior ends are directed to the left. (A–C) Transverse sections at different planes showing the various connections between the basal bodies of an individual membranelle and the microtubules extending into the cytoplasm. (D) The axonemes of the individual cilia are enclosed by the cell membrane, while all cilia of a membranelle are additionally surrounded by the perilemma. (E) Transverse sections of two polykinetids at the level of the basal bodies. The last file of the upper adoral membrane has associated short ciliary stubs only (arrowhead). 1–3, rows 1–3; ED, electron-dense bodies; IMF, intermembranellar fibre; M1, microtubular ribbons at row 1; M3, microtubular ribbons at row 3; PE, perilemma. Scale bars: 1 µm (A–C), 0.5 µm (D, E).

Fig. 8. A–D in Morphology and Ontogenesis of Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Psilotrichidae)

Fig. 8. A–D. Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec., early dividers in the SEM. A, C. Ventral overviews. B, D. Details of specimens shown in (A, C). The oral primordium develops near the posterior postoral cirrus and soon invaginates into a pouch. Arrow in (D) marks some short cilia that do not sink into the pouch but remain on its right margin very likely forming the opisthe's undulating membranes. AZM – adoral zone of membranelles; CS I – cirral streak I; LMR – left marginal cirral row; OP – oral primordium; PM – paroral membrane; POC – posterior postoral cirrus; R3 – ventral cirral row 3; RMR – right marginal cirral row. Scale bars: 5 µm (B, D) and 20 µm (A, C).

Fig. 10. A, B. Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec., a in Morphology and Ontogenesis of Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Psilotrichidae)

Fig. 10. A, B. Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec., a late divider in the SEM. A. Ventral overview. B. Detail of opisthe's oral apparatus. The adoral zone is already evaginated and almost fully developed, i.e., consists of long new anterior membranelles and of short posterior membranelles. The paroral membrane has, however, not got the cyrtohymenid C-shape. AME – anterior membranelles; OAZM – opisthe's adoral zone of membranelles; OLMR – opisthe's left marginal row; OPM – opisthe's paroral membrane; PAZM – proter's adoral zone of membranelles; PME – posterior membranelles. Scale bars: 10 µm (B) and 20 µm (A).

Fig 1. Trichodina acuta Lom, 1961. A in Trichodinid Ectoparasites (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) of Non-native Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) in Europe

Fig 1. Trichodina acuta Lom, 1961. A – silver impregnated photomicrograph; B – dentical diagram. Scale: 20 μm.

Fig. 6 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 6. Ventral kinety of Limnostrombidium viride in the transmission electron microscope. (A) Longitudinal section of a dikinetid showing the diverging basal bodies. A perilemma covers the cell surface. (B) Transverse section showing a dikinetid in the longitudinal furrow later- ally bordered by the cortical platelets of the hemitheca. CP, cortical platelets; ED, electron-dense bodies; ML, cortical microtubular layer; PE, perilemma; SC1, anterior dikinetidal cilium; SC2, posterior dikinetidal cilium. Scale bars: 1 µm.

Fig. 1 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 1. Limnostrombidium viride (A, schematic line drawing combining data from scanning and transmission electron microscopy; B, C, scanning electron micrographs). (A) General morphology. Note that the polygonal platelets of the hemitheca are only depicted in the cell periphery to show the more centrally located organelles. For the sake of clarity, the course of the neoformation organelle is somewhat stretched. (B, C) Ventral view and detail of ventral side. The arrowhead (C) marks the opening of the neoformation organelle in the stripe of extrusome attachment sites. BL, buccal lip; BM, buccal membranelles; CM, collar membranelles; EX, stripe of extrusome attachment sites; GK, girdle kinety; HT, hemitheca; MA, macronucleus; MI, micronucleus; NF, neoformation organelle; VK, ventral kinety. Scale bars: 30 µm (A), 20 µm (B), 10 µm (C).

Fig. 1 in Ultrastructural Studies on a Model Tintinnid - Schmidingerella meunieri (Kofoid and Campbell, 1929) Agatha and Strüder-Kypke, 2012 (Ciliophora). I. Somatic Kinetids with Unique Ultrastructure

Fig. 1. Schmidingerella meunieri from the Northeast Pacific in vivo (A), in the scanning electron microscope (B), and in the transmission electron microscope (C) and a kinetal map of a congener after protargol staining (D). (A) The living cell is attached by its peduncle to the bottom of the lorica. (B) Contracted, naked specimen. (C) Longitudinal ultrathin section. (D) Scheme of ciliary pattern in Schmidingerella arcuata (modified from Agatha and Strüder-Kypke 2012). AM, adoral membranelles; DK, dorsal kinety; L, lorica; LA, lateral ciliary field; LF, left ciliary field; Pe, peduncle; RF, right ciliary field; SC, somatic cilia; VK, ventral kinety. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, C), 20 µm (B).

Fig. 2 in Ultrastructural Studies on a Model Tintinnid - Schmidingerella meunieri (Kofoid and Campbell, 1929) Agatha and Strüder-Kypke, 2012 (Ciliophora). I. Somatic Kinetids with Unique Ultrastructure

Fig. 2. Cross sections of dorsal dikinetids at different levels (from proximal to distal) in Schmidingerella meunieri in the transmission electron microscope. (A) The two basal bodies are sectioned at different levels, indicating a more proximal position of the anterior one. Arrowheads mark the electron-dense cuffs. (B) The dikinetid shows the electron-dense cuff (arrowhead) around the posterior basal body and the postciliary ribbon extending parallel to that of the more anterior dikinetid (arrow). (C) Slightly oblique section showing the three extraordinary microtubular ribbons extending perpendicularly or obliquely to the kinety axis leftwards: ribbons I and II originate near the posterior basal body, ribbon III commences near the anterior one. The arrow marks the long postciliary ribbon from the previous dikinetid. (D) The extraordinary ribbons I, II, and III are shown in cross sections. Note the fibrillar structure of the kinetodesmal fibril. (E) The dikinetid is located in a ciliary pit. While the anterior basal body terminates with a condylocilium, the posterior cilium displays a typical axoneme and is attached to the pit's left wall by a cytoplasmic connection (arrowheads). (F) The short condylocilium at the anterior basal body is not visible any longer. The ribbons II and III and the transverse ribbon terminate close to the cell cortex. I–III, extraordinary microtubular ribbons I–III; Axn, axoneme; Axs, axosome; CG, core granule; Co, condylocilium; CP, ciliary pit; D, desmose; Kd, kinetodesmal fibril; M, cell membrane; Pc, postciliary ribbon; T, transverse ribbon. Scale bars: 250 nm.

Fig. 7 in Ultrastructural Studies on a Model Tintinnid - Schmidingerella meunieri (Kofoid and Campbell, 1929) Agatha and Strüder-Kypke, 2012 (Ciliophora). I. Somatic Kinetids with Unique Ultrastructure

Fig. 7. Schematic drawing of the anterior portion of two adjacent kineties in the left ciliary field of Schmidingerella meunieri compiling all observations from transmission electron micrographs. The 20°–30° angles of the kinetids are not considered. The kineties are monokinetidal, except for one anterior dikinetid. The microtubules of the connecting (ribbons I) and postciliary ribbons form a network. I–III, extraordinary microtubular ribbons I–III; AP, axosomal plate; Axn, axoneme; Axs, axosome; CC, cytoplasmic connection; CG, core granule; CM, cortical microtubules; CP, ciliary pit; CT, central microtubules; EC, electron-dense cuff; Kd, kinetodesmal fibril; P, perilemma; Pc, postciliary ribbon; T, transverse ribbon.

Fig. 8 in Ultrastructural Studies on a Model Tintinnid - Schmidingerella meunieri (Kofoid and Campbell, 1929) Agatha and Strüder-Kypke, 2012 (Ciliophora). I. Somatic Kinetids with Unique Ultrastructure

Fig. 8. Schematics of somatic kinetids in Schmidingerella meunieri, namely of a dikinetid (A) and a monokinetid (B). The postciliary ribbons consist probably of four or five microtubules. The structure of ribbon III is somewhat variable, ranging from one layer containing four microtubules to two layers with six microtubules as in ribbon I. 1–9, triplets 1–9; I–III, extraordinary microtubular ribbons I–III; D, desmose; Kd, kinetodesmal fibril; Pc, postciliary ribbon; T, transverse ribbon.

Fig. 5 in Ultrastructural Studies on a Model Tintinnid - Schmidingerella meunieri (Kofoid and Campbell, 1929) Agatha and Strüder-Kypke, 2012 (Ciliophora). I. Somatic Kinetids with Unique Ultrastructure

Fig. 5. Schematic drawing of two consecutive dikinetids in an obliquely orientated dorsal kinety or posterior portion of the ventral kinety in Schmidingerella meunieri compiling all observations from transmission electron micrographs. The 20°–30° angles of the dikinetids are not considered. The posterior basal bodies insert somewhat more distally than the anterior ones and their cilia are connected with the left walls of the pits. The postciliary ribbons are shown in abridged form. I–III, extraordinary microtubular ribbons I–III; AP, axosomal plate; Axn, axoneme; Axs, axosome; CC, cytoplasmic connection; CG, core granule; CM, cortical microtubules; Co, condylocilium; CP, ciliary pit; CT, central tubules; EC, electron-dense cuff; Kd, kinetodesmal fibril; P, perilemma; Pc, postciliary ribbon; T, transverse ribbon.