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FIGURE 10 in Calling for a reassessment of rodent diversity in Colombia: description of a new species of Neacomys (Cricetidae: Oryzomyini) from the Magdalena Valley, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and comments on its diversification

FIGURE 10. Comparison of the lateral profiles of the skulls of Trans-Andean species of Neacomys present in Colombia: A) Neacomys sp. nov. (UIS-MHN-M 1068, holotype). B) Neacomys tenuipes (UIS-MHN-M 1723). Note a more convex profile of the braincase, a thicker hamular process of the squamosal, a broader condylar process, a larger and laterally projected mental foramen, and the anterior margin of nasals without a hump in Neacomys sp. nov. con: condylar process; hp: hamular process of the squamosal; mf: mental foramen; nas: nasals.

FIGURE 8 in Calling for a reassessment of rodent diversity in Colombia: description of a new species of Neacomys (Cricetidae: Oryzomyini) from the Magdalena Valley, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and comments on its diversification

FIGURE 8. Ventral perspectives of adult specimens illustrating the striking difference in ventral fur of the two Trans-Andean species of Neacomys present in Colombia: A) Holotype of Neacomys sp. nov (UIS-MHN-M 1068). B) Section of the holotype of Neacomys sp. nov. showing its characteristic gray-based ochraceous-buff ventral fur. C) Neacomys tenuipes (UIS-MHN-M 1723); note the contrasting entirely white ventral fur of this species.

FIGURE 7 in Calling for a reassessment of rodent diversity in Colombia: description of a new species of Neacomys (Cricetidae: Oryzomyini) from the Magdalena Valley, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and comments on its diversification

FIGURE 7. Frontal perspectives of adult specimens belonging to the two Trans-Andean species of Neacomys present in Colombia: A) Holotype of Neacomys sp. nov (UIS-MHN-M 1068); note the distinctive broad ochraceous-orange patches in the sides of the muzzle of this species. B) Neacomys tenuipes (UIS-MHN-M 1723).

FIGURE 6 in Calling for a reassessment of rodent diversity in Colombia: description of a new species of Neacomys (Cricetidae: Oryzomyini) from the Magdalena Valley, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and comments on its diversification

FIGURE 6. Dorsal perspectives of adult specimens belonging to the two Trans-Andean species of Neacomys present in Colombia: A) Holotype of Neacomys sp. nov (UIS-MHN-M 1068). B) Neacomys tenuipes (UIS-MHN-M 1723); note that a portion of the tail is missing in this specimen.

FIGURE 5. A in Calling for a reassessment of rodent diversity in Colombia: description of a new species of Neacomys (Cricetidae: Oryzomyini) from the Magdalena Valley, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and comments on its diversification

FIGURE 5. A) Montane forest habitat along the left Bank of the La San Guillerma stream, adjacent to the type locality of Neacomys sp. nov. (municipality of El Carmen de Chucurí) (Photograph by Juliette Gualdrón) B) View of the forest remnant where the second specimen of Neacomys sp nov. was collected (municipality of Hato) (Photograph by Juliette Gualdrón). C) Topography of the western slope of the Serranía de los Yariguíes from the campsite "Finca Buenos Aires"; near the type locality of Neacomys sp. nov. D) Educational activity with members of the community in the municipality of El Carmen del Chucurí, Vereda la Bodega, Sector Manchurrias, illustrating the importance of government funded projects (like Santander BIO expeditions), not only to inventory the biodiversity of remote areas, but also to teach local people to preserve it.

FIGURE 4 in Calling for a reassessment of rodent diversity in Colombia: description of a new species of Neacomys (Cricetidae: Oryzomyini) from the Magdalena Valley, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and comments on its diversification

FIGURE 4. Scatterplots of the Principal Components Analyses: PC1 and PC2 are represented in the graphics. A. PCA of the external and craniodental variables of all the small-bodied species of Neacomys; B. PCA of the craniodental variables of N. tenuipes and Neacomys sp. nov. Miniatures in the right side correspond to the Bayesian Cytb phylogeny recovered here (FIGURE 3): species in the scatterplots and the phylogenies are same colored.

FIGURE 3 in Calling for a reassessment of rodent diversity in Colombia: description of a new species of Neacomys (Cricetidae: Oryzomyini) from the Magdalena Valley, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and comments on its diversification

FIGURE 3. Bayesian Inference topology based on Cytb sequence data used to assess the position of Neacomys sp. nov. in relation to other species in the genus (BI and ML analyses resulted in congruent topologies). Support values are indicated for each node (Bayesian posterior probabilities to the left, and percentages of 1,000 bootstrap replicates to the right). Each terminal is identified by country of origin, the next largest political unit, and GenBank accession number (in red). For specimens of N. tenuipes and Neacomys sp. nov. sequenced here, collection numbers are provided, as well as a number referring to localities mapped in FIGURE 2 and listed in Appendix I. Shaded colored boxes enclose the species groups proposed by Hurtado & Pacheco (2017) and Semedo et al. (2020). Abbreviations: BO (Bolivia), BR (Brazil), CO (Colombia), EC (Ecuador), FG (French Guyana), GU (Guyana), PE (Peru), and SU (Suriname).

FIGURE 11 in Calling for a reassessment of rodent diversity in Colombia: description of a new species of Neacomys (Cricetidae: Oryzomyini) from the Magdalena Valley, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and comments on its diversification

FIGURE 11. Selected qualitative morphological traits differentiating Trans-Andean species of Neacomys present in Colombia: A), C), E) Neacomys sp. nov. B), D), F) N. tenuipes. Note the tegmen tympani exposed above the dorsal surface of the ectotympanic, the opened ectotympanic ring, the larger orbicular apophysis of the malleus, the bifurcated paraoccipital process, the deeper folds of the upper molars, and the divided mesoflexus of M1 in the new species. ab: auditory bullae; adeect: anterodorsal edge of the ectotympanic; hyp: hypoflexus; hp: hamular process of the squamosal; M1 prc: procingulum of first upper molar; mes: mesoflexus; met: metaflexus; mt: mastoid tubercle; oa: orbicular apophysis; par: paraflexus; pgf: postglenoid foramen; pp: paraoccipital process; pro: protoflexus; ssf: subsquamosal fenestra; tt: tegmen tympani.

FIGURE 2 in Calling for a reassessment of rodent diversity in Colombia: description of a new species of Neacomys (Cricetidae: Oryzomyini) from the Magdalena Valley, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and comments on its diversification

FIGURE 2. Map showing collection localities of the named and unamed small-bodied species of Neacomys (except N. pictus) along with salient topographic features of northern South America. Localities of N. tenuipes and Neacomys sp. nov are numbered according to Appendix I. Localities of the remaining species are detailed in Voss et al. (2001), Sánchez-Vendizú et al. (2018), and Semedo et al. (2020). Miniature in the right side of the map corresponds to the Bayesian Cytb phylogeny recovered here (FIGURE 3): species in the map and phylogeny are same colored; the numbers in some nodes correspond to the median divergence times estimated by Upham et al. (2019) within Neacomys.

FIGURE 1 in Calling for a reassessment of rodent diversity in Colombia: description of a new species of Neacomys (Cricetidae: Oryzomyini) from the Magdalena Valley, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and comments on its diversification

FIGURE 1. Map of collecting localities of the specimens of Neacomys sp. nov. (stars) 1. Colombia, Department of Santander, Municipality of El Carmen de Chucurí, vereda La Bodega, sector Manchurrias, western slope of the Serranía de los Yariguíes, Finca Buenos Aires, in the basin of the La San Guillerma stream (Type locality); 2. Colombia, Department of Santander, Municipality of Hato, vereda Hoya Negra. Numbers also correspond to the localities listed in Appendix I. Dashed lines represent boundaries of the municipalities encompassing the two localities. Green polygon represents the area comprised by the Serranía de los Yariguíes National Natural Park.

FIGURE 9 in Calling for a reassessment of rodent diversity in Colombia: description of a new species of Neacomys (Cricetidae: Oryzomyini) from the Magdalena Valley, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and comments on its diversification

FIGURE 9. Comparison of the dorsal and ventral views of the skulls of Trans-Andean species of Neacomys present in Colombia: A), C) Neacomys sp. nov. (UIS-MHN-M 1068, holotype). B), D) Neacomys tenuipes (UIS-MHN-M 1723). Note the nasals more expanded anteriorly, the shallower zygomatic notches, the less developed supraorbital ridges, the procingulum of M1 flattened laterally, and the incisive foramina extending almost to anterior alveolus of M1 in Neacomys sp. nov. if: incisive foramen; M1 prc: procingulum of first upper molar; nas: nasal bone; sob: supraorbital beads; zn: zygomatic notch.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of Juliomys (Mammalia: Rodentia: Cricetidae) from the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic relationships among the species of Juliomys represented by the maximum likelihood phylogram resulting from the analysis of 801 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Numbers above branches represent parsimony and likelihood bootstrap support, and Bayesian posterior probabilities, respectively. Numbers below branches correspond to average Kimura 2-parameter genetic distances among members of the clade.

FIGURE 9 in A new species of Juliomys (Mammalia: Rodentia: Cricetidae) from the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 9. Conventional staining of the karyotype of J. ossitenuis sp. nov. (MBML 2783, male), showing 2n=20 NFa=36.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Juliomys (Mammalia: Rodentia: Cricetidae) from the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 7. Left humerus, scapula, and clavicle of: A, J. ossitenuis sp. nov. (MZUSP 33171); B, J. pictipes (UFMG 3168). Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Juliomys (Mammalia: Rodentia: Cricetidae) from the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 6. Upper left (above) and lower right (below) molar toothrows of: A, J. ossitenuis sp. nov. (MN 69752, the holotype); B, J. ossitenuis sp. nov. (MZUSP 33171); C, J. pictipes (FMNH 26814, the holotype); D, J. pictipes (UFMG 3159). Arrows point to the ectolophid/ectostylid on m1 and m2 of J. ossitenuis. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Photograph of FMNH 26814 by Pablo Gonçalves.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Juliomys (Mammalia: Rodentia: Cricetidae) from the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 4. Dorsal and ventral views of the skulls of the holotypes of: A, J. pictipes (FMNH 26814),; B, J. ossitenuis sp. nov. (MN 69752); C, J. rimofrons (MN 61647). Scale bar = 5 mm. Photograph of FMNH 26814 by Pablo Gonçalves.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Juliomys (Mammalia: Rodentia: Cricetidae) from the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1. Picture of a male Juliomys ossitenuis sp. nov. (MBML 2783) from Macieira, Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Photograph by Pedro L. Peloso.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Juliomys (Mammalia: Rodentia: Cricetidae) from the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 2. Collecting localities of J. ossitenuis sp. nov. (circles), J. pictipes (triangles) and J. rimofrons (star), and syntopy of J. ossitenuis and J. pictipes (square). Numbers correspond to the localities listed in the Appendix.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Juliomys (Mammalia: Rodentia: Cricetidae) from the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 3. Dorsal and ventral views of the skins of: A, J. pictipes (UFMG 3168); B, J. ossitenuis sp. nov. (MN 69752, the holotype); C, J. rimofrons (MN 61647, the holotype).

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Juliomys (Mammalia: Rodentia: Cricetidae) from the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 5. Lateral view of the skulls and mandibles of the holotypes of: A, J. pictipes (FMNH 26814); B, J. ossitenuis sp. nov. (MN 69752); C, J. rimofrons (MN 61647). Scale bar = 5 mm. Photograph of FMNH 26814 by Pablo Gonçalves.