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FIGURES 36–45 in Redescription of the species of Anacroneuria Klapálek known from the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Amazonas, Brazil with a neotype designation, and a key to adults males, Amazonas, Brazil. (Plecoptera, Perlidae)

FIGURES 36–45. Anacroneuria marlieri; 36. Male, Sterna 7–10,ventral; 37–38. Male, hammer, ventral and lateral; 39. Male, paraproct lateral; 40. Male, aedeagus, dorsal; 41. Male, aedeagus, ventral; 42. Male, aedeagus, lateral; 43. Female, sterna 7–8; 44. Female sterna 9–10; 45. vaginal sclerite. Abbreviations: H, hammer; HOK, hooks; LL, lateral lobe; MN, medium notch; PML, paramedian lobe; SD, sub–apical denticle; SLN, sublateral notch; ST, sternite. Figures 40–42 same scales; Figures 43 and 44 same scales.

FIGURES 11–15. Anacroneuria marlieri. 11 in Redescription of the species of Anacroneuria Klapálek known from the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Amazonas, Brazil with a neotype designation, and a key to adults males, Amazonas, Brazil. (Plecoptera, Perlidae)

FIGURES 11–15. Anacroneuria marlieri. 11. male habitus (in life); 12. female habitus (in alcohol); 13. head and pronotum; 14. forewing; 15. hindwing.

FIGURES 1–5. Anacroneuria minuta. 1 in Redescription of the species of Anacroneuria Klapálek known from the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Amazonas, Brazil with a neotype designation, and a key to adults males, Amazonas, Brazil. (Plecoptera, Perlidae)

FIGURES 1–5. Anacroneuria minuta. 1. male habitus (in life); 2. female habitus (in alcohol); 3. head and pronotum; 4. forewing; 5. hindwing.

FIGURES 26–35 in Redescription of the species of Anacroneuria Klapálek known from the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Amazonas, Brazil with a neotype designation, and a key to adults males, Amazonas, Brazil. (Plecoptera, Perlidae)

FIGURES 26–35. Anacroneuria manauensis; 26. Male, Sterna 7–10,ventral; 27. Male, hammer, ventral; 28. Male, hammer, lateral; 29. Male, paraproct lateral; 30. Male, aedeagus, dorsal; 31. Male, aedeagus, ventral; 32. Male, aedeagus, lateral; 33. Female, sterna 6–8; 34. Female sterna 9–10; 35. vaginal sclerite. Abbreviations: H, hammer; HOK, hooks; LL, lateral lobe; MN, medium notch; PML, paramedian lobe; SD, sub–apical denticle; SLN, sublateral notch; ST, sternite. Figures 30–32 same scales; Figures 33–34 same scales.

FIGURES 16–25 in Redescription of the species of Anacroneuria Klapálek known from the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Amazonas, Brazil with a neotype designation, and a key to adults males, Amazonas, Brazil. (Plecoptera, Perlidae)

FIGURES 16–25. Anacroneuria minuta; 16. Male, sterna 8–10,ventral; 17. Male, hammer, ventral; 18. Male, hammer, latera; 19. Male, paraproct lateral; 20. Male, aedeagus, dorsal; 21. Male, aedeagus, ventral; 22. Male, aedeagus, lateral; 23. Female, sterna 7–8; 24. sterna 9–10; 25. vaginal sclerite. Abbreviations: H, hammer; HOK, hooks; K, keel; LL, lateral lobe; MN, medium notch; PML, paramedian lobe; SD, sub–apical denticle; SLN, sublateral notch; ST, sternite; VES, vesicle. Figures 20–22 same scales; Figures 23–24 same scales.

FIGURES 6–10 Anacroneuria manauensis. 6 in Redescription of the species of Anacroneuria Klapálek known from the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Amazonas, Brazil with a neotype designation, and a key to adults males, Amazonas, Brazil. (Plecoptera, Perlidae)

FIGURES 6–10 Anacroneuria manauensis. 6. male habitus (in life); 7. female habitus (in alcohol); 8. head and pronotum; 9. forewing; 10. hindwing.

FIGURE 4 in Extraordinary cranial specialization in a new genus of extinct duck (Aves: Anseriformes) from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands

FIGURE 4. Scatterplots of the first three principal components (PC1-3) resulting from a principal components analysis of eight skull measures (see Table 4) places Talpanas ('T') in a unique position in multivariate space in both B and C.

FIGURE 3 in Extraordinary cranial specialization in a new genus of extinct duck (Aves: Anseriformes) from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands

FIGURE 3. Morphometrics of the tarsometatarsus (A) and palatines (B) of Talpanas lippa illustrated with box and whisker plots. In both plots, the 'T' indicates Talpanas, the box indicates the interquartile range of all waterfowl with the central line running through it representing the mean and the vertical lines indicate the maximum and minimum values for all waterfowl apart from Talpanas. (A) is a vertical box and whisker plot of the ratio of tarsometatarsal length ('l') to tarsometatarsal circumference ('c'). Note that Talpanas has a significantly lower ratio than all other waterfowl, indicating a short and thick tarsometatarsus. (B) a vertical box and whisker plot of palatine divergence ('Palatine angle') measured in degrees (degs) (for measurement details see Materials and Methods). Again, note that Talpanas ('T') has a significantly higher value than all other waterfowl, indicating highly divergent palatines.

FIGURE 2 in Extraordinary cranial specialization in a new genus of extinct duck (Aves: Anseriformes) from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands

FIGURE 2. Paratypes of Talpanas lippa, new species (B, C, E, G, I, J, L, N), compared with Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis (A, D, F, H, K, M) as follows: palatal bones in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C) views, left postdentary portion of mandible in medial (D, E) and dorsal (F, G) views, tarsometatarsi in anterior view (H–J), proximal ends of right tibiotarsi in anterior view (K, L), and right innominate bones in lateral view (M, N). Specimen numbers are as follows: USNM 561472 – Anas laysanensis; USNM 535684, USNM 535685, USNM 535690, USNM 535691, USNM 535689, USNM 535686 – Talpanas lippa. Scale bar = 2 cm.

FIGURE 1 in Extraordinary cranial specialization in a new genus of extinct duck (Aves: Anseriformes) from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands

FIGURE 1. Holotype of Talpanas lippa, new species (USNM 535683), shown in the following views in order from top to bottom: dorsal, ventral, lateral and posterior. Abbreviations refer to the following structures: bpt, basipterygoid facet on parasphenoid rostrum; cffz, craniofacial flexion zone; fm, foramen magnum; frd, frontal depression; ios, ossified interorbital septum; lac, lacrimal bone; lons, lateral orbitonasal sulcus; me, mesethmoid; ulcus; ngfo, fossa for nasal gland; oc, occipital condyle; of, orbital foramen (for sphenoid artery); or, olfactory region of nasal cavity; pop, paroccipital process; pp, postorbital process; qco, cotylae for squamosal and otic capitula of quadrate; II, optic nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; V, trigeminal foramen. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURES 69–82. 69, 76 in Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species

FIGURES 69–82. 69, 76. Protopolybia exigua; 70, 77. P. diligens; 71, 78. P. collombiana sp. nov.; 72, 79. P. clypeata sp. nov.; 73, 80. P. similis sp. nov.; 74, 81. P. holoxantha; 75, 82. P. scutellaris. 69–75. Parameres of male genitalia (Apa, apical angle). 76–82. Volsella of male genitalia in lateral view (digitus highlighted in gray). Scale 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 95 in Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species

FIGURE 95. Tree representative of 22 of the most parsimonious trees from unweighted analysis, in which former Pseudochartergus appears as paraphyletic; unsupported nodes shown as collapsed; unambiguous supporting characters and states also shown for each of the numbered tree nodes (c/s), an asterisk means that a given state occurrence is free of homoplasy.

FIGURES 41–46. 41, 43, 45 in Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species

FIGURES 41–46. 41, 43, 45. Protopolybia collombiana sp. nov.; 42, 44, 46. P. clypeata sp. nov. Pap, pronotal anterior prominence.

FIGURES 53–58. 53, 55, 57 in Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species

FIGURES 53–58. 53, 55, 57. Protopolybia holoxantha; 54, 56, 58. P. rubrithorax. Prc, pronotal carina.

FIGURES 47–52. 47, 49, 51 in Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species

FIGURES 47–52. 47, 49, 51. Protopolybia similis sp. nov.; 48, 50, 52. P. potiguara sp. nov. Oc, occipital carina; Prp, propodeum.

FIGURE 97 in Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species

FIGURE 97. Tree representative of 3 of the best-fit trees from implied weights analysis (k = 6.875) in which former Pseudochartergus appears as monoyphyletic; unambiguous supporting characters and states also shown for each of the numbered tree nodes (c/s), an asterisk means that a given state occurrence is free of homoplasy.

FIGURE 94 in Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species

FIGURE 94. Consensus of 28 most parsimonious trees for Protopolybia species and outgroups, from unweighted analysis with TNT, with CG measure of branch support (symmetric resampling); unsupported nodes shown as collapsed; original trees have length 124, CI 66, RI 84.

FIGURES 1–16 in Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species

FIGURES 1–16. Measurements taken on body structures (explanation of the abbreviation see in the text). 1. Protopolybia emortualis; 2–4. P. amarella; 5, 6. P. exigua; 7. P emortualis; 8. P. chartergoides; 9. P. clypeata sp. nov.; 10. P. nitida; 11. P. emortualis; 12. P. holoxantha; 13. P. duckeianus; 14. P. chartergoides. 15. P. diligens; 16. P. fuscatus. 7–9. Clypeus, frontal view; 10–14. Head, lateral view. 15 and 16. Head, dorsal view.

FIGURES 83–93. 83 in Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species

FIGURES 83–93. 83. Protopolybia exigua; 84. P. diligens; 85. P. collombiana sp. nov.; 86. P. clypeata sp. nov.; 87. P. similis sp. nov.; 88. P. holoxantha; 89 P. scutellaris; 90. P. bituberculata; 91. P. sedula; 92. P. bella; 93. P. nitida. Aedeagus in lateral and dorsal views. Scale 0,2 mm. Par, preapical region.

FIGURE 96 in Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species

FIGURE 96. Tree representative of 6 of the most parsimonious trees from unweighted analysis, in which former Pseudochartergus appears as polyphyletic; unambiguous supporting characters and states also shown for each of the numbered tree nodes (c/s), an asterisk means that a given state occurrence is free of homoplasy.