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Figure 5 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 5. Principal component analyses of morphometric data of Colobopsis nest samples according to the two clusters evidenced by NC-PART clustering. Each small dot represents a colony sample. Large dots represent centroids.

Figure 6 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 6. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the barcode fragment of the mtCOI gene from the Colobopsis specimens sequenced.

Figure 4 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 4. Dendrogram comparing the results of 'kmeans', and 'hclust' in NC Clustering of Colobopsis morphometric raw data. Two samples (4.5% of the total) are misplaced by both the dendrogram and one of the partitioning analyses, NC-part. kmeans; partially different samples being affected in each of the three analyses. The other partitioning analysis, NC-part. hclust returned the same sample assignment as the LDA did.

Figure 3 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 3. Chromatic ratios calculated from pictures of the Colobopsis CSL and DQL patterns and from pictures of the two putative model species Cr. scutellaris and D. quadripunctatus (N = 2 0 for each species or chromatic form). Boxplots show mean and standard deviation, while whiskers represent minimum and maximum values. Dots correspond to measured individuals. Their dispersal on the X-axis is a randomized graphic effect to avoid overlaps.

Figure 2 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 2. Type material of the described West-Palaearctic Colobopsis, all showing to the 'D. quadripunctatus-like' pattern. A, holotype queen of Colobopsis truncata from Liguria, Italy, preserved at the Turin Natural History Museum (Italy). B, syntype worker of Colobopsis fuscipes from Austria (picture from AntWeb.org, FOCOL2496; photographer: Christiana Klingenberg), preserved at the Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität Berlin (Berlin, Germany). Note that the queen's red colour in the anterior heavily sculptured part of the phragmotic head is not relevant to evaluating its chromatic pattern. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 11. Colobopsis imitans. A, B, E, F in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 11. Colobopsis imitans. A, B, E, F, queen; C, D, G, male. Specimens from the type locality. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. Pictures also available on AntWeb.org database, specimen codes: ANTWEB1041483 and ANTWEB1041484.

Figure 8 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 8. Trail-following behaviour on Crematogaster scutellaris trails by other ants (indicated with arrows). On the left (A, C, E) CSL Colobopsis; on the right (B, D, F) Camponotus lateralis observed in the same locality performing the same behaviour (photos taken in Palermo (Sicily) during field surveys).

Figure 12 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 12. Male genitalia of Colobopsis imitans in ventral and dorsal view, specimen from the type locality. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.

Figure 1 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 1. The model species and the two detected chromatic model patterns of Colobopsis: A, Crematogaster scutellaris; B, CSL Colobopsis from Sicily; C, Dolichoderus quadripunctatus from Tuscany; D, DQL Colobopsis from Tuscany.

Figure S1 in Cutting the Gordian Knot: Phylogenetic and ecological diversification of the Mesalina brevirostris species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

Figure S1. Results of the BI analysis of concatenated mtDNA data and GMYC species delimitation analysis. (a) MCC tree from the mtDNA analysis with posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 shown by nodes. Sample codes correspond to those in Table S1. Branches colored in red indicate putative species identified by the GMYC species delimitation analysis. (b) Likelihood values produced by GMYC to estimate the transition between cladogenesis and intraspecific coalescence. (c) Lineagethroughtime plot based on the depicted tree that shows the transition from interspecific to intraspecific branching events (red line). The time scale in (b) and (c) is relative.

Figure S2 in Cutting the Gordian Knot: Phylogenetic and ecological diversification of the Mesalina brevirostris species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

Figure S2.Environmental space of the background used for developing the SDMs (grey box) and its parts occupied byMesalina bernoullii,M. brevirostris,M. saudiarabica sp. n.,M. microlepis. Values for the nine noncorrelated environmental variables are shown (for abbreviations explanation see Material and methods). The species environmental space is based on their modelled distribution. Mean values (central line), standard deviation (box) and minimum and maximum values (whiskers) are shown.

F I G U R E 3 in Cutting the Gordian Knot: Phylogenetic and ecological diversification of the Mesalina brevirostris species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

F I G U R E 3 Results of 100 replicates of niche identity (above diagonal) and background tests (below diagonal). Observed niche overlap (Schoener's D) is given in the upper right corner of each graph and is also indicated by red bars. The identity tests show that the niches are significantly different from models based on pooled and randomly resampled records for all species pairs except M. bernoullii—M. microlepis. Scales of the x axis of all identity tests are 0–1. Background tests show two comparisons, one of the occurrences of the species in row against the background for the species in column (black bars and p values), the other of occurrences of the species in column compared with the background for the species in row (grey bars and p values). Note that the scale of the x axes differs in the background graphs. Asterisks by p values denote significant results. Names of taxa correspond to changes proposed in this study

F I G U R E 2 in Cutting the Gordian Knot: Phylogenetic and ecological diversification of the Mesalina brevirostris species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

F I G U R E 2 (a) Species-tree cloudogram (grey shading) superimposed with the MCC tree (black) inferred using three mtDNA and three nDNA gene fragments. White dots mark nodes with pp support ≥.95. Mean ages are indicated for supported nodes in white rectangles by nodes together with 95% HPD (also indicated as blue bars). Higher colour densities in the cloudogram represent higher levels of certainty that given clade exists. The depicted individuals are as follows: Mesalina microlepis from Hermel, Lebanon (voucher NMP 74214/2); M. saudiarabica sp. n. from Mahazat as-Sayd, Saudi Arabia (photovoucher NMP6F 29-30, not sampled); M. bernoullii from Chosrevi, Iran (unvouchered, sample I02), M. brevirostris from the Marawah Island, UAE (unvouchered, not sampled). Specimens are not to scale. (b) Allele networks of the three nDNA gene fragments analysed. Circle sizes are proportional to the number of alleles, lines represent mutational steps. Names of taxa correspond to changes proposed in this study

F I G U R E 1 in Cutting the Gordian Knot: Phylogenetic and ecological diversification of the Mesalina brevirostris species complex (Squamata, Lacertidae)

F I G U R E 1 (a) Map of the Arabian Peninsula showing localities of material examined in this study. Large circles indicate material used for the phylogenetic analyses; smaller paler circles indicate additional records used for the SDM. Dashed line delimits the background for developing the models. Potential distributions of Mesalina bernoullii, M. brevirostris, M. microlepis and M. saudiarabica sp. n. based on the MTSS threshold are shown in corresponding colours. The green and blue striped region shows the overlap of the potential distributions of M. bernoullii and M. microlepis. (b) Plot of the environmental space of the study background and its respective parts occupied by the four species as identified by the PCA. The first two principal components and their contributions to general variation are shown. The species environmental spaces are based on their modelled distributions. Names of taxa correspond to changes proposed in this study

Fig. 7 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species

Fig. 7 Climatic niche comparisons along the environmental space using hypervolumes for delimited lineages of South American Physamia. (a–c) Hypervolumes (point density and alpha-hull contour boundary) for delimited lineages of South American Physamia representing their climatic niches, and estimated using the values extracted from the components of the PCA-env (first three components). (a) PCenv1 vs PCenv2. (b) PCenv1 vs PCenv3. (c) PCenv2 vs PCenv3. (d) Phylomorphospace plot showing niche position between delimited lineages obtained using centroid distances between each pair of hypervolumes and multidimensional scaling

Fig. 4 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species

Fig. 4 Phylogenetic placement of sampled specimens of South American Physamia. (a–c) Maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree generated by Bayesian inference with BEAST 1.8.4. (a) nrITS dataset. (b) cpDNA dataset (tmnL-F/tmnH-psbA/tmnG intron/tmnS-tmnG). (c) Concatenated ITS + cpDNA datasets. (d) MCC tree estimated from ITS and cpDNA datasets using the multispecies coalescent method implemented in *BEAST v.1.8.4. The small circles on nodes indicate posterior probability (pp): black circles pp≥0.9, gray circles 0.9>pp≥0.7, white circles

Fig. 1 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species

Fig. 1 Representatives of South American Physamia. a–c P. cmassistigma. a Plant with flowers. b Plant with fruits. c Detail of fruits. d–e P. latemalis. d Plant with flowers and fruits. e Detail of fruits. f–g P. mendocina. f Plant with flowers. g Plant with fruits. h–i P. pygmaea. h Plant with flowers and fruits. i Details of fruits. j–l P. umbaniana. j Plant with flowers. k Plant with fruits. l Detail of fruits. a–c from Salamiato et al.

Fig. 6 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species

Fig. 6 Geographic and climatic niche distribution for delimited lineages of South American Physamia. (a) Maximum clade credibility (MCC) species tree estimated from ITS and cpDNA datasets using the multispecies coalescent method implemented in *BEAST 1.8.4 and the hypothesis of six independently evolving lineages. Numbers on branches correspond to posterior probability. (b) Geographic distribution of lineages: green,

Fig. 5 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species

Fig. 5 Results of species delimitation analyses. (a) Results from GMYC (discovery approach), BPP, and BFD (validation approaches) plotted onto the MCC tree obtained with the concatenated ITS+cpDNA dataset. GMYC analyses were conducted using MCC trees obtained with nrITS, cpDNA, concatenated nrITS+cpDNA, and coalescence nrITS–cpDNA analyses. BPP analyses were conducted using six different combinations

Fig. 3 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species

Fig. 3 Median-joining networks of a, nrITS dataset; b, cpDNA dataset (tmnLF, tmnH-psbA, tmnG intron, tmnS-tmnG spacer). Six morphologically defined species are distinguished by different colors: blue, P. cmassistigma; pink, P. latemalis; red, P. mendocina; black, P. okanensis; yellow, P. pygmaea; green: P. umbaniana. Intermediate (unobserved) haplotypes are distinguished by small gray circles. Circle sizes correspond to relative numbers of in- dividuals sharing a particular haplotype