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580 results for “Effort”
Supplementary material 4 from: Schiffleithner V, Essl F (2016) Is it worth the effort? Spread and management success of invasive alien plant species in a Central European National Park. NeoBiota 31: 43-61. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.31.8071
Table S2. Percentage and numbers of populations of the three study species : Explanation note: Percentage and numbers of populations of the three study species in the five size classes (1 = 0–10m², 2 = 10–100m², 3 = 100–1,000m², 4 = 1,000–10,000m², 5 = >10,000m²) in the National Park Thayatal-Podyjí in 2010. Density classes (according to Braun-Blanquet 1964) are provided for Fallopia × bohemica and Impatiens glandulifera.
Supplementary material 3 from: Schiffleithner V, Essl F (2016) Is it worth the effort? Spread and management success of invasive alien plant species in a Central European National Park. NeoBiota 31: 43-61. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.31.8071
Table S1. Populations of Fallopia × bohemica, Impatiens glandulifera and Robinia pseudoacacia in the Austrian part of the National Park Thayatal-Podyjí : Explanation note: Populations of Fallopia × bohemica, Impatiens glandulifera and Robinia pseudoacacia in the Austrian part of the National Park Thayatal-Podyjí, indicating population size, changes in population size between both surveys, and if management was applied.
Supplementary material 1 from: Schiffleithner V, Essl F (2016) Is it worth the effort? Spread and management success of invasive alien plant species in a Central European National Park. NeoBiota 31: 43-61. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.31.8071
Figure S1. Distribution of the three study species (Fallopia × bohemica, Impatiens glandulifera, Robinia pseudoacacia) in the National Park Thayatal-Podyjí in 2010 : Explanation note: Robinia pseudoacacia predominantly invades forests near settlements, Impatiens glandulifera the Thaya river valley, and Fallopia × bohemica occurs mostly near settlements close to streams.
Supplementary material 2 from: Schiffleithner V, Essl F (2016) Is it worth the effort? Spread and management success of invasive alien plant species in a Central European National Park. NeoBiota 31: 43-61. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.31.8071
Figure S2. Distribution of the three study species, Fallopia × bohemica, Impatiens glandulifera, and Robinia pseudoacacia in the Austrian part of the National Park Thayatal-Podyjí in 2001 :
Supplementary material 1 from: Touroult J, Stéphane B (2014) Insects of French Guiana: a baseline for diversity and taxonomic effort. ZooKeys 434: 111-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.434.7582
How to access, cite and contribute to the TAXREF species database?: Explanation note: This file explains who contributed to the species database and give links for downloading the taxonomic database.
Supplementary material 2 from: Touroult J, Stéphane B (2014) Insects of French Guiana: a baseline for diversity and taxonomic effort. ZooKeys 434: 111-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.434.7582
Total species richness estimations for 68 taxonomic groups in French Guiana: Explanation note: Estimated and extrapolated species richness for 68 taxonomic groups in French Guiana and comparative figures for two well-known faunas. These taxa are used to extrapolate the total number of species in French Guiana given in Table 4.
Replication package for: "{Maternal Investments in Children: The Role of Expected Effort and Returns}"
<div> <div> <div>This file provides the supplementary replication material of the article "Maternal Investments in Children: The Role of Expected Effort and Returns" by Bhalotra, Delavande, Font-Gilabert and Maselko.</div> <div>ChangeRemove</div> </div> </div> <div> <div> <div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Hysteresis and Irreversibility of Global Dryness in Response to CO2 Mitigation Efforts
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
The replication page for paper: Revisiting Supervised and Unsupervised Models for Effort-Aware Just-in-Time Defect Prediction
<p>The replication page for the paper submitted to EMSE: Revisiting Supervised and Unsupervised Models for Effort-Aware Just-in-Time Defect Prediction.</p> <p>There are four java files in the package named "model". Each file corresponds to one specific model (CBS and CBS+ are in the same file). Each file has a main function and you will get the experiment results when running the main function.</p> <p> </p>
Figure 5 in Brazilian efforts towards achieving a comprehensive extinction risk assessment for its known flora
Figure 5 – Number of threatened species in each threat category for the top 15 threatened families of the Brazilian flora. CR – Critically Endangered, EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable.
Figure 1 in Brazilian efforts towards achieving a comprehensive extinction risk assessment for its known flora
Figure 1 – Number of species of the Brazilian flora included in each IUCN category of risk along with an indication of the number of species endemic to Brazil or with unknown endemism. CR – Critically Endangered, EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, NT – Near Threatened, LC – Least Concern and DD – Data Deficient.
Figure 3 in Brazilian efforts towards achieving a comprehensive extinction risk assessment for its known flora
Figure 3 – Number of threatened plant species followed by the number of species with extinction risk assessment, respectively, across all states in Brazil.
Figure 2 in Brazilian efforts towards achieving a comprehensive extinction risk assessment for its known flora
Figure 2 – Number of threatened plant species followed by the number of species with extinction risk assessment, respectively, across all phytogeographicdomains in Brazil.
Figure 4 in Brazilian efforts towards achieving a comprehensive extinction risk assessment for its known flora
Figure 4 –The most representativelifeforms(i.e. thosewith more than 100speciesassessed)foundamong threatened species in Brazil.
Dataset of Reducing the Effort for Systematic Reviews in Software Engineering
<p>Reducing the Effort for Systematic Reviews in Software Engineering</p> <p><strong>Background.</strong> Systematic Reviews (SRs) are means to collect and synthesize evidence from the identification, analysis and interpretation of multiple sources, or primary studies. To this aim, they use a well-defined methodology that should mitigate the risks of biases and ensure repeatability for later updates. SRs, however, involve significant effort.</p> <p><strong>Goal.</strong> The goal of this paper is to introduce a new methodology that, among other benefits, while taking advantage of the value provided by human expertise, reduces the amount of manual tedious tasks involved in SRs.</p> <p><strong>Method.</strong> Starting from current methodologies for SRs, we replaced the steps of keywording and data extraction with an automatic methodology for generating a domain ontology and classifying the primary studies. This methodology has been then applied in the software engineering sub-area of software architecture, and software quality, and evaluated with human annotators.</p> <p><strong>Results.</strong> The result is a novel expert-driven automatic methodology for performing SRs. This combines ontology-learning techniques and semantic technologies with the human-in-the-loop. The first (thanks to automation) fosters scalability, objectivity, reproducibility and granularity of the studies; the second allows tailoring to the specific focus of the study at hand, as well as knowledge reuse from domain experts.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions.</strong> Thanks to automation of the less creative steps in SRs, our methodology allows researchers to skip the tedious tasks of keywording and manually classifying primary studies, thus freeing effort for the analysis and the discussion.</p>
Barbara Thiers of the New York Botanical Garden and president of the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections is among those leading the effort to harness the explosion of data being digitized by collections around the globe. Photograph: New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. in The Evolution of Natural History Collections
Barbara Thiers of the New York Botanical Garden and president of the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections is among those leading the effort to harness the explosion of data being digitized by collections around the globe. Photograph: New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.
Fig. 1. Search effort for Bangasternus between 2020–2022 in Biocontrol Agents Cross Borders: First Detection of the Knapweed Seed Head Weevil, Bangasternus fausti (Reitter) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Canada
Fig. 1. Search effort for Bangasternus between 2020–2022. Symbol color represents presence or absence of B. fausti: white depicts presence, green depicts iNaturalist observations, and unfilled depicts absence. White triangles depict sites that had B. fausti and at least two species of Centaurea whereas unfilled triangles depict sites that had no B. fausti but had both C. diffusa and C. stoebe ssp. micranthos. Photo of B. fausti on C. diffusa by N. G. Earley. Figure prepared in QGIS version 3.16.6 with basemaps from https://github.com/stamen/terrain-classic and https://github.com/CartoDB/ basemap-styles.
Data from: Food availability modulates differences in parental effort between dispersing and philopatric birds
Dispersal entails costs and might have to be traded off against other life-history traits. Dispersing and philopatric individuals may thus exhibit alternative life-history strategies. Importantly, these differences could also partly be modulated by environmental variation. Our previous results in a patchy population of a small passerine, the collared flycatcher, suggest that, as breeding density, a proxy of habitat quality, decreases, dispersing individuals invest less in reproduction but maintain a stable oxidative balance, whereas philopatric individuals maintain a high reproductive investment at the expense of increased oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed at experimentally testing whether these observed differences between dispersing and philopatric individuals across a habitat quality gradient were due to food availability, a major component of habitat quality in this system. We provided additional food for the parents to use during the nestling rearing period and we measured subsequent parental reproductive effort (through provisioning rate, adult body mass, and plasmatic markers of oxidative balance) and reproductive output. Density-dependent differences between dispersing and philopatric parents in body mass and fledging success were observed in control nests but not in supplemented nests. However, density-dependent differences in oxidative state were not altered by the supplementation. Altogether, our results support our hypothesis that food availability is responsible for some of the density-dependent differences observed in our population between dispersing and philopatric individuals but other mechanisms are also at play. Our study further emphasizes the need to account for environmental variation when studying the association between dispersal and other traits.
Data from: Leukocyte profiles are associated with longevity and survival, but not migratory effort: a comparative analysis of shorebirds
1. Assessment of leukocyte profiles has become an increasingly popular tool in the fields of ecology and ecophysiology. The ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (H/L ratio) is of special utility, as it reflects physiological adaptation of an organism to cope either with an infection through injury (via heterophils) or a communicable disease (via lymphocytes). Thus, elevated H/L ratios may constitute an adaptation to risky environments (i.e. associated with high risk of injury). While intra-population variation in avian H/L ratio has been extensively studied, we are aware of no studies that linked this trait to life-history components at the inter-specific level. 2. We measured H/L ratio in over 400 shorebirds from 19 species during their autumn migration through Central Europe. Phylogenetically informed comparative methods were used to test whether H/L ratio was related to: i) annual survival and lifespan; ii) migratory effort, as measured with total migration distance and migratory energy reserves; and iii) confounding variables such as body size or breeding latitude. 3. A relatively strong phylogenetic signal and spatial phylogenetic autocorrelation indicated that most diversification in shorebird H/L ratios occurred relatively early in radiation of this group. 4. Comparative analysis gave strong support for the negative associations of H/L ratio with residual lifespan and annual survival. In contrast, we found no support for the effect of migratory behaviour on H/L ratios, suggesting that leukocyte profiles in shorebirds may not constitute an important physiological adaptation for long-distance migration. 5. Our study provided the first comparative evidence for a link between H/L ratios and important life-history traits in birds. Strong negative associations with annual survival and residual lifespan indicate that leukocyte profiles may form an adaptive basis for life-history strategies in birds.
Data from: Male black widows parasitize mate-searching effort of rivals to find females faster
Mate-searching success is a critical precursor to mating, but there is a dearth of research on traits and tactics that confer a competitive advantage in finding potential mates. Theory and available empirical evidence suggest that males locate mates using mate-attraction signals produced by receptive females (personal information) and avoid inadvertently-produced cues from rival males (social information) that indicate a female has likely already mated. Here we show that western black widow males use both kinds of information to find females efficiently, parasitizing the searching effort of rivals in a way that guarantees competition over mating after reaching a female's web. This tactic may be adaptive because female receptivity is transient, and we show that (a) mate searching is risky (88% mortality) and (b) a strongly male-biased operational sex ratio (from 1.2:1 to >10:1) makes competition inevitable. Males with access to rivals' silk trails moved at higher speeds than those with only personal information, and located females even when personal information was unreliable or absent. We show that following rivals can increase the potential for sexual selection on females as well as males and argue it may be more widespread in nature than is currently realized.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.