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FIGURE 2. Dolichosyne Ponomarenko, 1969 line drawings. 1, D. confragosa PIN 2785-2675. 2, 3, D. confragosa paratype PIN 2070-1551 part and counterpart. 4, D. rostrata holotype PIN 2555 in Ademosynidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): A new concept for a coleopteran key taxon and its phylogenetic affinities to the extant suborders

FIGURE 2. Dolichosyne Ponomarenko, 1969 line drawings. 1, D. confragosa PIN 2785-2675. 2, 3, D. confragosa paratype PIN 2070-1551 part and counterpart. 4, D. rostrata holotype PIN 2555/1735. 5, D. sulcata holotype PIN 2240-274 part. 6, D. sulcata paratype PIN 2240-234 part. 7, D. sulcata paratype PIN 2240-305 part. 8, D. sulcata PIN 2785-2659. Scale bars equal 1 mm. Label abbreviations: c.e – compound eye; cx1, 2 – pro- and mesocoxae; eps3 – metepisternum; gul – gular plate (gula); i.p1 – prosternal intercoxal process; l.d – pronotal longitudinal depression; l.i – lateral incisions of submentum; l.r – longitudinal ridge; msc – mesoscutum; mt – mentum; par – parietal; pl1 – propleurit; p.mt – prementum; p.t.p. – posterior tentorial pit; scl – scutellum; sct – mesoscutum; smt – submentum; s.scl – subocular suture; tr1 – protrochanter; tr3 - metatrochanter.

FIGURE 1. Dolichosyne Ponomarenko, 1969 habitus photos. 1, D. confragosa PIN 2785-2675 new material. 2, 3, D. confragosa paratype PIN 2070-1551 part and counterpart. 4, D. rostrata holotype PIN 2555 in Ademosynidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): A new concept for a coleopteran key taxon and its phylogenetic affinities to the extant suborders

FIGURE 1. Dolichosyne Ponomarenko, 1969 habitus photos. 1, D. confragosa PIN 2785-2675 new material. 2, 3, D. confragosa paratype PIN 2070-1551 part and counterpart. 4, D. rostrata holotype PIN 2555/1735. 5, D. sulcata holotype PIN 2240-274 part. 6, D. sulcata paratype PIN 2240-234 part. 7, D. sulcata paratype PIN 2240-305 part. 8, D. sulcata PIN 2785-2659. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Ademosynidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): A new concept for a coleopteran key taxon and its phylogenetic affinities to the extant suborders

FIGURE 7. Strict consensus tree of 71 minimum length trees (NONA, ratchet, 1000 replicates, all characters unweighted and unordered), 91 steps, consistency index 0.43. Monopyhyly of †Ademosynidae supported by two unambiguous apomorphies: anterior pronotal margin convex and overlapping posterior part of head (18.1), anterolateral pronotal angles absent (19.1). Systematic position of †Ademosynidae and Archosyne ambiguous.

FIGURE 6 in Ademosynidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): A new concept for a coleopteran key taxon and its phylogenetic affinities to the extant suborders

FIGURE 6. Comparative morphology of †Ademosynidae, polyphagan beetles and stem group Coleoptera. 1, 2, Stenocyphon sasaji Lawrence, 2001. 3, 4, Epiphanis cornutus (Eschscholtz, 1829). 5, 6, Dolichosyne sulcata Ponomarenko, 1969. 7, 8 Gnathosyne akkolkensis Ponomarenko, 1969. 9, 10, Archosyne permiana Ponomarenko et al., 2014. 11, 12, Tecticupes heckeri Rohdendorf, 1961 (†Taldycupedidae). 13, 14, Permocupes sojanensis Ponomarenko, 1963 (†Permocupedidae). Scale bars equal 1mm. Label abbreviations: mb.c – membranous connection.

Fig. 1 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden

Fig. 1. Geological map of the island of Gotland, Sweden, showing mapped lithological units and localities sampled for ophiuroids. Figure modified from Eriksson & Calner (2005) and Thuy et al. (2022).

Fig. 7 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden

Fig. 7. Stratigraphic position of the taxa described in the present paper with their assumed evolutionary relationships and the nesting of the clades Ankhurida clade nov., Ophiovalida clade nov. and Metophiurida Matsumoto, 1913. Note that some lateral arm plates are mirrored to allow comparison in similar orientation.

Fig. 6 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden

Fig. 6. Dissociated lateral arm plates of ophiuroids from the Silurian of Gotland. A–B. Ophiopetagno doro sp. nov, holotype, NRM PAL Ec38341, proximal lateral arm plate in external (A) and internal (B) views. C–D. O. doro, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38342, median lateral arm plate in external (C) and internal (D) views. E–F. O. doro, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38343, distal lateral arm plate in external (E) and internal (F) views. G–H. Ophiopetagno sp. 1, NRM PAL Ec38344, proximal to median lateral arm plate in external (G) and internal (H) views. I–J. Ophiopetagno sp. 2, NRM PAL Ec38345, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (I) and internal (J) views. Abbreviations: AGSA = ambulacral groove spine articulations; di = distal; do = dorsal; LSA = lateral spine articulations; TN = tentacle notch; VAK = vertebral articular knob.

Fig. 2 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic framework of Gotland, with the stratigraphic positions of localities sampled for ophiuroids alongside identified Silurian events (modified from Eriksson & Calner 2005, with chronostratigraphic ages after Melchin et al. 2020).

Fig. 5 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden

Fig. 5. Dissociated lateral arm plates of ophiuroids from the Silurian of Gotland. A–B. Ophiopetagno bonzo sp. nov, holotype, NRM PAL Ec38336, proximal lateral arm plate in external (A) and internal (B) views. C–D. O. bonzo, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38337, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (C) and internal (D) views. E–F. Ophiopetagno kansas sp. nov, holotype, NRM PAL Ec38338, proximal lateral arm plate in external (E) and internal (F) views. G–H. O. kansas, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38339, median lateral arm plate in external (G) and internal (H) views. I–J. O. kansas, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38340, distal lateral arm plate in external (I) and internal (J) views. K–L. Ophiopetagno paicei Thuy, Eriksson & Numberger-Thuy, 2022, from Thuy et al. (2022), proximal lateral arm plate in external (K) and internal (L) views. M–N. O. paicei, from Thuy et al. (2022), distal lateral arm plate in external (M) and internal (N) views. Abbreviations: AGSA = ambulacral groove spine articulations; di = distal; do = dorsal; LSA = lateral spine articulations; TN = tentacle notch; VAK = vertebral articular knob.

Fig. 4 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden

Fig. 4. Dissociated lateral arm plates and vertebra of ophiuroids from the Silurian of Gotland. A–B. Ophiolofsson immolation gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38328, proximal lateral arm plate in external (A) and internal (B) views. C–D. O. immolation, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38329, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (C) and internal (D) views. E–F. Ophiolofsson archspire gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38330, proximal lateral arm plate in external (E) and internal (F) views. G–H. O. archspire, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38331, median lateral arm plate in external (G) and internal (H) views. I–J. O. archspire, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38332, distal lateral arm plate in external (I) and internal (J) views. K–L. Ophiolofsson hendersonorum gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38333, proximal lateral arm plate in external (K) and internal (L) views. M–N. O. hendersonorum, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38334, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (M) and internal (N) views. O–P. O. hendersonorum, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38335, vertebra in lateral (O) and distal (P) views. Abbreviations: AGSA = ambulacral groove spine articulations; AS = muscle attachment surface; di = distal; do = dorsal; LSA = lateral spine articulations; PB = podial basin; SP = spur; TN = tentacle notch; VAK = vertebral articular knob;WVC = water vessel canal; ZC = zygocondyle; ZS = zygosphene.

Fig. 3 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden

Fig. 3. Dissociated lateral arm plates of ophiuroids from the Silurian of Gotland. A–B. Ophiolofsson joelmciveri gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38322, proximal lateral arm plate in external (A) and internal (B) views. C–D. O. joelmciveri, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38323, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (C) and internal (D) views. E–F. Ophiolofsson obituary gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38324, median to proximal lateral arm plate in external (E) and internal (F) views. G–H. O. obituary, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38325, proximal lateral arm plate in external (G) and internal (H) views. I–J. O. obituary, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38326, proximal median lateral arm plate in external (I) and internal (J) views. K–L. O. obituary, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38327, distal lateral arm plate in external (K) and internal (L) views. Abbreviations: AGSA = ambulacral groove spine articulations; di = distal; do = dorsal; LSA = lateral spine articulations; TN = tentacle notch; VAK = vertebral articular knob.

Fig. 6 in The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus-a new species from the Miocene of Peru

Fig. 6. Simpson's (1941) ratio−diagram of the main long bones of all extant and fossil Spheniscus species and some more fossil penguin species. The differences of the limb bone measurements, converted into logarithms, are shown in ratio to those of the chosen standard, Spheniscus humboldti. The horizontal distance between the points, marking the same bone elements of different taxa, is proportional to the ratio of their real dimensions. It is essentially: log (mean of measurement of compared taxon) – log (mean of measurement of standard taxon) = log (mean of measurement of compared taxon / mean of measurement of standard taxon). L, length; GL, greatest length. Fossil taxa are indicated by an asterisk.

Fig. 5 in The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus-a new species from the Miocene of Peru

Fig. 5. Comparison of proximal humerus (in proximal view) of Spheniscus muizoni sp. nov. (A) and Spheniscus humboldti Meyen, 1834 (B), showing the difference in the development of the lip−like projection proximally bordering the fossa pneumotricipitalis. Not to scale.

Fig. 2 in The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus-a new species from the Miocene of Peru

Fig. 2. Spheniscid penguin Spheniscus muizoni sp. nov. from Cerro la Bruja, latest middle/earliest late Miocene, Pisco Formation, Peru. A. Left scapula (MNHN PPI 147b) cranial end, in medial (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. Left ulna (MNHN PPI 147d), in ventral (B1) and dorsal (B2) views. C. Left humerus (MNHN PPI 147c), in caudal (C1), cranial (C2), and distal (C3) views. D. Left radius (MNHN PPI 150), in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views. E. Cranial portion of sternum (MNHN PPI 147i), in cranial (E1) and ventral (E2) views. F. Left coracoid (MNHN PPI 147a), in ventral (F1), ventrolateral (F2), and dorsal (F3) views. G. Right carpometacarpus (MNHN PPI 154), in ventral (G1) and dorsal (G2) views.

Fig. 1 in The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus-a new species from the Miocene of Peru

Fig. 1. Geographic position of the latest middle/earliest late Miocene locality Cerro La Bruja, and further fossil penguin bearing localities in the Pisco Formation, Peru. Modified after McDonald and Muizon (2002: fig. 1).

Fig. 4 in The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus-a new species from the Miocene of Peru

Fig. 4. Morphological differences between Spheniscus muizoni sp. nov. (A, C, E, G, I) and Spheniscus chilensis Emslie and Correa, 2003, paratype material from UF (B, D, F, H, J). A, B. Right humerus, in cranial (A1, B1), caudal (A2, B2), ventral (A3, B3), and distal (A4) views. C, D. Right carpometacarpus, in dorsal view. E, F. Right tibiotarsus, in cranial (E1, F1), caudal (E2, F2), and medial (E3, F3) views. G, H. Right tarsometatarsus, in dorsal (G1, H1), plantar (G2, H2), and distal (G3, H3) views. I, J. Right femur, in distal view.

Fig. 3 in The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus-a new species from the Miocene of Peru

Fig. 3. Spheniscid penguin Spheniscus muizoni sp. nov. from Cerro la Bruja, latest middle/earliest late Miocene, Pisco Formation, Peru. A. Right tibiotarsus (MNHN PPI 147f), in medial (A1), caudal (A2), lateral (A3), and cranial (A4) views. B. Right femur (MNHN PPI 147e), distal end, distal view (B1), proximal end, caudal view (B2), distal end, caudal view (B3), proximal end, cranial view (B4), and distal end, cranial view (B5). C. Right tarsometatarsus (MNHN PPI 147h), in dorsal (C1) and plantar (C2) views. D. Synsacrum (MNHN PPI 147l), in dorsal (D1) and caudal (D2) views. E. Pygostyl (MNHN PPI 152), in lateral view. F. Thoracic vertebrae T3−7? (MNHN PPI 147), in lateral view. G. Thoracic vertebra T4? (MNHN PPI 147), in caudal (G1) and cranial (G2) views. H. Cervical vertebra C12? (MNHN PPI 147), in caudal (H1) and dorsal (H2) views.

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Morphological data matrix for extant and fossil Darwin wasps (Ichneumonidae)

This nexus file contains morphological coding for 289 ichneumonid taxa, including 203 extant and 86 fossil taxa. The descriptions of the coded characters and their states can be found in the following list: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13912975" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13912975</a> The Excel file shows a more detailed taxon list, including the fossil localities and age ranges for the included fossil taxa.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: Taxonomic revision of the genus Schildia Aldrich, 1923 (Diptera: Asilidae: Leptogastrinae) with the description of new extant and extinct species.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Taxonomic revision of the genus Schildia Aldrich, 1923 (Diptera: Asilidae: Leptogastrinae) with the description of new extant and extinct species". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/b5ea33bc-61d9-4849-89d8-4d54ff581052">https://bionomia.net/dataset/b5ea33bc-61d9-4849-89d8-4d54ff581052</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/b5ea33bc-61d9-4849-89d8-4d54ff581052">https://gbif.org/dataset/b5ea33bc-61d9-4849-89d8-4d54ff581052</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.