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Fig. 9 in Morphological and molecular description of Ixodes woyliei n. sp. (Ixodidae) with consideration for co-extinction with its critically endangered marsupial host

Fig. 9 Lcne drawcng of Ixodes woyliei n. sp. Nsmph. a Capctulum ventral vcew. b Capctulum dorsal vcew. c Scutum. d Coxae. Scale-bars: 100 μm

Fig. 6 in Morphological and molecular description of Ixodes woyliei n. sp. (Ixodidae) with consideration for co-extinction with its critically endangered marsupial host

Fig. 6 Scanncng electron mccrographs of Ixodes woyliei n. sp. Nsmph. a Idcosoma, unengorged speccmen, dorsal vcew. b Idcosoma, unengorged speccmen, ventral vcew. c Scutum, showcng lateral carcnae. d Anal groove. Scale-bars: a-c, 200 μm; d, 40 μm

Fig. 5 in Morphological and molecular description of Ixodes woyliei n. sp. (Ixodidae) with consideration for co-extinction with its critically endangered marsupial host

Fig. 5 Lcne drawcng of Ixodes woyliei n. sp. Female. a Capctulum, ventral vcew. b Capctulum, dorsal vcew. c Scutum. d Tarscs I. e Tarscs IV. f Coxae. Scale-bars: 200 μm

Fig. 10 in Morphological and molecular description of Ixodes woyliei n. sp. (Ixodidae) with consideration for co-extinction with its critically endangered marsupial host

Fig. 10 Phslogenetcc relatconshcps of csolates of Ixodes woyliei n. sp. wcth other Australascan Ixodes spp. as estcmated uscng cstochrome c oxcdase subunct 1 (cox1) gene sequences. Sequences wcth accesscon numbers were obtacned from GenBank, all others were generated cn thcs studs. Evolutconars hcstors was cnferred uscng the necghbour-jocncng method supported wcth bootstrap test of 1,000 replccates (values> 50% shown). Rhipicephalus sanguineus cs used as the outgroup

Fig. 2 in Morphological and molecular description of Ixodes woyliei n. sp. (Ixodidae) with consideration for co-extinction with its critically endangered marsupial host

Fig. 2 Scanncng electron mccrographs of Ixodes woyliei n. sp. Female. a Idcosoma, unengorged speccmen, dorsal vcew. b Idcosoma, unengorged speccmen, ventral vcew. c Scutum, showcng lateral carcnae. d Anal groove. Scale-bars: a-c, 500 μm; d, 100 μm

Fig. 3 in Morphological and molecular description of Ixodes woyliei n. sp. (Ixodidae) with consideration for co-extinction with its critically endangered marsupial host

Fig. 3 Scanncng electron mccrographs of Ixodes woyliei n. sp. Female. a Gnathosoma, dorsal vcew. b Gnathosoma, ventral vcew. c Hspostome. Scale-bars: a-b, 100 μm; c, 20 μm

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Figure 1 in Partula desolata sp. nov. (Pulmonata: Partulidae), an extinct land snail from Rota, Mariana Islands, Micronesia

Figure 1. Map of the Mariana Islands with islands mentioned in the text labeled and a map of Rota showing approximate locations of the collecting sites (see text for coordinates).

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Figure 2 in Partula desolata sp. nov. (Pulmonata: Partulidae), an extinct land snail from Rota, Mariana Islands, Micronesia

Figure 2. Partula desolata Bauman & Kerr, sp. nov. Holotype, BPBM 252143-A, Payapai Cave, Alaguan region, Rota Island, Mariana Islands. Scale bar = 10 mm. A.–C. Apertural, adapertural, apical views, respectively. D. Slightly oblique basal view exposing the umbilical pit and a thickened and reflexed, but damaged, basal peristome.

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Figure 3 in Partula desolata sp. nov. (Pulmonata: Partulidae), an extinct land snail from Rota, Mariana Islands, Micronesia

Figure 3. Comparison of Partula desolata sp. nov. to P. gibba and P. thalia, showing disparity in size and development of peristome. Scale bar = 10 mm. P. desolata sp. nov., Rota, Mariana Islands, paratypes: A. UGI 3001, B. UF 449332 and C. UF 449333. D. P. gibba, Rota, UF 449334. E. P. thalia, Raiatea, Society Islands, UF 112145.

FIGURE 6 in A New Extinct Species of Malagodon (Cyprinodontiformes: Pantanodontidae) from Southeastern Coastal Madagascar, with a Discussion of its Phylogenetic Relationships and a Redescription of the Genus

FIGURE 6. Ontogenetic series comparing pelvic-fin development during ontogeny in Malagodon males. Malagodon honahona: A, UMMZ 254159, 20.2 mm SL; C, UMMZ 254161, 18.3 mm SL; E, UMMZ 240245, holotype, 23.9 mm SL. Malagodon madagascariensis: B, MNHN 1963-166, 11.8 mm SL; D, MNHN 1963-166, 21.6 mm SL; F, MNHN 1963-166, 26.1 mm SL. S = spinelike process with associated hook. Numerals 1–4 designate hooked segmented rays in series, following thickened spinelike processes, if present. Both spinelike processes and associated hooks increase in number over ontogeny, with sexually mature males possessing both more spinelike processes and hooks: (B) no thickened spinelike process, no hook; (A) no spinelike process, first ray with single hook; (C, D) one spinelike process present, exhibiting single hook, and following ray with paired hooks; (E) two spinelike processes present, with first spinelike process exhibiting single hook, second with paired hooks, and following ray with paired hooks; and (F) three spinelike processes present, all exhibiting paired hooks, and following ray also with paired hooks.

FIGURE 2 in A New Extinct Species of Malagodon (Cyprinodontiformes: Pantanodontidae) from Southeastern Coastal Madagascar, with a Discussion of its Phylogenetic Relationships and a Redescription of the Genus

FIGURE 2. Malagodon honahona, new species, holotype, UMMZ 240245, adult male, 23.9 mm SL. Réserve Spéciale de Manombo, southeastern coastal Madagascar. Preserved in ethanol.

FIGURE 5 in A New Extinct Species of Malagodon (Cyprinodontiformes: Pantanodontidae) from Southeastern Coastal Madagascar, with a Discussion of its Phylogenetic Relationships and a Redescription of the Genus

FIGURE 5. Comparison of adult male and female cleared-and-stained Malagodon species. Malagodon honahona: A, male, AMNH 278989, 20.2 mm SL, and B, female, AMNH 278989, 18.6 mm SL. Malagodon madagascariensis: C, male, AMNH 20526, 22.3 mm SL, and D, female, MNHN 1963-166, 22.2 mm SL. Asterisks (*) mark the neural spine on the fifth vertebral centrum for comparison. Inset on C is of same specimen with additional alizarin staining to visualize neural spines more easily. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A New Extinct Species of Malagodon (Cyprinodontiformes: Pantanodontidae) from Southeastern Coastal Madagascar, with a Discussion of its Phylogenetic Relationships and a Redescription of the Genus

FIGURE 3. Malagodon honahona, new species, allotype, UMMZ 254162, adult female, 18.9 mm SL. Réserve Spéciale de Manombo, southeastern coastal Madagascar. Preserved in ethanol.

FIGURE 7 in A New Extinct Species of Malagodon (Cyprinodontiformes: Pantanodontidae) from Southeastern Coastal Madagascar, with a Discussion of its Phylogenetic Relationships and a Redescription of the Genus

FIGURE 7. Malagodon madagascariensis: A, adult male, MNHN 1963-166, paratype, 20.8 mm SL. B, adult female, MNHN 1963-166, paratype, 17.6 mm SL. Forest streams near Mahambo, northeastern coastal Madagascar. Preserved in ethanol.

Fig. 7 in Evaluating the utility of linear measurements to identify isolated tooth loci of extinct Hyracoidea

Fig. 7. Simulated and observed values of Borges et al.'s (Borges et al. 2019) δ values for simulated trait distributions on the tree in Fig. 1 for sets of traits (A, m1: m2 length; B, M1: M2 length; C, M2: M3 length) that show phylogenetic signal (red triangles) and phylogenetic retention (gray circles).

Fig. 2 in Evaluating the utility of linear measurements to identify isolated tooth loci of extinct Hyracoidea

Fig. 2. Illustration of measurements taken on lower (m1–m3, A–C) and upper (M1–M3, D–F) teeth in occlusal views to calculate potentially diagnostic traits. Measurements are illustrated on specimen UMZC H5101A, Procavia capensis. Abbreviations: LE, length; MW, width of the crown at metaloph; PW width of the crown at paraloph.

Fig. 6 in Evaluating the utility of linear measurements to identify isolated tooth loci of extinct Hyracoidea

Fig. 6. Overlap in potentially diagnostic trait values for upper molar loci of three example hyracoid taxa (A1, B1, Procavia capensis; A2, B2, Saghatherium bowni; A3, B3, Thyrohyrax meyeri). A. Length vs. proportional frequency, showing how a single trait, length, would be modeled in a univariate discriminant analysis using observed means and variances. Colored sections of the distributions show length values that are within 95% confidence intervals of the means of more than one tooth locus, indicating regions of ambiguous lengths. B. Length vs. relative width, showing scatter plots overlaid on 2D density diagrams showing the distribution of values for individual teeth.

Fig. 8 in Evaluating the utility of linear measurements to identify isolated tooth loci of extinct Hyracoidea

Fig. 8. Overlap in potentially diagnostic trait values for a case study of isolated molars of Meroehyrax kyongoi. In contrast to Fig. 4, molar locus identifications are based on occupation of space in this scatterplot. Question marks are overlaid over two specimens whose inferred tooth position conflicts with published diagnoses. In parentheses original identification in publication.

Fig. 1 in Evaluating the utility of linear measurements to identify isolated tooth loci of extinct Hyracoidea

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree and tooth size distribution in hyracoids (topology from Cooper et al. 2014). Taxa are time-scaled along the x-axis of the tree to reflect fossil occurrences based on the literature, with branches rescaled between these tip dates and a root age estimated at 70.1 million years. Taxa in bold text were included in analyses. Minimum monophyletic clade including taxa in bold indicates the range of the phylogenetic bracket applied for both length and width measures (base of clade indicated by black star). Minimum monophyletic clade for length measures from the literature is indicated by a white star at the base of the clade. Shapes to the right of tips indicate whether there is a significant fit with a model of ascending (increasing) tooth size down the molar row. Abbreviations: M, upper molars; m, lower molars.

Fig. 3 in Evaluating the utility of linear measurements to identify isolated tooth loci of extinct Hyracoidea

Fig. 3. Distribution of values for a set of univariate, potentially locus-diagnostic traits (A, length vs. m1 length; B, trigonid width vs. talonic width) described in Fig. 2 in lower molars of a range of hyracoid species.