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369 results for “Insecticides”
Data from: Stressor dominance and sensitivity-dependent antagonism: disentangling the freshwater effects of an insecticide among co-occuring agricultural stressors
1. Pesticide concentrations are correlated with regional declines in stream invertebrate diversity. Experimental studies have identified that pesticides can have strong and persistent negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. These effects may occur at concentrations orders of magnitude lower than laboratory toxicity studies predict. Synergism among stressors is one explanation for the observed laboratory-field difference. However, the true effect of pesticides on stream invertebrates remains uncertain, given interactions between stressors and natural environmental conditions. 2. We experimentally examined multiple-stressor effects on stream invertebrate assemblages and leaf-litter breakdown using 24 independent ~900 L re-circulating outdoor mesocosms in a semi-orthogonal design. Two pulses of the pesticide malathion (C10H19O6PS2) were delivered at low and high concentrations (Pulse 1: low at 0.1 and high at 1 µg L-1¬; Pulse 2: at 2.5 and 25 µg L-1). These were crossed with a treatment mimicking the combined stressors from agricultural development; nitrogen, phosphorus and clay (kaolin) sediment (hereafter agricultural stressors). 3. Malathion degradation was rapid (<24 hr half-life) in all treatments, likely because of photolysis, hydrolysis, the presence of biofilms and sorptive processes. There were significant differences in invertebrate assemblages between treatments, where malathion contributed to 48% and 87% of deviance during Pulse 1 and 2 respectively. Malathion had strong negative effects during Pulse 2, decreasing Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera abundance (P<0.05), invertebrate richness (P<0.01) and total abundance (P<0.01). 4. Despite the dominant effects of malathion on invertebrates, agricultural stressors inhibited rates of leaf litter breakdown (P<0.05), increased invertebrate densities and weakly mitigated malathion toxicity in mesocosms (e.g. PERMANOVA, P≈0.1). Malathion breakdown analysis indicated sediment addition reduced malathion concentrations through alkaline hydrolysis and sorption. Experimental assays on common taxa indicated sediment was antagonistic with malathion. 5. Pesticide effects were not synergistic with the stressors tested here. Indeed, sensitivity-dependent stressor antagonisms were observed, reinforcing a mechanistic understanding of stressor effects and interactions is important. Among aquatic stressors examined, malathion had dominant effects on invertebrate assemblages, despite rapid degradation. Our results suggest that pesticide effects may be underestimated within ecosystems, where pesticides can have severe community wide effects, but rapid pesticide breakdown and sorptive processes may conceal causal links.01-May-2019
Data from: Bionomics and insecticide resistance of the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus in northern Lao PDR
In the last four decades there has been a staggering increase in the geographical range of the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894). This species is now found in every continent except Antarctica, increasing the distribution of arboviral diseases such as dengue and chikungunya. In Lao PDR dengue epidemics occur regularly, with cases of chikungunya also reported. As treatment methods for arboviral diseases is limited, the control of the vector mosquitoes are essential. There is a paucity of information on the bionomics and resistance status of this mosquito for successful vector control efforts. Here we describe the bionomics and insecticide resistance status of Ae. albopictus in Laos to identify opportunities for control. Adult Ae. albopictus were collected using human-baited double bed net (HDN) traps in forests, villages and rubber plantations and tested for alpha- and flaviviruses with RT-PCR. Surveys were also conducted to identify larval habitats. Seven adult and larval populations originating from Vientiane Capital and Luang Prabang province were tested against DDT, malathion, permethrin, deltamethrin and, temephos following WHO protocols. Aedes albopictus were found throughout the year, but were six-fold greater in the rainy season than the dry season. Adult females were active for 24 hours, with peak of behaviour at 18.00 h. The secondary forest and rubber plantation samples showed evidence of Pan-flaviviruses, while samples from the villages did not. More than half of the emerged Ae. albopictus were collected from mature rubber plantations (53.9%; 1,533/2,845). Most Ae. albopictus mosquitoes emerged from latex collection cups (19.7%; 562/2,845), small water containers (19.7%; 562/2,845) and tyres (17.4%; 495/2,845). Adult mosquitoes were susceptible to pyrethroids, apart from one population in Vientiane city. All populations were resistant to DDT (between 27–90% mortality) and all except one were resistant to malathion (20–86%). Three of the seven larval populations were resistant to temephos (42–87%), with suspected resistance found in three other populations (92–98%).This study demonstrates that rural areas in northern Laos are potential hot spots for arboviral disease transmission. Multiple-insecticide resistance was found. Aedes albopictus control efforts in villages need to expand to include secondary forests and rubber plantations, with larval source management and limited use of insecticides.
Data from: Insecticides promote viral outbreaks by altering herbivore competition
While the management of biological invasions is often characterized by a series of single-species decisions, invasive species exist within larger food webs. These biotic interactions can alter the impact of control/eradication programs and may cause suppression efforts to inadvertently facilitate invasion spread and impact. We document the rapid replacement of the invasive Bemisia MEAM1 cryptic species by the cryptic MED species throughout China, and demonstrate that MED is more tolerant of insecticides and a better vector of tomato yellow leaf curl virus ('TYLCV') than MEAM1. While MEAM1 usually excludes MED under natural conditions, insecticide application reverses the MEAM1-MED competitive hierarchy and allows MED to exclude MEAM1. The insecticide-mediated success of MED has led to TYLCV outbreaks throughout China. Our work strongly supports the hypothesis that insecticide use in China reverses the MEAM1-MED competitive hierarchy and allows MED to displace MEAM1 in managed landscapes. By promoting the dominance of a Bemisia species that is a competent viral vector, insecticides thus increase the spread and impact of TYLCV in heterogeneous agroecosystems.
Data from: Floral resource diversification promotes solitary bee reproduction and may offset insecticide effects – evidence from a semi-field experiment
<p class="HeadingFK">Pollinator declines in agricultural landscapes are driven by multiple stressors, but potential interactions of these remain poorly studied. Using a highly replicated semi-field study with 56 mesocosms of varying wild plant diversity (2-16 species) and oilseed rape treated with a neonicotinoid, we tested the interacting effects of resource diversity and insecticides on reproduction of a solitary wild bee. Compared to mesocosms with oilseed rape monocultures, availability of resources from wild plants complementing oilseed rape doubled brood cell production. In addition, bee reproduction increased due to plant diversity and identity effects. Exposure to neonicotinoid-treated oilseed rape reduced bee larval to adult development by 69%, but only in mesocosms with oilseed rape monocultures. Availability of complementary flower resources can thus offset negative effects of neonicotinoid-treated oilseed rape on wild bee reproduction. Policy should encourage the implementation of diverse floral resources mitigating negative effects of crop monocultures and insecticides, thereby sustaining solitary bee populations in agricultural landscapes.</p>
Combined effects of insecticide and IGP on native and invasive ladybeetles in apple orchard
<p>Raw data on the comparison of the combined effects of Rimon and IGP on two ladybeetle species</p>
Insecticidal activity of Beauveria bassiana against Monochamus alternatus adults
<p><em><span>Monochamus alternatus</span></em><span> is a major forest pest that spreads pine wilt disease in pine trees as a vector of pine wilt nematodes. Chemical insecticides used as fumigants to control overwintering <em>M. alternatus</em> in forests are highly toxic to the environment, so we investigated entomopathogenic fungus <em>Beauveria bassiana</em> ERL836 as an eco-friendly and alternative material to control overwintering <em>M. alternatus</em>. In this work, we evaluated the insecticidal activity of <em>B. bassiana</em> ERL836 against <em>M. alternatus</em> adults, the possibility of fungal colonization on pine tree bark, and finally the control efficacy of fungal pre-treatment on pine tree logs against emerging M. alternatus adults in semi-field and field conditions. <em>M. alternatus</em> adults were killed on the pine trees logs pre-treated with the <em>B. bassiana</em> ERL836. White conidia were observed not only on the surface of the dead adults but also on the pine tree logs, suggesting that the adults were killed by the fungus on the pine. A formulated ERL836 powder treatment on larvae-infested pine logs showed high insecticidal activity against adults, similar to that with the fungal powder suspension treatment, but we demonstrated that using the fungal powder was simpler than using the suspension in field conditions. Even in the field condition, the fungal powder treatment showed high insecticidal activity against <em>M. alternatus</em> adults, which we attribute to its ability to maintain fungal activity for a long time in field conditions by covering the pine tree logs with a film during overwintering. We confirmed that the risk that fungus-infected <em>M. alternatus</em> adults would spread the fungus to other non-target forest insects was low. Thus, even a high-concentration treatment in a specific area is unlikely to transmit the fungus outside that area, so it can be safely used to control this pine wilt nematode vector in forest ecosystems.</span></p>
Data from: Field-realistic exposure to the novel insecticide flupyradifurone reduces reproductive output in a bumblebee (Bombus impatiens)
<p>Novel insecticides are continuously being developed for application in response to increased legal restriction of previously developed insecticides and resistance in target insects. These novel insecticides, such as flupyradifurone (FPF), remain relatively untested on non-target organisms, including bumblebees. Further, existing tests on honeybees tend to focus on adult mortality, and thus sub-lethal effects, such as impacts on reproductive output, are neglected, despite their importance for population-level impacts. To address if the novel insecticide FPF has sub-lethal effects on bumblebee reproduction and behavior, we established microcolonies and chronically exposed them to field-realistic concentrations over a 14-day period. We found that exposure to FPF reduced the bumblebees' reproductive output in terms of the number of larvae produced and the mean mass of each larval instar. FPF-treated bees also stored less sucrose and constructed fewer honeypots. However, adult bumblebee mortality was similar between control and FPF-exposed microcolonies. Our results show that field-realistic FPF exposure leads to increased larval mortality and/or delayed larval development, as well as reduced nectar storage, without affecting adult mortality. Policy implications: Insecticides that impair bumblebee reproduction can have long-term population-level consequences, even if adult bees do not experience increased mortality. Despite this fact, sub-lethal effects, such as impacts on reproduction, are not mandatorily assessed within the regulatory process. Our findings highlight the importance of determining sub-lethal effects of pesticides across developmental stages, as well as using pollinator species other than honeybees within the regulatory process.</p>
Effect of the localized insecticides spray technique to control Halyomorpha halys in Actinidia chinensis orchards.
<p><span>Kiwifruit production is rapidly expanding worldwide with China, New Zealand and Italy being the three major producing countries. <em>Halyomorpha halys</em>, the brown marmorated stink bug, is an invasive insect pest that in the last two decades has become a major problem for several agricultural commodities, including kiwifruit. Its management relies on integrating different control methods, including board-spectrum insecticides. Nevertheless, the chemical control may not achieve satisfactory results and there is still margin for improvement, considering for instance the optimization of the spray technique. This problem is even more relevant in kiwifruit due to its peculiar training system, which reduce fruit exposure to pesticide sprays. In this study, two spray techniques were tested to maximize the insecticides efficacy in controlling <em>H. halys</em> in both yellow- and green-flesh kiwifruit cultivars (‘Jintao’ and ‘Hayward’). The effects of a conventional ray atomizer and a trumpet-modified atomizer, which localizes insecticide applications in the fruit area, were assessed on <em>H. halys</em> mortality (with artificial infestations) and fruit damages (due to <em>H. halys</em><span> naturally occurring in the orchards</span>). The localized spray technique resulted in an overall significantly higher<em> H. halys</em> mortality in ‘Hayward’, but not in ‘Jintao’ cultivar. This is likely due to the differences in the canopy size and structure of these cultivars, observed recording biometric parameters of the vines. However, the fruit injury level was not different between the spray techniques. Further investigations in this direction are needed also to assess the efficiency of the localized spray technique in reducing insecticide dose and volume, in accordance to European strategies for sustainable developments that foreseen a restriction of authorized insecticidal active substances and an overall reduction of plant protection products usage.</span></p>
Data from: Analysis-ready datasets for insecticide resistance phenotype and genotype frequency in African malaria vectors
The impact of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is poorly understood and quantified. Here a series of geospatial datasets for insecticide resistance in malaria vectors are provided so that trends in resistance in time and space can be quantified and the impact of resistance found in wild populations on malaria transmission in Africa can be assessed. Data are also provided for common genetic markers of resistance to support analyses of whether these genetic data can improve the ability to monitor resistance in low resource settings. Specifically, data have been collated and geopositioned for the prevalence of insecticide resistance, as measured by standard bioassays, in representative samples of individual species or species complexes. Data are provided for the Anopheles gambiae species complex, the Anopheles funestus subgroup, and for nine individual vector species. In addition, allele frequencies for known resistance associated markers in the Voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) are provided. In total, eight analysis-ready, standardised, geopositioned datasets encompassing over 20,000 African mosquito collections between 1957 and 2017 are provided.
Data from: Pollutants and insecticides drive local adaptation in African malaria mosquitoes
The Anopheles gambiae complex contains a number of highly anthropophilic mosquito species that have acquired exceptional ability to thrive in complex human habitats. Thus, examining the evolutionary history of this Afrotropical mosquito may yield vital information on the selective processes that occurred during the adaptation to human-dominated environments. We performed reduced representation sequencing on 941 mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex collected across four ecogeographic zones in Cameroon. We find evidence for genetic and geographic subdivision within An. coluzzii and An. gambiae sensu stricto – the two most significant malaria vectors in the region. Importantly, in both species, rural and urban populations are genetically differentiated. Genome scans reveal pervasive signatures of selection centered on genes involved in xenobiotic resistance. Notably, a selective sweep containing detoxification enzymes is prominent in urban mosquitoes that exploit polluted breeding sites. Overall, our study suggests that recent anthropogenic environmental modifications and widespread use of insecticides are driving population differentiation and local adaptation in vectors with potentially significant consequences for malaria epidemiology.
Data from: Complex genome evolution in A. coluzzii associated with increased insecticide usage in Mali
In certain cases, a species may have access to important genetic variation present in a related species via adaptive introgression. These novel alleles may interact with their new genetic background, resulting in unexpected phenotypes. In this study, we describe a selective sweep on standing variation on the X chromosome in the mosquito Anopheles coluzzii, a principal malaria vector in West Africa. This event may have been influenced by the recent adaptive introgression of the insecticide resistance gene known as kdr from the sister species Anopheles gambiae. Individuals carrying both kdr and a nearly fixed X-linked haplotype, encompassing at least four genes including the P450 gene CYP9K1 and the cuticular protein CPR125, have rapidly increased in relative frequency. In parallel, a reproductively isolated insecticide-susceptible A. gambiae population (Bamako form) has been driven to local extinction, likely due to strong selection from increased insecticide-treated bed net usage.
Insecticidal activity of Beauveri bassiana ERL1170-egfp against Tribolium castaneum
<p class="MsoBodyText"><strong><span>Background</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span>Beauveria bassiana</span><span> is one of the commercially available entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), and a number of isolates with high virulence and broad host spectrum have been used to control agricultural and forest pests. Although the functional importance of genes in EPFs' pathogenesis have been extensively studied, the precise ultrastructural mechanism of the fungal infection, particularly penetration of the host insect cuticles, is not well understood. </span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><strong><span>Results</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span>In this study, we investigated the morphology and ultrastructure of the larval cuticle of the red flour beetle, </span><span>Tribolium castaneum</span><span>,</span><span> after treatment with </span><span>B. bassiana </span><span>ERL1170 expressing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (</span><span>Bb</span><span>-eGFP). The </span><span>Bb</span><span>-eGFP showed high virulence against the larvae, with approximately 90% mortality at 48 h after treatment (HAT) and 100% at 72 HAT under our infection conditions. In </span><span>these</span><span> larvae, the regions of the body wall with flexible cuticles, such as the ventral and ventrolateral thorax and abdomen, became darkly melanized, but there was little to none melanization in the rigid dorsal cuticular structures. Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that germinated conidia on the surface of the larval cuticle were evident at 6 HAT, which formed penetration pegs and began to penetrate the several cuticle layers/laminae by 12 HAT. The penetration pegs then developed invading hyphae, some of which passed through the cuticle and reached the epidermal cells by 24 HAT. The larval cuticle was aggressively and extensively disrupted by 48 HAT, and a number of outgrowing hyphae were observed at 72 HAT. </span></p>
Fig. 3 in Susceptibility of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Crysopidae) to insecticides used in coffee crops
Fig. 3 Survival of Chrysoperla externa exposed to insecticides used in coffee crop. a Pupal stage (df = 2, Χ2 = 100.23, p> 0.05), group 1 = azadirachtin, ethiprole and teflubenzuron; group 2 = chlorpyrifos, and group 3 = control. b Adults (df = 2, Χ2 = 224.83, p> 0.05); group 1 = azadirachtin and control; group 2 = ethiprole and teflubenzuron, and group 3 = chlorpyrifos
Fig. 4 in Susceptibility of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Crysopidae) to insecticides used in coffee crops
Fig. 4 Reproductive parameters of Chrysoperla externa exposed to insecticides used in coffee crop. a Mean number of eggs oviposited by females (SE) exposed to insecticides when pupae (df = 3, Χ² = 247.3, p <0.05) and adults (df = 2, F = 8.1353, p <0.05. b Total eggs layed by females exposed to insecticides when pupae (df = 3, F = 29.756, p <0.05) and adults (df = 2, F = 53.006, p <0.05). c Egg viability (SE) of females exposed to insecticides when pupae (df = 3, F = 3.4328, p <0.05) and adults (ns = the means do not differ from each other, df = 2, F = 1.5769, p> 0.05)
Fig. 2 in Susceptibility of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Crysopidae) to insecticides used in coffee crops
Fig. 2 Number of males and females (SE) of Chrysoperla externa adults from pupae exposed to insecticides (ns = the means do not differ from each other, df = 3, Χ2 = 0.093936, p> 0.05)
Fig. 1 a in Susceptibility of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Crysopidae) to insecticides used in coffee crops
Fig. 1 a Percentage of adults emergence of Chrysoperla externa from pupae exposed to insecticides (df = 4, F = 7.3237, p> 0.05). b Duration of the pupal stage in days, when insects exposed to insecticides while pupae of C. externa (ns = the means do not differ from each other, df = 4, F = 1.3462, p> 0.05)
Efficacy, Acceptability and Cost-effectiveness of Long Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLIN) in the Prevention of Kala Azar
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00318721. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 2. Publications: 1.
A Cluster Randomized Trial to Evaluate Long Lasting Insecticidal Hammocks to Prevent Forest Malaria in Vietnam
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00853281. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Liberia Insecticide Treated Durable Wall Linings Study: Protocol for a Cluster Randomised Trial (DL)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02448745. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Impact of Insecticide Resistance on Vector Control
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01713517. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.