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Figure 17. A in Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution

Figure 17. A, holotype of T. curuzucuatiense (Podestá, 1889) = T. spegazzinianus, MACN 6867. B and C, holotype of Anatrachytherus soriai Reguero & Castro, 2004 = T. spegazzinianus, MACN A52-490; B, occlusal view; C, lateral view. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure A2. M2 in Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution

Figure A2. M2 mesio-distal (m-d) length and labiolingual (l-l) width during three different wear stages (lingual aperture, enclosed fossette, featureless), in mm.

Figure 16 in Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution

Figure 16. Upper dentition of Trachytherus spegazzinianus. A, holotype, MACN A235, partially restored with right and left I1, P2–M3 (after Ameghino, 1889b). B, partial palate, with left I1, P2–M2, MLP 52-XI-2-1. C, upper right (reversed) dP3–4, M1, MACN A52-566. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 10. Trachytherus alloxus, SAL 280 right P3–M3 in Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution

Figure 10. Trachytherus alloxus, SAL 280 right P3–M3 (reversed). A, schematic representation of the cheek teeth. B, photo of the specimen, occlusal view. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure A5. m2 in Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution

Figure A5. m2 mesio-distal (m-d) length and labiolingual (l-l) width during three different wear stages (lingual aperture, enclosed fossette, featureless), in mm.

Figure 20 in Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution

Figure 20. Locality map of some Oligocene mesotheriid-bearing localities. Lacayani (Trachytherus spegazzinianus); Salla (Trachytherus alloxus sp. nov.); Rio Pluma (Trachytherus subandinus); Curuzú Cuatiá (Trachytherus curuzucuatiense = Trachytherus spegazzinianus); Divisadero Largo (Trachytherus? mendocensis); Cabeza Blanca and La Flecha (Trachytherus spegazzinianus).

Figure 12 in Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution

Figure 12. Restored ontogenetic series of M1. A, eight stages of Trachytherus alloxus from (1) SAL 1020, (2) SAL 750, (3) UF 149251, (4) SAL 808, (5) SAL 10, (6) SAL 690, (7) SAL 289 and (8) SAL 880. B, four stages of Trachytherus spegazzinianus from (1) MACN A52-566, (2) MACN A235, (3) MACN A52-492 and (4) FMNH P13281 (this last specimen after Patterson, 1934c). Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 9 in Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution

Figure 9. Partial palates of Trachytherus alloxus. A, left I1, P2–M2, MNHN-BOL-V 009027. B, right I1, P2–M3, SAL 289. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 3 in Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution

Figure 3. Reconstruction of the skull of Trachytherus alloxus, dorsal view, from MNHN-BOL-V 006355, SAL 279 and SAL 280. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure A6. m3 in Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution

Figure A6. m3 mesio-distal (m-d) length and labio-lingual (l-l) width during three different wear stages (lingual aperture, enclosed fossette, featureless), in mm.

Figure 11. Accipitrid distal right humerus SAMA P.58917 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 11. Accipitrid distal right humerus SAMA P.58917 in cranial (A), caudal (B), dorsal (C) and ventral (D) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CDCS, condylus dorsalis caudal scars; CV, condylus ventralis; EV, epicondylus ventralis; FB, fossa brachialis; FO, fossa olecrani; II, incisura intercondylaris; MECR, m. extensor carpi radialis insertion scars; MFCUS, musculus flexor carpi ulnaris scars; PF, processus flexorius; PSD, tuberculum supracondylare dorsale; PSI, pronator superficialis insertion; SHT, sulcus humerotricipitalis; SST, sulcus scapulotricipitalis; TSV, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bar 10 mm.

Figure 3 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm.

Figure 12. Distal left femur NMV P.222435 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 12. Distal left femur NMV P.222435 depicted in cranial (A), caudal (B), medial (C) and lateral (D) view. Abbreviations: CM, condylus medialis; EL, epicondylus lateralis; FPop, fossa poplitea; IG, impressio m. gastrocnemialis lateralis; ILCC, impressio lig. cruciati cranialis; LIC, linea intermuscularis caudalis; PPAP, planum popliteum attachment point; SP, sulcus patellaris; TF, trochlea fibularis; TMGM, tuberculum muscularis gastrocnemialis medialis. Scale bar 10 mm.

Figure 4 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view; omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid indorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B, and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm.

Figure 8 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view, left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm.

Figure 7 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD, caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr, caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm.

Figure 14. Analysis 4a in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 14. Analysis 4a: combined molecular and morphological data (ordered) analysed with Bayesian methods; molecular and morphological partition branch lengths unlinked. Node values show posterior probability.

Figure 6 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm.

Figure 5 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 5. Proximal humerus fragments of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998: right, in caudal view (A); left, in dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views. Specimens in B and C are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CD, crista deltopectoralis; CDF, crus dorsale fossae; CH, caput humeri; CVF, crus ventrale fossae; FP, fossa pneumotricipitalis; IC, incisura capitis; IH, intumescentia humeri; SLT, sulcus ligamenti transversus. Scale bars are 10 mm.

Figure 13 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 13. PCA plots using length measurements of the carpometacarpus, ulna, humerus, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus, pedal digit 1 and pedal digit 2 treated in three ways. (A) Absolute data, (B) log-transformed data, (C) size standardised data with variables proportional to quadrate height. Directional arrows at top right indicate directionality of limb length (S, short and L, long) along the PC axes. Note: axes in Aand Bhave been scaled for better visualisation, so 2D distances do not represent true 2D distances in PCA space. Abbreviations: Ae. mon., Aegypius monachus; Ar. syl., Archaehierax sylvestris; Aq. au., Aquila audax; Ci. as., Circus assimilis; El. scr., Elanus scriptus; Gy. cop., Gyps coprotheres; Ham. mel., Hamirostra melanosternon; Hal. leug., Haliaeetus leucogaster; Hi. mor., Hieraaetus morphnoides; Lo. isu., Lophoictinia isura; Ne. per., Neophron percnopterus; Pe. api., Pernis apivorus; Spl. ch., Spilornis cheela; Spz. tyr., Spizaetus tyrannus. Dark green, forested habitat; light green, woodland/open forest; orange, open habitat (grassland, savannah etc.). Fossil (Archaehierax) indicated by black square.