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Fig. 7 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 7. Oblique dorsolateral view of the left orbit in Thylamys venustus (A, AMNH 263562) and Monodelphis adusta (B, AMNH 272695) illustrating taxonomic differences in sutural patterns. In Thylamys (and most other didelphids), the maxillary (max) and alisphenoid (als) bones are separated by the palatine (pal), but the alisphenoid extends anteriorly across the palatine to contact the maxillary in Monodelphis. Other osteological abbreviations: fr, frontal; hp, hamular process of pterygoid; ju, jugal; la, lacrimal; par, parietal; sq, squamosal.

Fig. 11 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 11. Unworn premaxillary dentitions of Marmosops pinheiroi (A, AMNH 267341) and Lutreolina crassicaudata (B, AMNH 210422) illustrating taxonomic differences in the shape of the incisor crowns. In Marmosops and many other small didelphines, the crowns of I2–I5 are symmetrically rhomboidal, with subequal anterior (mesial) and posterior (distal) cutting edges that converge to form a sharp central apex; a distinct posterior corner (distostyle) is always present on I5. By contrast, in Lutreolina (and certain other taxa), the crowns of I2–I5 are conspicuously asymmetrical, with longer anterior than posterior cutting edges; a distinct distostyle is usually absent on I5. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 6. Ventral midcranial view of Caluromys philander (A, AMNH 267002) and Micoureus demerarae (B, AMNH 266428) illustrating taxonomic differences in palatal morphology. In caluromyines the posterior palate slopes gently ventrally, and the palatal margin is arched (concave posteriorly) without strongly projecting lateral corners; the internal nares (in) are very broad. In didelphines, however, the posterior palate is abruptly inflected ventrally and the palatal margin is moreorless straight with projecting lateral corners (arrows in lower panel); the internal nares are narrow.

Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 1. Strict consensus of 18 equally mostparsimonious trees resulting from a heuristic analysis of IRBP sequences by Jansa and Voss (2000). For simplicity, placental outgroups and nondidelphid marsupial ingroup taxa (Caenolestes, Dromiciops, Echymipera, Phascogale, Pseudochirops, Vombatus) are not shown. Alphabetic labels (A, B, C, etc.) serve to identify clades for which formal taxon names are either unavailable or confusing due to conflicting usages.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 4. Ventral view of rostrum in Marmosa rubra (A, MVZ 153280) and Monodelphis brevicaudata (B, AMNH 257203) illustrating taxonomic differences in premaxillary morphology. A broad, shelflike rostral process (rp) extends the suture between right and left bones well anterior to the incisors in M. rubra, but the premaxillae form only narrow alveolar rims anterior to I1 in M. brevicaudata, where the left and right bones are separated by a small tissuefilled gap (not a distinct suture).

Fig. 10 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 10. Posterior and lateral views of the occipital region in Lestodelphys halli (A, B, UWZM 22422) and Metachirus nudicaudatus (C, D, AMNH 267009). In Lestodelphys the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum (fm) is formed by the excoccipitals (exo) and the supraoccipital (sup), but in adult specimens of Metachirus the right and left exocciptals are joined to exclude the supraoccipital from the dorsal margin of the foramen. Another conspicuous taxonomic difference illustrated in these views concerns the parocciptal process (pp), which is a small, inconspicuous bony mass adnate to the pars mastoideus (mas) of the petrosal in Lestodelphys. By contrast, the paroccipital process of Metachirus is much larger and projects almost straight ventrally. Other abbreviations: als, alisphenoid tympanic wing; par, parietal; sq, squamosal.

Fig. 22 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 22. Alternative resolutions of the ''other Marmosa'' + Micoureus clade based on parsimony analysis of the combined (nonmolecular + IRBP2) data. Among the 34 equally mostparsimonious trees whose strict consensus is illustrated in figure 21, resolution A is represented by 10 trees, B by 4 trees, C by 10 trees, D by 6 trees, and E by 4 trees.

Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 3. Facial markings of didelphid marsupials scored for characters 2–5. Top left, Marmosa robinsoni (dark midrostral stripe absent; circumocular mask present, contrasting with coloration of cheeks and crown; pale spot above each eye absent), score: 0100. Top right, Caluromys lanatus (dark midrostral stripe present; circumocular mask present, contrasting with coloration of cheeks and crown; pale spot above each eye absent), score: 1100. Bottom left, Lutreolina crassicaudata (dark midrostral stripe absent; circumocular mask absent; pale spot above each eye absent), score: 00–0. Bottom right, Philander opossum (dark midrostral stripe absent; circumocular mask present, continuous with dark coronal fur; pale spot above each eye present), score: 0111. Photographs by Pascual Soriano (top left, top right, bottom left) and Nancy B. Simmons (bottom right).

Fig. 14 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 14. Lingual views of anterior mandibular dentition illustrating taxonomic differences in lower incisor morphology. Top, Metachirus nudicaudatus (AMNH 266452) with distinct posterior accessory cusps on i1–i4. Bottom, Lutreolina crassicaudata (AMNH 210424) without distinct posterior accessory cusps on i1–i5.

Fig. 17 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 17. Strict consensus of 2161 equally mostparsimonious trees obtained by a heuristic analysis of nonmolecular characters described in this report (see table 4 for summary dataset characteristics and tree statistics). Bremer support and bootstrap values are provided above and below each branch, respectively. Outgroup taxa are indicated with asterisks.

Fig. 18 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 18. Strict consensus of 252 equally mostparsimonious trees obtained by a heuristic analysis of IRBP sequences described in this report (see table 4 for summary dataset characteristics and tree statistics). Bremer support and bootstrap values are provided above and below each branch, repectively. For simplicity, conspecific sequences (analyzed separately in PAUP*) have been condensed to single terminals in this diagram. Outgroup taxa are indicated with asterisks. All parsimonyequivalent resolutions of the basal ingroup polytomy are shown in figure 19A–E.

Fig. 19 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 19. All equally mostparsimonious resolutions of the basal didelphine polytomy in figures 18 and 21. A, Resolution supported by 72 mostparsimonious trees (MPTs) from the IRBP1 analysis and 6 MPTs from the IRBP2 analysis; B, resolution supported by 72 MPTs from the IRBP1 analysis and 6 MPTs from the IRBP2 analysis; C, resolution supported by 36 MPTs from the IRBP1 analysis and 3 MPTs from the IRBP2 analysis; D, resolution supported by 36 MPTs from the IRBP1 analysis, 6 MPTs from the IRBP2 analysis, and 8 MPTs from the combined analysis; E, resolution supported by 36 MPTs from the IRBP1 analysis, 6 MPTs from the IRBP2 analysis, and 8 MPTs from the combined analysis; F, resolution supported by 18 MPTs from the combined analysis only.

Fig. 13 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling

Fig. 13. Anterolingual views of left M3 illustrating taxonomic differences in cingular morphology. Left, Marmosa murina (AMNH 272870) with preprotocrista and anterolabial cingulum joined to form a continuous shelf along the anterior margin of the tooth crown. Right, Monodelphis adusta (AMNH 272781) with separate crista and cingulum (no continuous shelf).

FIGURE 4 in A New Species of the Didelphid Marsupial Genus Monodelphis from Eastern Bolivia

FIGURE 4. Ventral view of posterior palate in Monodelphis sanctaerosae (A, AMNH 263548), M. domestica (B, MSB 63278), and M. glirina (C, AMNH 262398) illustrating the position of the posterolateral palatal foramen (plpf) in relation to the fourth molar (M4).

FIGURE 1 in A New Species of the Didelphid Marsupial Genus Monodelphis from Eastern Bolivia

FIGURE 1. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the holotype skin of Monodelphis sanctaerosae (AMNH 263548). All views about ×0.9.

FIGURE 2 in A New Species of the Didelphid Marsupial Genus Monodelphis from Eastern Bolivia

FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral cranial views of female Monodelphis sanctaerosae (A, B; AMNH 263548), M. domestica (C, D; AMNH 261243), and M. glirina (E, F; AMNH 262398). All views about ×2.

FIGURE 5 in A New Species of the Didelphid Marsupial Genus Monodelphis from Eastern Bolivia

FIGURE 5. Collecting localities for examined Bolivian specimens of the Monodelphis brevicaudata group (sensu Solari, 2010; including M. domestica, M. glirina, and M. sanctaerosae). Numbers are keyed to gazetteer entries (see appendix). Broken lines indicate Bolivian departmental borders. Degrees of south latitude and west longitude are shown along the righthand and top margins, respectively.

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Fig. 8 in On the Contents of Gracilinanus Gardner and Creighton, 1989, with the Description of a Previously Unrecognized Clade of Small Didelphid Marsupials

Fig. 8. Two views of seasonally flooded termite savannas near El Refugio in the Bolivian department of Santa Cruz (appendix 3, locality 13). Top: General aspect with grassdominated microhabitat (flooded to a depth of ca. 20 cm during the rainy season; Killeen, 1998) in foreground. Bottom: Closeup with ''tree islands'' (woody vegetation growing on emergent termite platforms) where two specimens of Cryptonanus unduaviensis were trapped in August 2001. Both photos courtesy of L.H. Emmons.

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Fig. 6 in On the Contents of Gracilinanus Gardner and Creighton, 1989, with the Description of a Previously Unrecognized Clade of Small Didelphid Marsupials

Fig. 6. Strict consensus of 510 equally mostparsimonious trees discovered by a heuristic parsimony analysis of the combined (nonmolecular 1 IRBP) data with Chacodelphys omitted (see text). Only ingroup (didelphine) relationships are illustrated; ''caluromyine'' outgroups (Glironia venusta, Caluromysiops irrupta, Caluromys lanatus, C. philander) are not shown. Bremer support and bootstrap values are provided above and below each branch, respectively. See table 12 for other tree statistics.