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FIGURE 14. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 14. A. Hymenophyllum fumarioides Bory ex. Willd, as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue'). B. H. fumarioides, detail of curled/crisped segments and sori with toothed margins. C. H. peltatum (Poir.) Desv., as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Pitons Mare à Boue'). D. H. peltatum, detail of toothed/serrulate laminar margins. E. H. sibthorpioides (Bory ex Willd.) Mett. ex Kuhn, as epiphytic (La Réunion, 'Vallée Heureuse'). F. H. sibthorpioides, fertile frond and sori with toothed margins (photographs. A, E: C. Chaussidon; B, F: L. Bauret; C: J.-Y. Dubuisson; D: J.-M. Tamon).

FIGURE 4. Mauritian ecosystems. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 4. Mauritian ecosystems. A. Lowland Sapotaceae rainforest, here invaded by the exotic Malagasy traveller's trees Ravenala madagascariensis (Strelitziaceae) ('Vallée d'Osterlog' forest, ~260 m). B. 'Pétrin' locality showing particular habitat with thickets of the endemic Erica brachyphylla (Ericaceae) (~670 m) (photographs by J.-Y. Dubuisson).

FIGURE 11 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 11. Crepidomanes trinerve (Baker) Dubuisson & Ebihara. A. As lithophyte in a wet ravine of the western side of La Réunion ('Les Canots'; photograph by J.-M. Tamon). B. Habit (from Comores, F. Rakotondrainibe 6651, P00310478; modified from Dubuisson et al. 2013).

FIGURE 3. Particular Mascarenan ecosystems. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 3. Particular Mascarenan ecosystems. A. Hyperhumid montane 'Avoune' vegetation dominated by the endemic Erica reunionensis (Ericaceae), with most trunks and branches fully covered by epiphytes (liverworts, mosses, peat mosses, lycopods and ferns, especially here Hymenophyllum capillare and H. inaequale, and orchids) (La Réunion, 'Pitons Mare à Boue', ~1,600 m). B. Montane 'Tamarinaie' dominated by endemic Acacia heterophylla (Fabaceae), showing as for 'Avoune' tree-trunks and branches fully covered by epiphytes, including here H. inaequale (La Réunion, 'Bélouve', ~1,520 m). C. Remnant of leeward lowland semi-dry forest (La Réunion, 'Ilet Solitude', ~550 m). D. Typical wet ravines that host lithophytic Hymenophyllaceae on the wet and shaded rocks close to streams and waterfalls. (photographs. A: J.-Y. Dubuisson; B–C: J.-M. Tamon; D: A. Mercier).

FIGURE 8. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 8. A. Crepidomanes bipunctatum (Poir.) Copel., as epiphyte on a tree-trunk (Mauritius, 'Bar le Duc'). B. C. bipunctatum, detail of segments with false veins parallel to the margins (fv). C. C. bipunctatum, sori (s) with triangular lips. D. C. bonapartei (C.Chr.) J.P.Roux, as lithophyte on wet rock (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). E. C. bonapartei, detail of subsessile or short-stipitate fronds and one sorus (photographs. A: J.-Y. Dubuisson; B–C: L. Bauret; D–E: E. Grangaud).

FIGURE 2. Wet Mascarenan ecosystems. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 2. Wet Mascarenan ecosystems. A. Lowland windward rainforest dominated by Sapotaceae trees, showing the understory with numerous low epiphytic and terrestrial free-sporing plants (liverworts, mosses, ferns, lycopods and spikemosses) and a few herbaceous angiosperms (especially orchids) (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue' forest, ~450 m). B. Montane rainforest dominated by Dombeyoideae (Malvaceae) trees and Alsophila spp. tree-ferns (Cyatheaceae) as emergents from the canopy (La Réunion, 'Cassé de Takamaka, Bébour', 1,100–1,200 m). C. Montane ericoid thickets (La Réunion, 'Enclos du Piton de la Fournaise', ~2,200 m). (Photographs. A, C: C. Chaussidon; B: J.-M. Tamon).

FIGURE 10. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 10. A. Crepidomanes inopinatum (Pic.Serm.) J.P.Roux var. inopinatum, as lithophyte (La Réunion, 'Petite Plaine'). B. C. inopinatum var. tamonii Y.Robert & Dubuisson, habit (Y. Robert 913, P02433924). C. C. minutum (Blume) K.Iwats. var. minutum, as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Bébour'). D. C. minutum var. minutum, frond with long terete wingless stipe. E. C. minutum var. minutum, showing stipe proliferation, scale = 1 cm (from Madagascar, F. Rakotondrainibe 3698, P00085267). F. C. minutum var. mascarenense Pynee & Dubuisson, as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). G. C. minutum var. mascarenense, detail of fronds with short stipes. (photographs. A: J.-Y. Dubuisson; C–D: C. Chaussidon; F–G: E. Grangaud).

FIGURE 13 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 13. Didymoglossum cuspidatum (Willd.) Ebihara & Dubuisson. A. Typical sub-circular, and lanceolate to deltoid sterile forms as usually observed (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue'). B. Linear sterile forms (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). C. Ovate to lanceolate fertile fronds with apical sori (La Réunion, 'Forêt de Bon Accueil, Les Makes'). D. Narrowly lanceolate fertile frond with apical sori (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). E. Small sub-circular/ovate fertile frond with a single sorus, showing sub-marginal false vein (mfv) and false veins parallel to true veins (fv) (photographs. A–D: J.-Y. Dubuisson; E: L. Bauret).

FIGURE 17. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 17. A. Hymenophyllum balfourii Baker, holotype (La Réunion, I.B. Balfour s.n., K000435603). B. H. inaequale (Poir.) Desv., as epiphyte, narrowly lanceolate form (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue'). C. H. inaequale, widely lanceolate to ovate form (La Réunion, 'Forêt de Bon Accueil, Les Makes'). D. H. inaequale, detail of glabrous segments and sori (photographs. B. L. Bauret; C–D: J.-Y. Dubuisson).

FIGURE 1 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 1. Location of the Mascarene Archipelago (or Mascarenes) in the western Indian Ocean (from Pynee et al. 2012).

FIGURE 16. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 16. A. Hymenophyllum hirsutum (L.) Sw., as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). B. H. hirsutum, detail of a frond showing the hairy winged stipe. C. H. hirsutum, detail of bilabiate hairy sori. D. H. hygrometricum (Poir.) Desv., as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Bébour'). E. H. hygrometricum, wet fronds become greener as shown here (photographs. A: J.-Y. Dubuisson; B–C: L. Bauret; D–E: C. Chaussidon).

FIGURE 20 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 20. Elevational distribution on each Hymenophyllaceae taxon on the windward (red plots) and leeward (blue plots) sides of La Réunion, and correspondence with thermal zones or ranges according to Cadet (1980) and provided here for the windward side, with ranges of annual average temperatures. The dotted horizontal lines correspond to the limits of leeward ecosystems. The plots indicate the average elevation. Crepidomanes trinerve is here lacking because it was only observed at a single locality on the leeward side ('Les Canots' at ~800 m). The range of each taxon, as illustrated by the vertical lines, is assumed to correspond to the range between the minimum and the maximum elevation at which they have been observed, even if the taxon has not been observed in all the intermediate localities between such limits.

FIGURES 264–271 in The 'curse of Horaeomorphus' (almost) lifted. Revision of misplaced species from Madagascar, Comoros and Mascarenes (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

FIGURES 264–271. Euconnus (Tetramelus) matsaboryi Franz, holotype. Habitus in dorsal view (264); head in anterodorsal view (265); head and prothorax in lateral view (only bristles on head are shown) (266); antenna (267); aedeagus in ventral (268, 270) and lateral (269, 271) views.

FIGURES 324–331 in The 'curse of Horaeomorphus' (almost) lifted. Revision of misplaced species from Madagascar, Comoros and Mascarenes (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

FIGURES 324–331. Contreuconnus ambatolampyensis (Franz), holotype. Habitus in dorsal view (324); head in anterodorsal view (325); head and prothorax in lateral view (326); antenna (327); aedeagus in ventral (328, 330) and lateral (329, 331) views.

FIGURES 236–239 in The 'curse of Horaeomorphus' (almost) lifted. Revision of misplaced species from Madagascar, Comoros and Mascarenes (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

FIGURES 236–239. Euconnus (Tetramelus) angustissimus Franz, holotype. Habitus in dorsal view (236); head in anterodorsal view (237); head and prothorax in lateral view (only bristles on head are shown) (238); antenna (239).

FIGURES 288–295 in The 'curse of Horaeomorphus' (almost) lifted. Revision of misplaced species from Madagascar, Comoros and Mascarenes (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

FIGURES 288–295. Euconnus (Tetramelus) tamatavae Franz, holotype. Habitus in dorsal view (288); head in anterodorsal view (289); head and prothorax in lateral view (290); antenna (291); aedeagus in ventral (292, 294) and lateral (293, 295) views.

FIGURES 209–216 in The 'curse of Horaeomorphus' (almost) lifted. Revision of misplaced species from Madagascar, Comoros and Mascarenes (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

FIGURES 209–216. Euconnus (Tetramelus) tenuissimides Newton, holotype. Habitus in dorsal view (209); head in anterodorsal view (210); head and prothorax in lateral view (only bristles on head are shown) (211); antenna (212); aedeagus in ventral (213, 215) and lateral (214, 216) views.

FIGURES 198–205 in The 'curse of Horaeomorphus' (almost) lifted. Revision of misplaced species from Madagascar, Comoros and Mascarenes (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

FIGURES 198–205. Euconnus (Tetramelus) imaitsanus Franz, holotype. Habitus in dorsal view (198); head in anterodorsal view (199); head and prothorax in lateral view (only bristles on head are shown) (200); antenna (201); aedeagus in ventral (202, 204) and lateral (203, 205) views.

FIGURES 240–247 in The 'curse of Horaeomorphus' (almost) lifted. Revision of misplaced species from Madagascar, Comoros and Mascarenes (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

FIGURES 240–247. Euconnus (Tetramelus) anthicimadagascanus Jałoszyński, holotype. Habitus in dorsal view (240); head in anterodorsal view (241); head and prothorax in lateral view (only bristles on head are shown) (242); antenna (243); aedeagus in ventral (244, 246) and lateral (245, 247) views.

FIGURES 217–219 in The 'curse of Horaeomorphus' (almost) lifted. Revision of misplaced species from Madagascar, Comoros and Mascarenes (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

FIGURES 217–219. Euconnus (Tetramelus) tenuissimides Newton, holotype. Head, prothorax and elytral base in dorsal view (217); head, prothorax and anterior region of mesothorax in ventral view (218); pterothorax in ventral view (219). Abbreviations: abp, antebasal pit; bef, basal elytral fovea; gp, gular plate; hr, hypomeral ridge; hyr, hypomeral ridge; msvp, mesoventral intermesocoxal process; mtvp, metaventral process; nss, notosternal suture; pcr, procoxal rest; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; smn, submentum.