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FIGURE 1 in Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China

FIGURE 1. Geographic location of sampling localities in Taiwan. Areas above 1000 m are shaded. Numerals refer to sampling sites mentioned in Table 1.

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FIGURE 5 in Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China

FIGURE 5. Skulls of (a) Myotis laniger from Fujian, China (ZMB 4146, lectotype; hind parts missing), and (b) M. laniger from Taiwan (THUMB 103). Scale= 5 mm.

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FIGURE 6 in Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China

FIGURE 6. Skulls of (a) M. secundus sp. n. from Taiwan (THUMB 92, paratype), (b) Myotis sowerbyi from Fujian, China (USNM 238869, holotype), (c) M. pruinosus from Japan (NSMT 14842, holotype), and (d) M. yanbarensis from Japan (NSMT 31306, holotype). Scale= 5 mm.

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Population dynamics of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) at summer roosts: apparent survival, fidelity, abundance, and the influence of winter conditions

<ol> <li>White-nose syndrome (WNS) has caused the death of millions of bats, but the impacts have been more difficult to identify in western North America. Understanding how WNS, or other threats, impact western bats may require monitoring other roosts, such as maternity roosts and night roosts, where bats aggregate in large numbers.</li> <li>Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) are experiencing some of the greatest declines from WNS. Estimating survival and understanding population dynamics can provide valuable data for assessing population declines and informing conservation efforts.</li> <li>We conducted a 5-year mark-recapture study of two M. lucifugus roosts in Colorado. We used the robust design model to estimate apparent survival, fidelity, and abundance to understand population dynamics, and environmental covariates to understand how summer and winter weather conditions impact adult female survival. We compared the fidelity and capture probability of M. lucifugus between colonies to understand how bats use such roosts.</li> <li>Overwinter survival increased with the number of days with temperatures below freezing (β > 0.100, SE = 0.003), and decreased with the number of days with snow cover (β < -0.40, SE < 0.13). Adult female fidelity was higher at one maternity roost than the other. Overwinter and oversummer adult female survival were high (>0.90), and based on survival estimates and fungal-swabbing results we believe these populations have yet to experience WNS.</li> <li>Recapture of M. lucifugus using antennas that continuously read passive integrated transponder tags allows rigorous estimation of bat population parameters that can elucidate trends in abundance and changes in survival. Monitoring populations at summer roosts can provide unique population ecology data that monitoring hibernacula alone may not. Because few adult males are captured at maternity colonies, and juvenile males have low fidelity, additional effort should focus on understanding male M. lucifugus population dynamics.</li> </ol>

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FIG. 2 in Postnatal variation in ectoparasite (Spinturnix emarginata) load in neonates of Geoffroy's bat (Myotis emarginatus): how fast do young bats become infested with ectoparasites?

FIG. 2. Relationship between mite load and body mass in male (Ì) and female (u) neonates of M. emarginatus measured in nine sampling occasions in the Kerend cave, western Iran

opennotspecifiedJun 2018View details →

FIG. 1 in Postnatal variation in ectoparasite (Spinturnix emarginata) load in neonates of Geoffroy's bat (Myotis emarginatus): how fast do young bats become infested with ectoparasites?

FIG. 1. Average and SE of ectoparasite load in nine sampling occasions on neonates (■) and lactating female M. emarginatus (●) during the postnatal period in the Kerend cave in western Iran. The number of mites and bats is shown in Table 1. The drawn lines show some tendencies although they are not statistically significant. Sampling occasions range from day 1 (June 3) till day 43 (July 15)

FIG. 4 in Small scale habitat preferences of Myotis daubentonii, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, and potential aerial prey in an upland river valley

FIG. 4. Relationship between aerial insect number (pooled for altitude and all habitat types) with air temperature (r² = 0.092)

F. 7 in Small scale habitat preferences of Myotis daubentonii, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, and potential aerial prey in an upland river valley

F. 7. Bat activity expressed as 0 ± SD bat passes hr-1 in relation to habitat type (water state) of both M. daubentonii and IG P. pipistrellus, pooled for all four altitudes

FIG. 6 in Small scale habitat preferences of Myotis daubentonii, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, and potential aerial prey in an upland river valley

FIG. 6. Percentage of most prevalent aerial insects found during the 40 nights of sweep net sampling along river Wharfe. Samples been pooled for altitude and habitat type. Insect families represented by <0.1 % not shown

FIG. 3 in Small scale habitat preferences of Myotis daubentonii, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, and potential aerial prey in an upland river valley

FIG. 3. Mean ± SD of number of aerial insects caught with sweep net above water surface (and over grass = control), pooled for all four altitudes (n = 40 nights)

FIG. 6 in Cranial shape and diet variation in Myotis species (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): testing the relationship between form and function

FIG. 6. Fitted regression line and data points for Procrustes distances between configurations of the mandibular process region and the stretch factor of the masseter muscle. FP = facultative piscivorous species. P = piscivorous species, I = insectivorous species. The regression equation is presented

FIG. 3 in Cranial shape and diet variation in Myotis species (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): testing the relationship between form and function

FIG. 3. Ordination plots of the first two canonical axes from two skull modules among dietary groups. A — Ordination plot of the first two canonical axes from parieto-occipital region (skull module 1) with deformation grids derived of each the canonical axis. The horizontal arrow indicated the direction of change in M. vivesi with respect to the consensus shape. The vertical arrow indicated the directions of change in insectivores with respect to the consensus shape; B — Ordination plot of the first two canonical axes from frontal-maxillary region (skull module 2) with deformation grids derived of each the canonical axis. The vertical arrow indicated the direction of change in M. vivesi with respect to the consensus shape. The horizontal arrow indicated the directions of change in facultative piscivores with respect to the consensus shape. Three diets were compared: insectivorous species (×), and facultative piscivorous species (●) and piscivorous species (é)

FIG. 2 in Cranial shape and diet variation in Myotis species (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): testing the relationship between form and function

FIG. 2. Image of an articulated skull and mandible used to measure the origin (Ot) and insertion (It) of the temporal muscle, and the origin (Om) and insertion (Im) of the masseter muscle. The angles between origin and insertion distances for temporal (OIt) and masseter muscles (OIm) were drawn

FIG. 4 in Cranial shape and diet variation in Myotis species (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): testing the relationship between form and function

FIG. 4. Ordination plots of the first two canonical axes from two mandibular modules among dietary groups. A — Ordination plot of the first two canonical axes from mandibular process area with deformation grids derived of each the canonical axis. The direction of changes in M. vivesi with respect to the consensus shape was indicated for the horizontal arrow. The directions of change in facultative piscivorous and insectivorous species with respect to the consensus shape were indicated for the vertical arrows; B — Ordination plot of the first two canonical axes from the alveolar region with deformation grids derived of each the canonical axis. The directions of change in M. vivesi and facultative piscivores with respect to the consensus shape were indicated for the double-headed arrow. Three dietary groups were compared: insectivorous species (×), facultative piscivorous species (●), and piscivorous species (ì)

FIG. 5 in Small scale habitat preferences of Myotis daubentonii, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, and potential aerial prey in an upland river valley

FIG. 5. Relationship between numbers of aerial insects caught with a sweep net (pooled for all altitudes and habitat types) above the water surface with minimum wind speed

FIG. 5 in Cranial shape and diet variation in Myotis species (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): testing the relationship between form and function

FIG. 5. Stretch factors of the masticatory muscles within genus Myotis. A — Stretch factors for the masseter muscle in each dietary group; B — Stretch factor for the temporal muscle in each dietary group. Data were presented with median, interquartile 25–75%, and minimum–maximum values indicated in box plots. Sample sizes appear below each box plot. Letters indicate differences among groups

FIG. 2 in Small scale habitat preferences of Myotis daubentonii, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, and potential aerial prey in an upland river valley

FIG. 2. Wind direction (degrees) expressed as windroses at for 10 nights from highest (a) to lowest (d) altitudes along river Wharfe

FIG. 1 in Cranial shape and diet variation in Myotis species (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): testing the relationship between form and function

FIG. 1. Four configurations of points drew to register the shape of two skull and two mandibular characters in 22 Myotis species. A — Parieto-occipital region with 32 points, 1–32, lateral view; B — Frontal-maxillary region with 20 points, 1–20, lateral view; C — Mandible process area with 22 points, 1–18, 33–36, in lateral view. D — Alveolar region with 14 points, 19–32, lateral view

FIG. 1. Myotis myotis and M in A potent anti-inflammatory response in bat macrophages may be linked to extended longevity and viral tolerance

FIG. 1. Myotis myotis and M. musculus macrophages present differential response to LPS and Poly(I:C) challenge. Change in gene expression of A — IFN-β, B — IL-1β, C — TNF, D — Il-10 in response to LPS and Poly(I:C) treatment at 1, 4 and 24 hr time points are presented as changes in delta Ct values normalized to actin-β. Ratios of the fold induction of anti-inflammatory Il-10 to proinflammatory TNF (E) and Il-1β (F) are also presented. G — Literature derived Il-10/TNF ratios for other mammals. H — NO generated by stimulated M. myotis and mouse macrophages. Bars represent the mean of two experimental repeats ± SEM. Presented P -values indicate the significance of the difference between species from analysis of variance (ANOVA)