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Text-fig. 7. Vertical polished sections of samples from selected layers. a: Layer No. 2, completely bioturbated, collection of the Czech Geological Survey (abbr. BK), BK 7; b: Layer No. 3, low: nearly completely bioturbated, upper: cross- to ripple bedding, weakly bioturbated, BK 6; c: Layer No. 7, incompletely bioturbated siltstone/mudstone, BK 5; d: Layer No. 8, low: totally bioturbated background with Zoophycos ichnofabric, upper: spotted, completely bioturbated siltstone, BK 4; e: Layer No. 8, low: in Early Complex Tiering Pattern: Upper Ordovician, Barrandian Area, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 7. Vertical polished sections of samples from selected layers. a: Layer No. 2, completely bioturbated, collection of the Czech Geological Survey (abbr. BK), BK 7; b: Layer No. 3, low: nearly completely bioturbated, upper: cross- to ripple bedding, weakly bioturbated, BK 6; c: Layer No. 7, incompletely bioturbated siltstone/mudstone, BK 5; d: Layer No. 8, low: totally bioturbated background with Zoophycos ichnofabric, upper: spotted, completely bioturbated siltstone, BK 4; e: Layer No. 8, low:
Text-fig. 6. Zoophycos showing spreiten structure with a continuously meandering tunnel. Schematic drawing of the specimen from unidentified layer from a block out of the measured profile. Scale in centimetres. in Early Complex Tiering Pattern: Upper Ordovician, Barrandian Area, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 6. Zoophycos showing spreiten structure with a continuously meandering tunnel. Schematic drawing of the specimen from unidentified layer from a block out of the measured profile. Scale in centimetres.
Text-fig. 4. The studied section showing ichnofabric index and ichnological snapshots on the upper bedding planes of layers No. 1, 12 and 23. in Early Complex Tiering Pattern: Upper Ordovician, Barrandian Area, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 4. The studied section showing ichnofabric index and ichnological snapshots on the upper bedding planes of layers No. 1, 12 and 23.
Text-fig. 1. Photograph of the studied outcrop with wide bedding planes on the Loděnice – vinice above the topmost step of the vineyard. in Early Complex Tiering Pattern: Upper Ordovician, Barrandian Area, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 1. Photograph of the studied outcrop with wide bedding planes on the Loděnice – vinice above the topmost step of the vineyard.
Text-fig. 9. a: Arenicolites isp., BK 13, Layer No. 6; b–f: Bifungites isp., a set of specimens showing variability in chamber shape, b – field photograph, Layer No. 23, c – field photograph, Layer No. 23, d – field photograph, Layer No. 23, e – parallel-orientated specimens, field photograph, Layer No. 23, f – field photograph, Layer No. 23; g: Didymaulichnus isp., convex epirelief, field photograph, Layer No. 1. Scale bar = 1 cm. in Early Complex Tiering Pattern: Upper Ordovician, Barrandian Area, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 9. a: Arenicolites isp., BK 13, Layer No. 6; b–f: Bifungites isp., a set of specimens showing variability in chamber shape, b – field photograph, Layer No. 23, c – field photograph, Layer No. 23, d – field photograph, Layer No. 23, e – parallel-orientated specimens, field photograph, Layer No. 23, f – field photograph, Layer No. 23; g: Didymaulichnus isp., convex epirelief, field photograph, Layer No. 1. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Text-fig. 8. a, b: Bifungites isp. with fragments of vertical shafts, a – concave hyporelief BK 20, Layer No. 26, b – full relief BK 33, Layer No. 23; c–e: Palaeophycus sulcatus (MILLER et DYER, 1878), c – BK 29, Layer No. 22, d – BK 18, Layer No. 16, e – BK 31, Layer No. 6; f: Palaeophycus cf. tubularis HALL, 1847, BK 25, Layer No. 22; g: Megagrapton isp., concave hyporelief, BK 32, Layer No. 16; h: Teichichnus isp. (bottom) crossing Zoophycos isp. (centre to right bottom), BK 16, Layer No. 22. Scale bar = 1 cm. in Early Complex Tiering Pattern: Upper Ordovician, Barrandian Area, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 8. a, b: Bifungites isp. with fragments of vertical shafts, a – concave hyporelief BK 20, Layer No. 26, b – full relief BK 33, Layer No. 23; c–e: Palaeophycus sulcatus (MILLER et DYER, 1878), c – BK 29, Layer No. 22, d – BK 18, Layer No. 16, e – BK 31, Layer No. 6; f: Palaeophycus cf. tubularis HALL, 1847, BK 25, Layer No. 22; g: Megagrapton isp., concave hyporelief, BK 32, Layer No. 16; h: Teichichnus isp. (bottom) crossing Zoophycos isp. (centre to right bottom), BK 16, Layer No. 22. Scale bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 3. A in Diverse endobiotic symbiont fauna from the late Katian (Late Ordovician) of Estonia
FIGURE 3. A, Cornulites sp. (Corn) and Chaetosalpinx isp. (Chaet) in Protoheliolites norvegicus from the Adila Formation, Hosholm, Vormsi Island (GIT 840-35). Note the downward-bending lamellae of Protoheliolites norvegicus in the upper half of the bioclaustration. B, Cornulites sp. in stromatoporoid from the Kõrgessaare Formation, Saxby North, Vormsi Island (GIT 529-95-2). C, Lingulate in Propora sp. from the Kõrgessaare Formation, Saxby North, Vormsi Island (GIT 520-155-2). D, Lingulate Rowellella sp. in Diplotrypa densitabulata from the Kõrgessaare Formation, Saxby North, Vormsi Island (GIT 843-15-1).
FIGURE 2 in Diverse endobiotic symbiont fauna from the late Katian (Late Ordovician) of Estonia
FIGURE 2. Stratigraphy of the upper Katian of NW Estonia. Occurrence of endobionts indicated with asterisk.
FIGURE 4 in Diverse endobiotic symbiont fauna from the late Katian (Late Ordovician) of Estonia
FIGURE 4. Chaetosalpinx-like bioclaustration in Diplotrypa densitabulata from the Kõrgessaare Formation, Saxby North, Vormsi Island (GIT 843-31). Arrows point to the bioclaustration.
Fig. 7 in A new Late Ordovician bubble-headed trilobite species from South West Wales and its implications for biostratigraphy
Fig. 7. Chart showing the frequency distribution of numbers of denticles on lateral margins of complete librigenae of Staurocephalus oliveae sp. nov. from the upper Katian (Upper Ordovician) Sholeshook Limestone Formation at Talfan Farm, Llanddowror, Carmarthenshire, Wales, UK. n = 36.
Fig. 3 in A new Late Ordovician bubble-headed trilobite species from South West Wales and its implications for biostratigraphy
Fig. 3. Encrinurid trilobite Staurocephalus oliveae sp. nov. from the upper Katian (Upper Ordovician) Sholeshook Limestone Formation at Talfan Farm, Llanddowror, Carmarthenshire, Wales, UK. A. Holotype, NMW 2013.11G.1, cephalon in dorsal (A1), oblique anterolateral (A2), and frontal (A3) views. B. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.2, cephalon in dorsal (B1), oblique anterolateral (B2), and dorsolateral (B3) views. C. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.6, cranidium in dorsal view. D. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.7, partial cranidium, dorsal view of internal mould (D1), ventral view of external mould (D2), and latex cast of external mould (D3). E. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.8, cephalon, external mould in ventral view (E1) and latex cast of external mould (E2). F. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.9, genal angle of cranidium, showing marginal denticles decreasing in size posteriorly. Scale bars 2 mm, except F 1 mm.
Fig. 6 in A new Late Ordovician bubble-headed trilobite species from South West Wales and its implications for biostratigraphy
Fig. 6. Historic specimens of the encrinurid trilobite Staurocephalus from museum collections. A. SM A31592, cranidium in dorsal view labelled Staurocephalus cf. murchisoni Barrande" from the Sholeshook Limestone Formation (upper Katian, Upper Ordovician) in the Sholeshook railway cutting, Haverfordwest area, herein assigned to S. oliveae sp. nov.? B. BIRUG 48862, cranidium in dorsal view labelled "Staurocephalus cf. murchisoni" from the lower Tre-wylan Beds (Cautleyan) (upper Katian, Upper Ordovician) in the Llansantffraid-ym-Mechain district of the south-eastern Berwyn Hills, Mid Wales (Whittington 1938: 451, locality 42), herein assigned to S. oliveae sp. nov.? C, D. Specimens from the King collection, Sedgwick Museum, from the (locally) basal Ashgill mudstones (lower Rawtheyan, Ashgill Zone 5) (upper Katian, Upper Ordovician) of Aber Marchnant, Berwyn Hills, Mid Wales, originally identified as Staurocephalus cf. murchisoni by King (1923) and assigned to S. clavifrons by Whittington (1968), herein assigned to S. aff. oliveae. C. SM A39813, incomplete cranidium in dorsal view. D. SM A39814.A, incomplete cranidium in dorsal view (D1) and close up of left genal area (D2) to show large lateral denticles (arrowed). E. SM A31589, dorsal view of incomplete cranidium labelled "Staurocephalus globiceps" from the Marr collection, Sedgwick Museum, from the Slade and Redhill Mudstone Formation at Pelcomb Cross, Haverfordwest, herein assigned to S. cf. clavifrons. Note the prominent genal spine on the right side. Scale bars 1 mm, except D2 0.5 mm.
Fig. 2 in A new Late Ordovician bubble-headed trilobite species from South West Wales and its implications for biostratigraphy
Fig. 2. Stratigraphical column showing the age of the Sholeshook Limestone Formation (in blue) and the underlying and overlying formations together with the shelly and chitinozoan biozonations of the Anglo-Welsh succession. Asterisk shows approximate age of the Talfan Farm locality, in the lower part of the formation (equivalent to Cautleyan Zone 1).
Fig. 5 in A new Late Ordovician bubble-headed trilobite species from South West Wales and its implications for biostratigraphy
Fig. 5. Reconstruction drawings of the encrinurid trilobite Staurocephalus oliveae sp. nov. A. Cephalon, in anterior (A1), left lateral (A2), ventral (A3), and dorsal (A4) views. B. Pygidium, in ventral (B1) and dorsal (B2) views. Cephalon has a mean maximum width (tr.) of 10.15 mm; pygidium has a mean maximum width (tr.) of 3.96 mm.
Fig. 4 in A new Late Ordovician bubble-headed trilobite species from South West Wales and its implications for biostratigraphy
Fig. 4. Encrinurid trilobite Staurocephalus oliveae sp. nov. from the upper Katian (Upper Ordovician) Sholeshook Limestone Formation at Talfan Farm, Llanddowror, Carmarthenshire, Wales, UK. A. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.5, rostral plate in ventral view. B. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.3, right librigena in lateral view. C. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.10, left librigena in lateral view. D. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.12, right librigena in lateral view. E. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.13, thoracic segment in dorsal view. F. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.4, pygidium in dorsal view. G. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.11, pygidium in dorsal view. H. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.15, pygidium in ventral view of external mould (H1) and latex cast of external mould (H2). Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 8 in A new Late Ordovician bubble-headed trilobite species from South West Wales and its implications for biostratigraphy
Fig. 8. Graph showing the number of lateral denticles on librigenae of various Staurocephalus species through time. Circle represents the mean, vertical lines the range where one was observed in that species. Chatterton and Campbell (1980) described S. struszi as having "twelve (possibly eleven on some specimens)" denticles. Species names in black font represent occurrences in England and Wales, those in red font occur outside Avalonia. Note that Cautleyan and Rawtheyan are regional stages from the AngloWelsh chronostratigraphy and belong in the upper part of the international Katian Stage. The remaining stages are international. The Telychian is approximately twice the length of the other stages (e.g., Ogg et al. 2008: fig. 1.1), hence the wider spacing allocated to it.
Fig. 2 in Late Ordovician scolecodonts and chitinozoans from the Pin Valley in Spiti, Himachal Pradesh, northern India
Fig. 2. Simplified lithological log of the Takche Formation at the Pin River section with the position of samples and the distribution of scolecodont and chitinozoan taxa. Sampling log on the right: solid squares denote productive samples for microfossils, whereas white squares indicate samples barren for scolecodonts and chitinozoans.
Fig. 1. A in Late Ordovician scolecodonts and chitinozoans from the Pin Valley in Spiti, Himachal Pradesh, northern India
Fig. 1. A. Geographic location of the studied area within India. The state of Himachal Pradesh and an enlarged sketch of it with the Lahaul and Spiti district (red) and the Pin Valley (green). B. Geological map of the outcropping area within the Pin Valley in Spiti with the studied section south of Farka Muth indicated. The age of the lithostratigraphic units largely follows Bhargava and Bassi (1998): Haimanta Group (late Proterozoic to middle Cambrian), Sanugba Group including the Thango Formation (Ordovician) and the Tackche Formation (Upper Ordovician to lower Silurian), Kanawar Group (Lower Devonian to lower Permian) with the Lower Devonian Muth Formation at its base, Kuling Group (Permian), Lilang Group (Lower Triassic to Upper Jurassic). C. Photograph of the studied section including the regional lithostratigraphic subdivision to units P/1–P/17. D. Palaeogeographic reconstruction with the assumed position of the Pin River section during the Late Ordovician (redrawn from Scotese 2000).
Fig. 4 in Late Ordovician scolecodonts and chitinozoans from the Pin Valley in Spiti, Himachal Pradesh, northern India
Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of the eunicid polychaete Spitiprion khannai gen. et sp. nov. apparatus preserved on an acetic acid-etched rock surface, CGS PT159_1 (sample P/8/69) from the Katian, Upper Ordovician of the Pin River section (Pin River Valley, Spiti, Himalaya, India). A1, optical microscope photograph; A2, SEM photomicrograph; A3, 3D reconstruction based on images from X-ray micro-computed tomography. The affinity of the maxilla (orange) is yet unknown (could be the second maxilla but diagnostic features are missing). A4, sketch of the maxillary apparatus of the new species of eunicid polychaete Spitiprion khannai. The maxillae white) with dotted lines are assumed according to closely related species but have not been found yet. MI, first maxilla; MII, second maxilla; MIV, fourth maxilla; AL, attachment lamella; BP, basal plate. Scale bars 100 µm.
Fig. 14 in Early Katian, Late Ordovician, heliolitine corals from southern Kuruktag in northeastern Tarim Basin of China
Fig. 14. Heliolitine tabulate coral Navoites irregularis (Lin and Chow, 1977), from the Yuanbaoshan Formation (lower Katian) of southern Kuruktag, Tarim Basin, Northwest China. NIGP 201014. A1, A2, transverse sections. A3, A4, longitudinal sections.
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