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Figure 28 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 28. Simplified theropod phylogeny. All tetanuran theropods have gastralia; these are only lost in true birds (n.gast). The orientation of the pubis varies across these clades and is dependent upon multiple factors: dietary preference (herbivory, omnivory, carnivory); body proportions (notably the reduction in length and mass of the tail); and more specific locomotor adaptations and habits of individual theropods within each subclade. There is no simple and unambiguous correspondence between pelvic structure and posture, habit, locomotor style or putative diet and respiratory mechanics. Dinosaur images kindly provided by Scott Hartman, who retains the copyright of each. As illustrated here these animals are not strictly to the same scale. The raptor silhouette was made available through the following website: http://clipart-library.com/bird-silhouette.html

Figure 13 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 13. Partially transparent neurocranium to show the approximate structure of the brain, the principal cranial nerves and blood vessels. Abbreviations: c.art, carotid artery; Cbl, cerebellum; Ce, cerebral lobes; cn. (Roman), cranial nerve; jug.v, jugular vein; med, medulla (brain stem); p, pituitary body. Dotted outline – approximate profile of the endocranial cavity.

Figure 15. Scelidosaurus. The principal jaw adductor muscles identified. A, dorsal muscle origin map. B–D in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 15. Scelidosaurus. The principal jaw adductor muscles identified. A, dorsal muscle origin map. B–D, muscle reconstructions. Abbreviations: AN.OR, m. anguli oris; bod, bodenaponeurosis; MAMEM, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; MAMEP, profundus; MAMES, superficialis; MAMP, posterior; MLPt, levator pterygoideus; MPST, pseudotemporalis; MPT, pterygoideus.

Figure 14 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 14. Varanus exanthematicus (Bosc, 1792). Mapping the areas of origin and insertion of the principal jaw closing muscles in a living sauropsid. A, lateral. B, oblique dorsolateral. C. lower jaw in oblique dorsolateral aspect (redrawn from Holliday, 2009: fig. 1). Abbreviations: MAMEM, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; MAMEP, profundus; MAMES, superficialis; MAMP, posterior; MLPt, levator pterygoideus; MPPt, protractor pterygoideus; MPST, pseudotemporalis; MPT, pterygoideus.

Figure 12 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 12. Scelidosaurus. Diagrammatic lateral view of the neurocranium, showing the identifiable cranial nerve foramina and fossae. Abbreviations: Bo, basioccipital; bot, basioccipital tuberosity; bpt, basipterygoid process; Bs, basisphenoid; cart, cartilage; cn.(Roman), cranial nerves; fo, fenestra ovalis; fr, fenestra rotunda; Ls, laterosphenoid; Op, opisthotic; Os, orbitosphenoid; P, parietal; Pro, proötic; Ps, parasphenoid (cultriform process); vag-jug, foramen occupied by cranial nerves (vagus) and venous blood vessels (jugular vein); vcd, fissure for passage of the vena capitis dorsalis; vid, vidian (= carotid artery) canal.

Figure 11. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 11. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861. The lectotype (NHMUK R1111). What remains of the formerly fully articulated skull: the skull roof, neurocranium, part of the right suspensorium and cheek, as preserved (sketched in 2018). Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital condyle; bot, basioccipital tuberosity; bpt, basipterygoid process (right); J, jugal; La, lacrimal; Ls, laterosphenoid (left); Mx, maxilla (right); N, nasal bones; pap, paroccipital process (left); Q, quadrate (right).

Figure 7. Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758. A in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 7. Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758. A, lateral view of cranial osteology showing the horn core. B, the horn core with its keratinous horn superimposed, showing the lack of correspondence in shape between the horn core and its overlying keratinous casque (horn). Norman, pers. colln (Rough Fell sheep, Sedbergh, Cumbria). Abbreviations: hc, horn core; kh, keratinous horn. Scale bar indicated.

Figure 10 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 10. Scelidosaurus. Diagrammatic longitudinal section through the skull showing an attempted reconstruction of the nasal passage. The latter is shown floored anteriorly by a connective tissue sheet that forms a soft secondary palate that spans the gap between opposing maxillae and was probably attached sagittally to the ventral margin of the vomers. The epivomers are interpreted as sheet-like ossifications that form within the connective tissue that roofs the nasal passage; these bones are sutured to the dorsal edges of the vomers (Norman, 2020a). Abbreviations: Epi, epivomers; Mx, maxilla; np, nasal passage; ol.b, olfactory bulb; Pt, pterygoid; sp, soft palate. Arrows indicate air flow. Dark tone – bones in section. Pale tone approximate shape of the nasal passage.

Figure 1 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 1. Charmouth is a coastal village located about one kilometre due east of Lyme Regis. The Spittles-Black Ven is an eroding cliff from which the remains of Scelidosaurus have been recovered since the late 1850s. Fresh slips and cliff falls continue to expose the remains of individual bones or in some cases articulated skeletons belonging to this dinosaur.

Figure 4. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 4. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861. Cranial anatomy reconstructed in: A, lateral; B, dorsal views (modified from Norman, 2020a: figs 8, 9).

Figure 8. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861. The lectotype NHMUK R1111. A, jugal showing sclerotic plate. B in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 8. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861. The lectotype NHMUK R1111. A, jugal showing sclerotic plate. B, stapes. Abbreviations: do, dermal ossification; ec.s, ectopterygoid suture; est, surface for the extrastapes; ftp, footplate; ls, lacrimal suture; pal.s, palatine suture; Po, postorbital; Qj, quadratojugal; sc.os, sclerotic ossicle. Scale bar indicated.

Figure 6 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 6. Scelidosaurus. An interpretation of the cranial keratinous scute pattern on the skull and mandible in (A) lateral and (B) dorsal views. Abbreviations: asc, angular scute; fsc, frontal scute; dsc, dentary scute or sheath; hsc, occipital horn scute; itsc, infratemporal scutes; jsc, jugal arch scutes; lsc, lacrimal scute; msc, maxillary scute (there may have been several); nmsc, nasal median scute; nsc, nasal scutes restored as overlapping plates; pdsc, predentary scute (rhamphotheca); posc, postorbital crater-like scute; qjsc, quadratojugal–quadrate scute; rsc, rhamphothecal scute of the premaxilla; sosc, supraorbital (brow-ridge) scute (there may have been several); stsc, supratemporal scutes; tym, tympanic membrane;?, area on the surface of the lacrimal lamina that is devoid of exostoses and may mark the location of a diverticulum of a cranial sinus.

Figure 3. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 3. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 (the lectotype – NHMUK R1111). The encased skeleton restored as it might have appeared when first discovered, exposed on a series of more or less contiguous blocks of areno-argillaceous limestone (marlstone). The majority of the neck and both forelimbs may have been present originally but were not recovered by the quarrymen who excavated the skeleton.

Figure 2. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 2. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 (LYMPH 1998 6.1-6.7). The small ('foetal') specimen from Charmouth. Part of the paratype series belonging to the name S. harrisonii. These specimens belong to a small individual and appear to be associated. They were illustrated in Richard Owen's first monograph (Owen, 1861: tab. III).

Figure 9 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 9. Scelidosaurus. Attempted reconstruction of the posterodorsal region of the skull showing the general disposition of the stapes–extrastapes, middle ear cavity and tympanum. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital condyle; cnVII, foramen for cranial nerve VII; est, extrastapes (reconstructed); pap, paroccipital process; Pro, proötic; Q, quadrate; Qj, quadratojugal; rw, round window (fenestra rotunda); Sq, squamosal; st, stapes; tym, tympanic annulus and membrane (reconstructed). Shaded area: reconstruction of the middle ear cavity and a ventral branch leading to the throat (Eustachian tube).

Figure 6 in Skull ontogeny in Arrhinoceratops brachyops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and other horned dinosaurs

Figure 6. Braincase elements of CMN 8882 (Arrhinoceratops brachyops). A, occiput in posterior view. Left laterosphenoid in external (B) and internal (C) views. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; bt, basal tuber of basioccipital; cf, cerebral fossa; cp, capitate process; ex, exoccipital; poc, paroccipital process; V, trigeminal foramen.

Figure 3 in Skull ontogeny in Arrhinoceratops brachyops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and other horned dinosaurs

Figure 3. Left cheek elements of CMN 8882 (Arrhinoceratops brachyops) in anterior view. Abbreviations: con, quadrate condyle; ej, epijugal; ptp, pterygoid process; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal.

Figure 4 in Skull ontogeny in Arrhinoceratops brachyops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and other horned dinosaurs

Figure 4. Right postorbital of CMN 8882 (Arrhinoceratops brachyops) in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views. Abbreviations: cd, cornual diverticulum; ff, facet for frontal; o, orbit; pr, prominence; poh, postorbital horncore.

Figure 10 in Skull ontogeny in Arrhinoceratops brachyops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and other horned dinosaurs

Figure 10. Evolutionary development in Ceratopsidae. A, comparative growth series for the ceratopsids Arrhinoceratops brachyops, Triceratops spp., Chasmosaurus belli and Centrosaurus apertus. The skulls are ordered from least (left) to most (right) mature. Reconstructed portions are indicated by dashed lines. Scale at bottom refers to % basal skull length of the largest individual known for the species (approximated by tooth row length in Arrhinoceratops). Note that maturity does not necessarily correspond to size. B, phylogeny of Ceratopsidae deduced from developmental event-pairs. Unambiguous apomorphic events are listed to the right of the branches and correspond to the numbers listed in Table 3; bootstrap/Bremer support values are listed to the left of the branches.

Figure 8 in Skull ontogeny in Arrhinoceratops brachyops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and other horned dinosaurs

Figure 8. Lower jaw elements of CMN 8882 (Arrhinoceratops brachyops). Predentary in right lateral (A) and anterior (B) views. Left lower jaw in lateral (C) and medial (D) views. Right lower jaw in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Lower jaws in dorsal view (G). Note that some of the braincase elements are preserved in association with the right lower jaw (C, D). Abbreviations:?ar, possible articular; bc, braincase; corp, coronoid process; d, dentary; fpd, facet for predentary; fspl, facet for splenial; lf; lateral flange of dentary; tr, tooth row; sa, surangular; spl, splenial; ts, triturating surface.