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309 results for “Plant roots”
Data from: Root biomass and exudates link plant diversity with soil bacterial and fungal biomass
Plant diversity has been shown to determine the composition and functioning of soil biota. Although root-derived organic inputs are discussed as the main drivers of soil communities, experimental evidence is scarce. While there is some evidence that higher root biomass at high plant diversity increases substrate availability for soil biota, several studies have speculated that the quantity and diversity of root inputs into the soil, i.e. though root exudates, drive plant diversity effects on soil biota. Here we used a microcosm experiment to study the role of plant species richness on the biomass of soil bacteria and fungi as well as fungal-to-bacterial ratio via root biomass and root exudates. Plant diversity significantly increased shoot biomass, root biomass, the amount of root exudates, bacterial biomass, and fungal biomass. Fungal biomass increased most with increasing plant diversity resulting in a significant shift in the fungal-to-bacterial biomass ratio at high plant diversity. Fungal biomass increased significantly with plant diversity-induced increases in root biomass and the amount of root exudates. These results suggest that plant diversity enhances soil microbial biomass, particularly soil fungi, by increasing root-derived organic inputs.
Data from: Host plant phylogeny and abundance predict root-associated fungal community composition and diversity of mutualists and pathogens
• Interactions between plants and their root-associated fungi (RAF) may influence the relative abundance of tree species and determine forest community diversity. Such plant-soil feedbacks in turn depend on the degree to which spatial distance and phylogenetic relatedness of host trees structure pathogen and mutualist communities, but research detailing these aspects of RAF communities is lacking. Here, we characterize plant-RAF associations across a diverse plant community, focusing on the degree to which RAF communities are structured by spatial distance, host phylogenetic relatedness, and host abundance. We compare results for different functional groups, including both putative mutualists and pathogens, an aspect poorly examined hitherto. • We collected roots at regular intervals along ten 50 m by 2 m transects, then used DNA barcoding to identify host plants, and characterize the associated fungal community. Variance partitioning was used to measure the relative contributions of host phylogenetic relatedness and spatial distance to explaining RAF community composition. A weighted linear regression was used to measure the correlation between host abundance and RAF diversity. • Phylogenetic distance among hosts was a better predictor of RAF community composition than spatial distance, but this relationship was stronger for putative pathogens than for mutualists, suggesting that pathogens show stronger host preference than mutualists. Across all functional groups, RAF showed similar levels of spatial structure. Additionally, RAF communities of locally abundant plants were less diverse than RAF communities of rare plants. • Synthesis: We found that RAF communities are structured by the phylogenetic relatedness of hosts and, to a lesser extent, by spatial distance, with pathogens showing stronger host preference than mutualists. Abundant hosts had less diverse RAF communities than rare hosts, which is notable because abundant plants tend to experience weaker negative plant-soil feedback. Going forward, mechanisms underlying the host abundance-RAF diversity relationship warrant further investigation. Additionally, the survey approach presented here could be paired with experiments linking RAF community composition to plant recruitment.
Data from: Conserved gene expression programs in developing roots from diverse plants
The molecular basis for the origin and diversification of morphological adaptations is a central issue in evolutionary developmental biology. Here, we defined temporal transcript accumulation in developing roots from seven vascular plants, permitting a genome-wide comparative analysis of the molecular programs used by a single organ across diverse species. The resulting gene expression maps uncover significant similarity in the genes employed in roots and their developmental expression profiles. The detailed analysis of a subset of 133 genes known to be associated with root development in Arabidopsis thaliana indicates that most of these are used in all plant species. Strikingly, this was also true for root development in a lycophyte (Selaginella moellendorffii), which forms morphologically different roots and is thought to have evolved roots independently. Thus, despite vast differences in size and anatomy of roots from diverse plants, the basic molecular mechanisms employed during root formation appear to be conserved. This suggests that roots evolved in the two major vascular plant lineages either by parallel recruitment of largely the same developmental program or by elaboration of an existing root program in the common ancestor of vascular plants.
Data from: A below ground herbivore shapes root defensive chemistry in natural plant populations
Plants display extensive intraspecific variation in secondary metabolites. However, the selective forces shaping this diversity remain often unknown, especially below ground. Using Taraxacum officinale and its major native insect root herbivore Melolontha melolontha, we tested whether below ground herbivores drive intraspecific variation in root secondary metabolites. We found that high M. melolontha infestation levels over the last decades are associated with high concentrations of major root latex secondary metabolites across 21 central European T. officinale field populations. By cultivating offspring of these populations, we show that both heritable variation and phenotypic plasticity contribute to the observed differences. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the production of the sesquiterpene lactone taraxinic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (TA-G) is costly in the absence, but beneficial in the presence of M. melolontha, resulting in divergent selection of TA-G. Our results highlight the role of soil-dwelling insects for the evolution of plant defences in nature.
Data from: The evolutionary root of flowering plants
Correct rooting of the angiosperm radiation is both challenging and necessary for understanding the origins and evolution of physiological and phenotypic traits in flowering plants. The problem is known to be difficult due to the large genetic distance separating flowering plants from other seed plants and the sparse taxon sampling among basal angiosperms. Here we provide further evidence for concern over substitution model misspecification in analyses of chloroplast DNA sequences. We show that support for Amborella as the sole representative of the most basal angiosperm lineage is founded on sequence site patterns poorly described by time reversible substitution models. Improving the fit between sequence data and substitution model identifies Trithuria, Nymphaeales and Amborella as surviving relatives of the most basal lineage of flowering plants. This finding indicates that aquatic and herbaceous species dominate the earliest extant lineage of flowering plants.
Data from: Greater root phosphatase activity in nitrogen-fixing rhizobial but not actinorhizal plants with declining phosphorus availability
1. The abundance of nitrogen (N)-fixing plants in ecosystems where phosphorus (P) limits plant productivity poses a paradox because N fixation entails a high P cost. One explanation for this paradox is that the N-fixing strategy allows greater root phosphatase activity to enhance P acquisition from organic sources, but evidence to support this contention is limited. 2. We measured root phosphomonoesterase (PME) activity of 10 N-fixing species, including rhizobial legumes and actinorhizal Allocasuarina species, and eight non-N-fixing species across a retrogressive soil chronosequence showing a clear shift from N to P limitation of plant growth and representing a strong natural gradient in P availability. 3. Legumes showed greater root PME activity than non-legumes, with the difference between these two groups increasing markedly as soil P availability declined. By contrast, root PME activity of actinorhizal species was always lower than that of co-occurring legumes and not different from non-N-fixing plants. 4. The difference in root PME activity between legumes and actinorhizal plants was not reflected in a greater or similar reliance on N fixation for N acquisition by actinorhizal species compared to co-occurring legumes. 5. Synthesis. Our results support the idea that N-fixing legumes show high root phosphatase activity, especially at low soil P availability, but suggest that this is a phylogenetically conserved trait rather than one directly linked to their N-fixation capacity.
Supplementary material 1 from: Těšitelová T, Knotková K, Knotek A, Cempírková H, Těšitel J (2024) Root hemiparasites suppress invasive alien clonal plants: evidence from a cultivation experiment. NeoBiota 90: 97-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.90.113069
Supplementary information
Supplementary material 2 from: Těšitelová T, Knotková K, Knotek A, Cempírková H, Těšitel J (2024) Root hemiparasites suppress invasive alien clonal plants: evidence from a cultivation experiment. NeoBiota 90: 97-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.90.113069
Primary data table
DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ADRENALIN IN IN VITRO CONDITIONS OF INULA HELENIUM L. (BLACK ANDIZ) PLANT ROOT POWDER AND EXTRACT.
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Leaf, stem, and root stable carbon isotope ratios and gas exchange data for 452 plants
<p>This dataset contains a compilation of stable carbon isotope ratios in leaves, stems, and roots for tree saplings and associated gas exchange data. It was used in a book chapter to test whether the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the ratio of intercellular to ambient carbon dioxide concentrations differs between leaves and woody tissues. The book chapter is entitled 'Carbon isotope effects in relation to CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation by tree canopies' authored by Lucas A. Cernusak and Nerea Ubierna. It is part of the book entitled 'Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings' edited by Rolf T. Siegwolf, J. Renee Brooks, John Roden, and Matthias Saurer. The publisher of the book is Springer International Publishing, with publication in April 2022.</p>
Observations on the interaction between plant growth-promoting bacteria and the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica
<p>This is the data set associated with the paper currently under peer review, on the biocontrol potential of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria against root knot nematodes. </p>
Phosphorous starved Maize plant root exudate strigolactone and rhizosphere microbes
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Quantitative phenotyping of plant roots using spectral electrical impedance tomography: a rhizotron study on maize and bean crops with optimized measurement design
<div> <h1>Data repository</h1> <br> <div>In this repository, the data accompanying the publication "Quantitative phenotyping of plant roots using spectral electrical impedance tomography: a rhizotron study on maize and bean crops with optimized measurement design", published in "Plant Methods", is stored.</div> <div> </div> <div>The publication can be found at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-024-01247-7</div> <br> <h2>Dataset structure</h2> <br> <div>The dataset is structured in the following directories:</div> <br> <h3>complex resistivity inversions</h3> <br> <div>The folder "new_filter_approach_v4_allfreqs", contains all inversion results for frequencies from 0.79 Hz to 1 kHz, sorted by plant name. The data are given as tomodirs (see https://github.com/geophysics-ubonn/crtomo_tools for importing tomodir data within a python framework).</div> <br> <div>In the folder "scatterdata_from_invs", electrical parameters from the inversions are given for x-y-locations in the grid.</div> <br> <h3>dd_fit_results_all_cells</h3> <br> <div>In this folder, the results of the Debye-Decomposition for all cells in the grid are given, together with the x-y-locations in the grid.</div> <br> <h3>dd_fit_results_only_plants</h3> <br> <div>In this folder, the results of the Debye-Decomposition for all cells within the root zone in the grid are given, together with the x-y-locations in the grid.</div> <br> <h3>grid</h3> <br> <div>Contains all files to construct the inversion grid using crtomo_tools.</div> <div> </div> <br> <h3>images_plants</h3> </div> <div> <div> </div> <div>Contains photos for all measured plants, labeled according to the datasets in the manuscript.</div> <br> <div> <h3>impedance_data</h3> </div> <br> <div>In the folder "uncorrected", the raw impedance measurements for all plants are saved (only the correction for the resistivity magnitude is applied to account for the mismatch of 2D inversion and 3D measurement). The folder "corrected" containst the imepdance data that was corrected with background water measurements. The file "md_data_impedance.csv" contains the contact resistances and leakage currents for all measurements.</div> <br> <h3>optimization</h3> <br> <div>This folder contains the results for the synthetic modelling using an optimized (OPT_full) and reduced (OPT_middle) scheme, as described in the manuscript. As for the experimental results, inversions are given in tomodir format. The file "exp.csv" contains the xy-coordinates of the outline of the synthetic polarization signature.</div> <br> <h3>plots</h3> <br> <div>Contains all plots that are shown in the manuscript.</div> <br> <h3>root_data</h3> <br> <div>In the folder "root_area_polygons", the xy-coordinates of the outline of each root system in the rhizotron experiments, extracted from images of the front of the rhizotron, are saved. The file "extracted_elec_params_from_area_v4.csv" contains electical parameters from the inversion results for a number of frequencies for all cells that lie within the root area polygons. The file "Root_traits_final.csv" contains the individually measured root traits via weighing and scanning.</div> <br> <h3>scripts</h3> <br> <div>The scripts "0_plot_methods.py", "1_plot_results.py", "2_plot_discussion.py" and "3_plot_supplementary.py" create all plots shown in the manuscript and save them in the "plots"-directory.</div> </div> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Increased root herbivory under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations is reversed by silicon-based plant defences
Predicted increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 may alter the susceptibility of many plants to insect herbivores due to changes in plant nutrition and defences. Silicon plays a critical role in plant defence against herbivores, so increasing such silicon-based defences in plants may help remediate situations where plants become more susceptible to herbivores. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) were subjected to fully factorial treatment combinations of ambient (aCO2) or elevated (eCO2) atmospheric CO2 concentrations; ambient silicon or silicon supplementation; insect-free or subject to root herbivory by greyback canegrub (Dermolepida albohirtum). A glasshouse study was used to determine how these factors affected rates of photosynthesis, growth, chemistry (concentrations of silicon, carbon, nitrogen and non-structural carbohydrates). Changes in canegrub mass were determined in the glasshouse pot study, together with more detailed assessment of how eCO2 and silicon supplementation affected performance and feeding behaviour (relative growth rate and relative consumption) in a 24-hour feeding efficiency assay. eCO2 and silicon supplementation increased rates of photosynthesis (+32% and 14%, respectively) sugarcane biomass (+45% and 69%, respectively). Silicon supplementation increased silicon concentrations in both leaves and roots by 54% and 75%, respectively. eCO2 caused root C:N to increase by 12%. Canegrub performance and consumption increased under eCO2; relative growth rate (RGR) increased by 116% and consumed 57% more root material (suggestive of compensatory feeding). Silicon application reversed these effects, with large decreases in mass change, RGR and root consumption (65% less root mass consumed). Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest future atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations could lead to increased crop damage by a below-ground herbivore. Increasing bioavailable silicon in soil stimulated silicon-based defences which dramatically decreased herbivory and herbivore performance. Our findings suggest future pest management strategies could benefit from characterising deficiencies in bioavailable silicon in agricultural soils and targeted application of silicon fertilisers. Moreover, future breeding programmes should exploit variation in silicon uptake between cultivars to enhance silicon uptake in new crop varieties. Silicon-based plant defence proved to be highly beneficial for remediating the negative effects of atmospheric change on sugarcane susceptibility to herbivory and could be applicable in other crops.
Data from: Corrections for rooting volume and plant size reveal negative effects of neighbour presence on root allocation in pea
Plants are able to detect the presence of their neighbours belowground. The associated root responses may affect plant performance, plant-plant interactions and community dynamics, but the extent and direction of these responses is heavily debated. Some studies suggest that plants will over-proliferate roots in response to neighbours at the expense of reproduction, which was framed as a "tragedy of the commons". Others proposed an "ideal free distribution" hypothesis, stating that plants produce roots simply as a function of the amount of available nutrients. However, experimental evidence for either hypothesis that is unbiased by confounding effects of rooting volume and plant size in their experimental setups is still lacking. We grew split-root pea plants in the presence or absence of a belowground neighbour at a range of rooting volumes, while providing equal amounts of nutrients per plant. Path analyses were used to disentangle the direct effects of neighbour presence on allocation patterns from the confounding effects of rooting volume and plant size. Within the chosen range of rooting volumes, the presence of a belowground neighbour generally reduced plant root mass by 21% and total mass by 9%. A doubling of rooting volume generally increased plant root mass by 18% and total mass by 11%. Pod mass was only directly and positively correlated with vegetative mass. The presence of a belowground neighbour induced less root allocation but more pod allocation, whereas increased rooting volume caused a reduction in reproductive allocation. A large part of these effects, however, was indirectly mediated through the influence on plant total mass. Synthesis: Not considering the effects of rooting volume and plant size may lead to misinterpretations of plant growth strategies in response to neighbours. Accounting for these factors, we found pea allocating less mass to roots in the presence of a belowground neighbour. The obtained results can help to reconcile the various responses to belowground neighbours as they are published in the literature.
Divergent contributions of living roots to turnover of different soil organic carbon pools and their links to plant traits
<p>1. Rhizodeposits and root litter contribute critically to soil organic carbon (SOC) formation and decomposition. This root-induced SOC turnover shows great interspecific variations. Bulk SOC consists of diverse functional pools differing in formation and stabilization. Yet, it remains unclear which plant traits regulate the effects of living roots on the turnover of different SOC pools across species.</p> <p>2. By performing <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2 </sub>continuous<sub> </sub>labelling of six grassland species for a growing season in a climate-controlled chamber, we quantified the contributions of living roots to the dynamics of the fast-cycling particulate organic C and the slow-cycling mineral-associated organic C, and explored their relations to plant traits.</p> <p>3. The results showed that new root-derived SOC varied more than threefold among the six species. The variation in new root-derived SOC was best explained by the ratio of shoot to root biomass. Plant species with higher shoot:root ratio formed more new root-derived SOC. Most of the root-derived C (72%) was incorporated into the particulate organic C pool. All species caused positive rhizosphere priming effects (RPE), which varied sevenfold across species. Among plant traits, specific root length was the best predictor of interspecific variations in the RPE, with greater RPE associated with higher specific root length. Most of the RPE (70%) occurred in the mineral-associated organic C pool. Our results also showed that most plant species caused more old SOC decomposition via the RPE than new SOC formation, leading to net SOC losses, especially for the mineral-associated organic C pool.</p> <p>4. Overall, we provide novel insights into the effects of plant traits on root-induced turnover of particulate and mineral-associated organic C. Our findings should be valuable for understanding how specific plant traits regulate SOC accumulation and stabilization.</p>
Fig. 3. Key NOESY correlations observed for compounds 1 and 2 in Isoavenaciol and 7-hydroxy-isoavenaciol: Zn-chelating metallophores produced by root-endophytic Pezicula ericae in a Zn-accumulating plant, Aucuba japonica
Fig. 3. Key NOESY correlations observed for compounds 1 and 2.
Fig. 5 in Isoavenaciol and 7-hydroxy-isoavenaciol: Zn-chelating metallophores produced by root-endophytic Pezicula ericae in a Zn-accumulating plant, Aucuba japonica
Fig. 5. Partial structure of isoavenaciol hydrolysate in CD3OD.
Fig. 2. Key HMBC correlations observed for compound 1 in Isoavenaciol and 7-hydroxy-isoavenaciol: Zn-chelating metallophores produced by root-endophytic Pezicula ericae in a Zn-accumulating plant, Aucuba japonica
Fig. 2. Key HMBC correlations observed for compound 1.
Fig. 1 in Metabolite pattern in root nodules of the actinorhizal plant Casuarina equisetifolia
Fig. 1. The chemical structure (left) and key HMBC correlations (from H to C, right) of compound 1.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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