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opencc-by-nc-sa-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Application of Close-Range SfM Photogrammetry on three bases of Etruscan Bronze Candelabra from Spina Necropolises

Application of Close-Range SfM Photogrammetry on three bases of Etruscan Bronze Candelabra from Spina Necropolises.  This dataset contains the photogrammetry made 3D models of three Etruscan Bronze Candelabra found at Spina, dated to the 4th cent. BC, kept in the Archaeological Museum of Ferrara. The models were made through Agisoft Metashape from previously taken RAW photos, at the National Archaeological Museum of Ferrara, for master thesis purposes. Some minor issues of the meshes were solved using Blender before texturing the models. The folders are divided according to the tombs of provenance of the candelabra (T. 545, T. 1122, T. Unknown) and every folder contain: <ul> <li>The OBJ</li> <li>The texture</li> <li>An additional folder with the reports generated from Agisoft Metashape</li> </ul>

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Data from: Fluctuation of ecological niches and geographic range shifts along chile pepper's domestication gradient

Domestication is an ongoing well-described process. However, while many have stud- ied the changes domestication causes in plant genetics, few have explored its impact on the portion of the geographic landscape in which the plants exist. Therefore, the goal of this study was to understand how the process of domestication changed the geographic space suitable for chile pepper (Capsicum annuum) in its center of origin (domestication). C. annuum is a major crop species globally whose center of domes- tication, Mexico, has been well-studied. It provides a unique opportunity to explore the degree to which ranges of different domestication classes diverged and how these ranges might be altered by climate change. To this end, we created ecological niche models for four domestication classes (wild, semiwild, landrace, modern cultivar) based on present climate and future climate scenarios for 2050, 2070, and 2090. Considering present environment, we found substantial overlap in the geographic niches of all the domestication classes. Yet, environmental and geographic aspects of the current ranges did vary among classes. Wild and commercial varieties could grow in desert conditions, while landraces could not. With projections into the future, habitat was lost asymmetrically, with wild, semiwild, and landraces at greater risk of territorial declines than modern cultivars. Further, we identified areas where future suitability overlap between landraces and wilds is expected to be lost. While range expansion is widely associated with domestication, we found little support of a con- stant niche expansion (either in environmental or geographical space) throughout the domestication gradient in chile peppers in Mexico. Instead, particular domestication transitions resulted in loss, followed by capturing or recapturing environmental or geographic space. The differences in environmental characterization among domes- tication gradient classes and their future potential range shifts increase the need for conservation efforts to preserve landraces and semiwild genotypes

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Range expansion can promote the evolution of plastic generalism in coarse-grained landscapes

Phenotypic plasticity is one way for organisms to deal with variable environments through generalism. However, plasticity is not found universally and its evolution may be constrained by costs and other limitations such as complexity: the need for multiple mutational steps before the adaptation is realized. Theory predicts that greater experienced heterogeneity, such as organisms may encounter when spatial heterogeneity is fine-grained relative to dispersal, should favor the evolution of a broader niche. Here we tested this prediction via simulation. We found that, contrary to classical predictions, coarse-grained landscapes can be the most favorable for the evolution of plasticity, but only when populations encountered those landscapes through range expansion. During these range expansions, coarse-grained landscapes select for each step in the complex mutational pathway to plastic generalism by blocking the dispersal of specialists. These circumstances provide ecological opportunities for innovative mutations that change the niche. Our results indicate a new mechanism by which range expansion and spatially structured landscapes interact to shape evolution, and reveal that the environments in which a complex adaptation has the highest fitness may not be the most favorable for its evolution.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Thermal performance of Aedes sierrensis life history traits for populations collected across the species range

How mosquitoes may respond to rapid climate warming remains unknown for most species, but will have major consequences for their future distributions, with cascading impacts on human well-being, biodiversity, and ecosystem function. We investigated the adaptive potential of a wide-ranging mosquito species, Aedes sierrensis, across a large climatic gradient by conducting a common garden experiment measuring the thermal limits of mosquito life history traits. Although field-collected populations originated from vastly different thermal environments that spanned over 1,200 km, we found limited variation in upper thermal tolerance between populations. In particular, the upper thermal limits of all life history traits varied by <3°C across the species range and, for most traits, did not differ significantly between populations. For one life history trait—pupal development rate—we did detect significant variation in upper thermal limits between populations, and this variation was strongly correlated with source temperatures, providing evidence of local thermal adaptation for pupal development. However, we found that maximum environmental temperatures across most of the species' range already regularly exceed the highest upper thermal limits estimated under constant temperatures. This result suggests that strategies for coping with and/or avoiding thermal extremes are likely key components of current and future mosquito thermal tolerance.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Combining camera trap surveys and IUCN range maps to improve knowledge of species distributions

Reliable maps of species distributions are fundamental for biodiversity research and conservation. Range maps created by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List are often considered authoritative but may not match species occurrence data. We tested concordance between occurrences from camera trap surveys and predicted occurrence from IUCN maps for 510 medium- to large-bodied mammalian species in 80 camera-trap sampling areas. Across all areas, cameras detected 39% of the species that were expected to occur based on IUCN ranges. The probability of mismatches between camera traps and IUCN range maps was significantly higher for smaller-bodied mammals and habitat specialists in the Neotropics and Indomalaya, and in areas with shorter canopy forests. Our results indicate that in many areas within their range map distributions species may be rare or absent. We suggest that combining range map data with accumulating data from ground-based biodiversity sensors, such as camera traps, acoustic recorders, and eDNA surveys, provides a richer knowledge base for conservation mapping and planning.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Data from: Digging deeper: habitat selection within the home ranges of a threatened marsupial

While resource selection varies according to the scale and context of study, gathering data representative of multiple scales and contexts can be challenging especially when a species is small, elusive, and threatened. We explore resource selection in a small, nocturnal, threatened species—the greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis)—to test (a) which resources best predict bilby occupancy, and (b) whether responses are sex-specific and/or vary over time. We tracked a total of 20 bilbies and examined within home range resource selection over multiple seasons in a large (110ha) fenced sanctuary in temperate Australia. We tested a set of plausible models for bilby resource selection, showing that food biomass (terrestrial and subterranean invertebrates, and subterranean plants) and soil textures (% sand, clay and silt) best predicted bilby resource selection for all sampling periods. Selection was also sex-specific; female resource use, relative to males, was more closely linked to the location of high-quality resources (sandier soils, and terrestrial invertebrate biomass). Bilby selection for roads was independent of season but varied over time with females selecting for areas closer to roads when plants increased in density off roads. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering resource selection over multiple contexts and highlight a method to collect such data on a difficult to study, threatened species. Collecting such data is critical to understanding the habitat required by species.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Determinants of microbiome composition: Insights from free-ranging hybrid zebras (Equus quagga × grevyi)

The composition of mammalian gut microbiomes is highly conserved within species, yet the mechanisms by which microbiome composition is transmitted and maintained within lineages of wild animals remain unclear. Mutually compatible hypotheses exist, including that microbiome fidelity results from inherited dietary habits, shared environmental exposure, morphophysiological filtering, and/or maternal effects. Interspecific hybrids are a promising system in which to interrogate the determinants of microbiome composition because hybrids can decouple traits and processes that are otherwise co-inherited in their parent species. We used a population of free-living hybrid zebras (Equus quagga × grevyi) in Kenya to evaluate the roles of these four mechanisms in regulating microbiome composition. We analyzed fecal DNA for both the trnL-P6 and the 16S rRNA V4 region to characterize the diets and microbiomes of the hybrid zebra and of their parent species, plains zebra (E. quagga) and Grevy's zebra (E. grevyi). We found that both diet and microbiome composition clustered by species, and that hybrid diets and microbiomes were largely nested within those of the maternal species, plains zebra. Hybrid microbiomes were less variable than those of either parent species where they co-occurred. Diet and microbiome composition were strongly correlated, although the strength of this correlation varied between species. These patterns are most consistent with the maternal-effects hypothesis, somewhat consistent with the diet hypothesis, and largely inconsistent with the environmental-sourcing and morphophysiological-filtering hypotheses. Maternal transmittance likely operates in conjunction with inherited feeding habits to conserve microbiome composition within species.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Resources for: Spatio-temporal integrated Bayesian species distribution models reveal lack of broad relationships between traits and range shifts

Aim: Climate change and habitat loss or degradation are some of the greatest threats that species face today, often resulting in range shifts. Species traits have been discussed as important predictors of range shifts, with the identification of general trends being of great interest for conservation efforts. However, studies reviewing relationships between traits and range shifts have questioned the existence of such generalized trends, due to mixed results and weak correlations, as well as analytical shortcomings. The aim of this study was to test this relationship empirically, using analytical approaches that account for common sources of bias when assessing range trends. Location: Tanzania, East Africa. Time period: 1980-1999 and 2000-2020. Major taxa studied: 57 savannah specialist birds found in Tanzania, belonging to 26 families and 11 orders. Methods: We applied recently developed integrated spatio-temporal species distribution models in R-INLA, combining citizen science and bird atlas data to estimate ranges of species, quantify range shifts, and test the predictive power of traditional trait groups, as well as exposure-related and sensitivity traits. We based our study on 40 years of bird observations in East African savannahs, a biome that has experienced increasing climatic and non-climatic pressures over recent decades. We correlated patterns of change with species traits. Results: We find indications of relationships identified by previous research, but low average explanatory power of traits from an ecological perspective, confirming the lack of meaningful general associations. However, our analysis finds compelling species-specific results. Main conclusions: We highlight the importance of individual assessments, while demonstrating the usefulness of our analytical approach for analyses of range shifts.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Short-range correlation of stress chains near solid-to-liquid transition in active monolayers

Using a three-dimensional model of cell monolayers, we study the spatial organization of active stress chains as the monolayer transitions from a solid to a liquid state. The critical exponents that characterize this transition map the isotropic stress percolation onto the two-dimensional random percolation universality class suggesting short-range stress correlations near this transition. This mapping is achieved via two distinct, independent pathways: (i) cell-cell adhesion and (ii) active traction forces. We unify our findings by linking the nature of this transition to high-stress fluctuations, distinctly linked to each pathway. The results elevate the importance of the transmission of mechanical information in dense active matter and provide a new context for understanding the non-equilibrium statistical physics of phase transition in active systems.

Fig. 4 in New record of endoparasitic Pseudempleurosoma haywardi (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in sillaginid fishes from Thailand, with updates on host range, zoogeography, and morphological variation

Fig. 4. Schematic drawings of different shapes of MCO of the current Pseudempleurosoma haywardi specimens. Scale bar = 10 µm.

Fig. 1 in New record of endoparasitic Pseudempleurosoma haywardi (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in sillaginid fishes from Thailand, with updates on host range, zoogeography, and morphological variation

Fig. 1. Schematic measurement characteristics of the organs of Pseudempleurosoma haywardi. A, MCO with Accessory piece; B, egg; C, muscular genital atrium; D, ovary; E, testis; F, dorsal anchors; G, dorsal bar; H, ventral anchor with attached ventral bar; I, detached ventral bar; J, marginal hook. Abbreviations used: APL: accessory piece length, AVBL: attached ventral bar length, DAL: dorsal anchor length, DBL: dorsal bar length, DBW: dorsal bar width, DVBL: detached ventral bar length, EL: egg length, EW: egg width, MAL: muscular genital atrium length, MAW: muscular genital atrium width, MCO: male copulatory organ, MCOL: male copulatory organ length, MHL: marginal hook length, OL: ovary length, OW: ovary width, TL: testis length, TW: testis width, VAL: ventral anchor length.

Fig. 3 in New record of endoparasitic Pseudempleurosoma haywardi (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in sillaginid fishes from Thailand, with updates on host range, zoogeography, and morphological variation

Fig. 3. Schematic drawings of Pseudempleurosoma haywardi. A, whole body; B, MCO; C, ventral anchor with attached ventral bar; D, marginal hooks; E, dorsal anchor; F, egg; G, detached ventral bar; H, dorsal bar. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–H = 10 µm.

Fig. 2 in New record of endoparasitic Pseudempleurosoma haywardi (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in sillaginid fishes from Thailand, with updates on host range, zoogeography, and morphological variation

Fig. 2. General morphology of Pseudempleurosoma haywardi under phase-contrast microscope (A, B) and light microscope (C–G). A, whole body; B, opisthaptor part; C, opisthaptor with anchors, bar and marginal hooks; D, egg with MCO; E, egg; F, funnel-shaped of MCO with accessory pieces; G, cup-shaped MCO with accessory pieces. Abbreviations used: ASP: accessory piece, AVB: attached ventral bar, DA: dorsal anchor, DB: dorsal bar, DVB: detached ventral bar, E: egg, ES: eye spot, HG: head glands, MCO: male copulatory organ, MH: marginal hook, OP: opisthaptor, P: pharynx, VA: ventral anchor, VF: vitelline follicles. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–G = 20 µm.

Fig. 6 in New record of endoparasitic Pseudempleurosoma haywardi (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in sillaginid fishes from Thailand, with updates on host range, zoogeography, and morphological variation

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic tree of partial 28S rRNA of monogeneans based on Maximum Likelihood methods. Two major Clades A and B are distinguished. External branches with and without round tips represent members of Dactylogyridae and Ancyrocephalidae, respectively (when classified following the NCBI database), except for the outgroup. Bootstrap support values are indicated at each node. Monogenean sequence data from this study are shown in bold. Scale bar represents the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.

Fig. 5 in New record of endoparasitic Pseudempleurosoma haywardi (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in sillaginid fishes from Thailand, with updates on host range, zoogeography, and morphological variation

Fig. 5. General morphology of the infected sillaginid fishes, (A) Sillago aeolus and (B) Sillago sihama. Scale bars = 1 cm.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Data from: Testing metabolic cold adaptation and the climatic variability hypotheses across the latitudinal range of a widespread, supratidal water beetle

Temperature significantly impacts ectotherm physiology, with thermal and metabolic traits varying with latitude but the drivers of this variation remain unclear, despite obvious consequences in the face of ongoing global change. This study explores metabolic cold adaptation (MCA) and the climatic variability hypothesis (CVH) to evaluate local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity of metabolic rates and thermal limits in two populations of the supratidal rockpool beetle Ochthebius lejolisii from localities experiencing contrasting thermal variability. Reciprocal acclimation was conducted under spring temperature regimes of both localities, incorporating local diurnal variation. Metabolic rates were measured by closed respirometry, and thermal tolerance limits estimated through thermography. In line with MCA, the northern population (colder climate) showed higher metabolic rates and Q10s at lower temperatures than the southern population. As predicted by the CVH, the southern population (more variable climate) showed higher upper thermal tolerance but only the northern population was able to acclimate upper thermal limits. This pattern suggests the existence of trade-offs in thermal adaptation in this species, likely increasing the vulnerability of populations on Mediterranean coasts to the projected increases in extreme temperatures under ongoing climate change.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2024View details →

Characterization and morphometry of prone and affected watersheds by hydro-geomorphological processes in the Serra do Mar Mountain Range, southeastern Brazil: foundation for planning and mitigation actions.

Data: shapefile, tables, and kmz files.  <ol> <li>SHAPEFILES</li> </ol> - Dataset with watersheds mapped in the Serra do Mar Paulista Region in the follow cities: <ul> <li>Ubatuba (Abbvr. WU)</li> <li>Caraguatatuba (Abbvr. WC)</li> <li>São Sebastião (Abbvr. WSS)</li> <li>Bertioga (Abbvr. WB)</li> <li>Santos (Abbvr. WS)</li> <li>Praia Grande (Abbvr. WPG)</li> <li>Cubatão (Abbvr. WCUB)</li> <li>São Vicente (Abbvr. WSV)</li> <li>Itanhaém (Abbvr. WITA)</li> <li>Peruíbe (Abbvr. WPERU)</li> <li>Iguape (Abbvr. WIGUA)</li> <li>Itariri (Abbvr. WITR)</li> <li>Pedro de Toledo (Abbvr. WPDT)</li> <li>Iporanga (Abbvr. WIPORA)</li> <li>Apiaí (Abbvr. WAPI)</li> <li>Itaoca Abbvr. WITAO)</li> </ul> - Each shapefile contain information about altitude (min., max, and mean), area (km²), and length (km).  - Debris-flow Inventory shapefile.         2. TABLES <ul> <li>Tables for the watersheds mapped in each cities also contain information about the morphometric parameters (melton ratio, basin relief, and relief ratio).</li> <li>Debris-flow inventory information. </li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Figure 11 in New records and geographic range extension of Epilobocera capolongoi Pretzmann, 2000 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Epiloboceridae) in Cuba, with notes on its natural history and conservation

Figure 11. Adult female of Epilobocera capolongoi found carrying offspring in mountain rainforest on 5 October 2013, Pico San Juan Ecological Reserve, Cienfuegos province. Notice the very broad exopodite of the third maxilliped, which is a diagnostic character of this species. Photos by Ruben Marrero.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Figure 12 in New records and geographic range extension of Epilobocera capolongoi Pretzmann, 2000 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Epiloboceridae) in Cuba, with notes on its natural history and conservation

Figure 12. Female of Epilobocera cubensis poliorcetes found carrying offspring at night on 7 November 2018 on a mountain path about 700 m NW of Jarico ranger station, Lomas de Banao Ecological Reserve, Sancti Spíritus province. Photos by Aslam I. Castellón.