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7,195 results for “SET”
NETTAG+ Data set on adsorption of inorganic (Cu and Pb) and organic (PAHs) pollutants in fishing nets
<p>This data set includes the raw data associated with the article in <em>Marine Pollution Bulletin</em><strong> "</strong>Potential of fishing nets for adsorption of inorganic (Cu and Pb) and organic (PAHs) pollutants"</p>
StopWords dataset: Integration of a set of stopwords in English and Portuguese - rev. 1
<p><br>StopWords dataset: Integration of a set of stopwords in English and Portuguese - rev. 1</p> <p>================================</p> <p>StopWords dataset - rev. 1 (two MS-Excel files)</p> <p>-------------<br><strong>StopWords Integrated</strong><br>Basic integration of a set of stopwords (English and Portuguese) for use in Text Mining tasks.</p> <p>File name 1: StopWords_Integrated_Favaretto.xlsx</p> <p>Tab 1 of MS-Excel: pt_accent (215 words)<br>Column Label: stopwords_pt</p> <p>Tab 2 of MS-Excel: pt_noaccent (208 words)<br>Column Label: stopwords_pt_na</p> <p>Tab 3 of MS-Excel: en (213 words)<br>Column Label: stopwords_en</p> <p><br>-------------<br><strong>StopWords Extended</strong><br>Extension of a set of stopwords (English and Portuguese) for use in Text Mining tasks.</p> <p>File name 2: StopWords_Extended_Favaretto.xlsx</p> <p>Tab 1 of MS-Excel: pt_extend (614 words)<br>Column Label: stopwords_pt_extend</p> <p>Tab 2 of MS-Excel: en_extended (483 words)<br>Column Label: stopwords_en_extend</p> <p><br>================================</p> <p><br><strong>Warning</strong>: Some words in this set of stopwords may even be misspelled intentionally, as they may occur in practice in texts that are not written correctly.</p> <p><strong>Aviso</strong>: Algumas palavras deste conjunto de stopwords podem até mesmo ter grafia errada de forma intencional, pois podem ocorrer na prática em textos não escritos corretamente.</p> <p><br>================================</p> <p>Source: elaborated by Prof. Dr. José Eduardo Ricciardi Favaretto based on a mix of several different sources</p> <p>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0143-0809<br>https://lattes.cnpq.br/3790103269421610<br>https://linkedin.com/in/favaretto</p> <p><br>================================</p>
Hydrographic gridded data set for the South Brazil Bight and Southern Brazilian Shelf
<p>This dataset includes climatological and seasonal maps, spanning data from 1972 to 2024, across 8 different depth levels: 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 dBar, with a spatial resolution of 10 km. The maps were generated using the griddata function with triangulation-based natural neighbor interpolation. The variables included in this dataset are conservative temperature (°C), absolute salinity (g kg⁻¹), neutral density (kg m⁻³), dissolved oxygen (mL L⁻¹), total alkalinity (µmol kg⁻¹), total dissolved inorganic carbon (µmol kg⁻¹), pH (total scale), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (µatm), nitrate (µmol kg⁻¹), and phosphate (µmol kg⁻¹). The name description of each variable is provided in the readme_DatasetATLAS.txt. The dataset can be directly accessed using Ocean Data View (ODV) software. </p> <p> </p>
Sets of period sets for words of length n.
<p>We consider finite words of length n. Each word has a set of periods, but many words can have the same set of periods. For a definition of a period of a word, see [1]. A set of periods is a subset of the set {0, 1, ..., n-1}, but not all subsets of {0, 1, ..., n-1} are period sets. The set denoted Gamma(n) contains all possible period sets corresponding to at least one word of length n. For a definition of Gamma(n), see references [1] or [2]. For more details see reference [4].</p> <p>The series of text files provide the list of period set, one per line, for Gamma(n), for n = 1, 2, ..., 100.<br>Each line contains a list of integers sorted by increasing value: this list constitutes one period set. The separator symbol is a space. Hence, the number of non-empty lines in a file gives the cardinality of Gamma(n).<br>The period set are sorted by their basic period. For a definition of the notion of basic period, see [1] or [2].</p> <p>The files for n=61, ..., 100, where computed with the incremental algorithm described in [5].</p> <p>The sequence of the cardinalities of the set Gamma(n), is also called, the Number of distinct autocorrelations of binary words of length n, and corresponds to the sequence A005434 in the Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (EOIS) link [3].</p> <p>The files have generic name formatted as follows: gamma.n.bps<br>where n is the word length, for n = 1, 2, ..., 100.</p> <p><strong>References</strong>:</p> <p>1. Eric Rivals, Sven Rahmann.<br> Combinatorics of Periods in Strings.<br> Proc. 28th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming, Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 2076, p. 615-26., P. Orejas, P. G. Spirakis, J. van Leuween editors, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2001.<br> doi: <a title="Publication 1" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48224-5_51" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48224-5_51</a><br>2. Eric Rivals, Sven Rahmann.<br> Combinatorics of Periods in Strings.<br> Journal of Combinatorial Theory - Series A, 104(1), p. 95-113, October 2003<br> doi: <a title="Publication 2" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0097-3165(03)00123-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0097-3165(03)00123-7</a><br>3. Entry A005434 from The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.<br> URL: <a title="Sequence entry A005434" href="https://oeis.org/A005434" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://oeis.org/A005434</a><br>4. Autocorrelation of Strings. A comment on entries A005434 and A045690 of the Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.<br> URL: <a title="Introduction to period sets (webpage)" href="https://www.lirmm.fr/~rivals/RESEARCH/PERIOD/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.lirmm.fr/~rivals/RESEARCH/PERIOD/</a><br> 5. Eric Rivals. Incremental computation of the set of period sets. arXiv:2410.12077, 2024. <a title="Publication 5" href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.12077" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.12077</a><br><br></p>
Data set-PID2020-118478RB-I00
<p>Datos de reconstrucción de tomografías junto con las porosidades detectadas y sus características. </p>
Data set for letter "Floquet-Driven Crossover from Density-Assisted Tunneling to Enhanced Pair Tunneling"
<p>The files contain the data depicted in the figures of the article "Floquet-Driven Crossover from Density-Assisted Tunneling to Enhanced Pair Tunneling", arXiv 2404.08482.</p> <p>The format of the data and to which figure it corresponds is described in the file "README.txt".</p>
A data set from an extensive experimental benchmark study of the Hell Bridge Test Arena subject to imposed damage
<p>A data set from an extensive experimental benchmark study of the Hell Bridge Test Arena (HBTA), a full-scale steel bridge subject to imposed damage, has been established. The data set includes organized dynamic response and load measurement data of the bridge under different structural state conditions, where the structural state conditions range from an undamaged (reference) state to known damage states. Furthermore, the data set includes acceleration and strain data from the response monitoring and acceleration data from the load monitoring, where a modal vibration shaker is used as an excitation source. The data is collected in one h5-file (hierarchical data format version 5) with a sampling rate of 100 Hz. Signal processing and resampling of the data has been performed according to the description provided in the references below. The data set is now published in this open-access data repository and can be accessed and downloaded freely. As such, the data set provides an important benchmark to the scientific community within bridge damage detection and SHM.</p>
Data set associated to the manuscript entitled Carbon emissions from inland waters may be underestimated: evidence from European river networks fragmented by drying by López-Rojo et. al
<p>CO2 and CH4 emissions and several associated environmental variables were taken in 6 European drying river networks, in 20 river reaches per river network. The field work was carried across 3 sampling campaigns in 2021, coinciding with 3 hydrological seasons (pre-dry, dry and post-rewetting) to encompass most of the hydrological variability. Each time, measures were taken in the habitats available (flowing water, dry riverbeds, isolated pools).</p>
A stakeholder-centered determination of High-Value Data sets: the use-case of Latvia
<p>The data in this dataset were collected in the result of the survey of Latvian society (2021) aimed at identifying high-value data set for Latvia, i.e. data sets that, in the view of Latvian society, could create the value for the Latvian economy and society.<br> The survey is created for both individuals and businesses.<br> It being made public both to act as supplementary data for "Towards enrichment of the open government data: a stakeholder-centered determination of High-Value Data sets for Latvia" paper (author: Anastasija Nikiforova, University of Latvia) and in order for other researchers to use these data in their own work.</p> <p>The survey was distributed among Latvian citizens and organisations. The structure of the survey is available in the supplementary file available (see Survey_HighValueDataSets.odt)</p> <p>***Description of the data in this data set: structure of the survey and pre-defined answers (if any)***<br> 1. Have you ever used open (government) data? - {(1) yes, once; (2) yes, there has been a little experience; (3) yes, continuously, (4) no, it wasn’t needed for me; (5) no, have tried but has failed}<br> 2. How would you assess the value of open govenment data that are currently available for your personal use or your business? - 5-point Likert scale, where 1 – any to 5 – very high<br> 3. If you ever used the open (government) data, what was the purpose of using them? - {(1) Have not had to use; (2) to identify the situation for an object or ab event (e.g. Covid-19 current state); (3) data-driven decision-making; (4) for the enrichment of my data, i.e. by supplementing them; (5) for better understanding of decisions of the government; (6) awareness of governments’ actions (increasing transparency); (7) forecasting (e.g. trendings etc.); (8) for developing data-driven solutions that use only the open data; (9) for developing data-driven solutions, using open data as a supplement to existing data; (10) for training and education purposes; (11) for entertainment; (12) other (open-ended question)<br> 4. What category(ies) of “high value datasets” is, in you opinion, able to create added value for society or the economy? {(1)Geospatial data; (2) Earth observation and environment; (3) Meteorological; (4) Statistics; (5) Companies and company ownership; (6) Mobility}<br> 5. To what extent do you think the current data catalogue of Latvia’s Open data portal corresponds to the needs of data users/ consumers? - 10-point Likert scale, where 1 – no data are useful, but 10 – fully correspond, i.e. all potentially valuable datasets are available<br> 6. Which of the current data categories in Latvia’s open data portals, in you opinion, most corresponds to the “high value dataset”? - {(1)Foreign affairs; (2) business econonmy; (3) energy; (4) citizens and society; (5) education and sport; (6) culture; (7) regions and municipalities; (8) justice, internal affairs and security; (9) transports; (10) public administration; (11) health; (12) environment; (13) agriculture, food and forestry; (14) science and technologies}<br> 7. Which of them form your TOP-3? - {(1)Foreign affairs; (2) business econonmy; (3) energy; (4) citizens and society; (5) education and sport; (6) culture; (7) regions and municipalities; (8) justice, internal affairs and security; (9) transports; (10) public administration; (11) health; (12) environment; (13) agriculture, food and forestry; (14) science and technologies}<br> 8. How would you assess the value of the following data categories?<br> 8.1. sensor data - 5-point Likert scale, where 1 – not needed to 5 – highly valuable<br> 8.2. real-time data - 5-point Likert scale, where 1 – not needed to 5 – highly valuable<br> 8.3. geospatial data - 5-point Likert scale, where 1 – not needed to 5 – highly valuable<br> 9. What would be these datasets? I.e. what (sub)topic could these data be associated with? - open-ended question<br> 10. Which of the data sets currently available could be valauble and useful for society and businesses? - open-ended question<br> 11. Which of the data sets currently NOT available in Latvia’s open data portal could, in your opinion, be valauble and useful for society and businesses? - open-ended question<br> 12. How did you define them? - {(1)Subjective opinion; (2) experience with data; (3) filtering out the most popular datasets, i.e. basing the on public opinion; (4) other (open-ended question)}<br> 13. How high could be the value of these data sets value for you or your business? - 5-point Likert scale, where 1 – not valuable, 5 – highly valuable<br> 14. Do you represent any company/ organization (are you working anywhere)? (if “yes”, please, fill out the survey twice, i.e. as an individual user AND a company representative) - {yes; no; I am an individual data user; other (open-ended)}<br> 15. What industry/ sector does your company/ organization belong to? (if you do not work at the moment, please, choose the last option) - {Information and communication services; Financial and ansurance activities; Accommodation and catering services; Education; Real estate operations; Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; transport and storage; construction; water supply; waste water; waste management and recovery; electricity, gas supple, heating and air conditioning; manufacturing industry; mining and quarrying; agriculture, forestry and fisheries professional, scientific and technical services; operation of administrative and service services; public administration and defence; compulsory social insurance; health and social care; art, entertainment and recreation; activities of households as employers;; CSO/NGO; Iam not a representative of any company<br> 16. To which category does your company/ organization belong to in terms of its size? - {small; medium; large; self-employeed; I am not a representative of any company}<br> 17. What is the age group that you belong to? (if you are an individual user, not a company representative) - {11..15, 16..20, 21..25, 26..30, 31..35, 36..40, 41..45, 46+, “do not want to reveal”}<br> 18. Please, indicate your education or a scientific degree that corresponds most to you? (if you are an individual user, not a company representative) - {master degree; bachelor’s degree; Dr. and/ or PhD; student (bachelor level); student (master level); doctoral candidate; pupil; do not want to reveal these data}</p> <p>***Format of the file***<br> .xls, .csv (for the first spreadsheet only), .odt</p> <p>***Licenses or restrictions***<br> CC-BY</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data set for the integrated Climate, Land, Energy and Water systems modelling exercise RCLEWs in OSeMOSYS
<p>This dataset refers to the modelling exercise (version01_210616RCLEWs). The dataset contains the OSeMOSYS code used to run the modelling exercise, the model input data, the scenarios model data files, and the results. The code for the results visualization is available at https://github.com/KTH-dESA/teaching-CLEWs_visualization.</p> <p>This is an update of version 01_210827 available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5293834</p>
WaveFake: A data set to facilitate audio DeepFake detection
<p>The main purpose of this data set is to facilitate research into audio DeepFakes. We hope that this work helps in finding new detection methods to prevent such attempts. These generated media files have been increasingly used to commit <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkyqvb/deepfake-audio-impersonating-ceo-fraud-attempt">impersonation attempts</a> or <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/telegram-still-hasnt-removed-an-ai-bot-thats-abusing-women/">online harassment</a>. You can find the accompanying code repository on <a href="https://github.com/RUB-SysSec/WaveFake">GitHub</a>.</p> <p>The data set consists of 104,885 generated audio clips (16-bit PCM wav). We examine multiple networks trained on two reference data sets. First, the <a href="https://keithito.com/LJ-Speech-Dataset/">LJSpeech</a> data set consisting of 13,100 short audio clips (on average 6 seconds each; roughly 24 hours total) read by a female speaker. It features passages from 7 non-fiction books and the audio was recorded on a MacBook Pro microphone. Second, we include samples based on the <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/shinnosuketakamichi/publication/jsut">JSUT</a> data set, specifically, basic5000 corpus. This corpus consists of 5,000 sentences covering all basic kanji of the Japanese language (4.8 seconds on average; roughly 6.7 hours total). The recordings were performed by a female native Japanese speaker in an anechoic room. Finally, we include samples from a full text-to-speech pipeline (16,283 phrases; 3.8s on average; roughly 17.5 hours total). Thus, our data set consists of approximately 175 hours of generated audio files in total. Note that we do not redistribute the reference data.</p> <p>We included a range of architectures in our data set:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.06711">MelGAN</a></li> <li><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.11480">Parallel WaveGAN</a></li> <li><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.05106">Multi-Band MelGAN</a></li> <li><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.05106">Full-Band MelGAN</a></li> <li><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.05646">HiFi-GAN</a></li> <li><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.00002">WaveGlow</a></li> </ul> <p>Additionally, we examined a bigger version of MelGAN and include samples from a full TTS-pipeline consisting of a conformer and parallel WaveGAN model.</p> <p><strong>Collection Process</strong></p> <p>For WaveGlow, we utilize the <a href="https://github.com/NVIDIA/waveglow">official implementation</a> (commit 8afb643) in conjunction with the official pre-trained network on <a href="https://pytorch.org/hub/nvidia_deeplearningexamples_waveglow/">PyTorch Hub</a>. We use a popular implementation available on <a href="https://github.com/kan-bayashi/ParallelWaveGAN">GitHub</a> (commit 12c677e) for the remaining networks. The repository also offers pre-trained models. We used the pre-trained networks to generate samples that are similar to their respective training distributions, <a href="https://keithito.com/LJ-Speech-Dataset/">LJ Speech</a> and <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/shinnosuketakamichi/publication/jsut">JSUT</a>. When sampling the data set, we first extract Mel spectrograms from the original audio files, using the pre-processing scripts of the corresponding repositories. We then feed these Mel spectrograms to the respective models to obtain the data set. For sampling the full TTS results, we use the <a href="https://github.com/espnet/espnet">ESPnet</a> project. To make sure the generated phrases do not overlap with the training set, we downloaded the <a href="https://commonvoice.mozilla.org/en/datasets">common voices data set</a> and extracted 16.285 phrases from it.</p> <p>This data set is licensed with a CC-BY-SA 4.0 license.</p> <p>This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy -- EXC-2092 CaSa -- 390781972.</p>
Data set of 'Adiabatic temperature profile in the mantle, revised'
<p>P-V-T data of the four major mantle minerals, olivine, wadselyite, ringwoodite, and bridgmanite</p> <p>The original data are as follows:</p> <p>Olivine: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2008.08.002</p> <p>Wadsleyite: https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038107</p> <p>Ringwoodite: https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003094</p> <p>Bridgmanite; https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039318 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008988</p> <p>The temperatures were recalculated using https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106348</p> <p>The pressures were recalculated using https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008988</p> <p> </p>
GeoERA RESOURCE H3O-PLUS data set which contains hydraulic properties of prime aquifers and aquitards in the Dutch-Flemish-German cross-border area
<p>Dataset which contains information about hydraulic properties of harmonized hydrogeological units in the Dutch-Flemish-German cross-border region which was compiled in the GeoERA RESOURCE project under WP3 H3O-PLUS. The harmonization of the 3D geometry of the cross-border hydrogeological units in the H3O projects constituted a major step towards a common hydrogeological dataset of the Roer Valley Graben and thus the harmonization of groundwater flow models. The database that was compiled provides the characterization of these hydrogeological units with respect to their hydraulic properties, primarily their hydraulic conductivity.<br> The associated report and appendices describe the database of hydraulic properties of aquifers and aquitards based on common criteria. Attention is also given to the characterization of hydraulic properties of faults.</p>
Numerical Data Set Belonging to: 'Numerical Study of Phase-Change Phenomena: A Conservative Linearized Enthalpy Approach'
<p>This is the numerical data set belonging to the Nureth conference paper entitled: 'Numerical Study of Phase-Change Phenomena: A Conservative Linearized Enthalpy Approach'. </p> <p>The files 'Stefan_singlePhase_Tfield.dat' and 'Stefan_singlePhase_interface.dat' represent the raw data belonging to figure 1 in the paper and contain the solution to the one-phase Stefan problem for the temperature field and interface position (section 3.1 in the paper). The files 'Stefan_singlePhase_error.dat' and 'Stefan_twoPhase_error.dat' represent the raw data belonging to figure 2 in the paper and contain the L2 norm of the relative difference between the numerical and analytical solution for the single and two phase Stefan problem respectively. </p> <p>The files 'Gau_1140s_lf_50x50_3D', 'Gau_1140s_lf_100x100_3D', 'Gau_1140s_lf_200x200_3D' feature the raw OpenFOAM(v7) data containing the numerical solution to the liquid fraction of the Gallium melting in a rectangular enclosure problem (Gau, 1986) at 1140s of simulation time. These data were used for the mesh convergence study (figure 3, section 3.2). </p> <p>The files 'Gau_120s_U_200x200_3D', 'Gau_360s_U_200x200_3D', 'Gau_750s_U_200x200_3D', 'Gau_1140s_U_200x200_3D' feature the raw OpenFOAM(v7) data containing the 3-dimensional numerical solution to the velocity of the Gallium melting in a rectangular enclosure problem (Gau, 1986) at respectively 120s, 360s, 750s and 1140s of simulation time. These data underly the velocity colours shown in figure 4 and figure 6 (section 3.2).</p> <p>Likewise, the files 'Gau_120s_U_200x200_2D' and 'Gau_360s_U_200x200_2D' feature the raw OpenFOAM(v7) data containing the 2-dimensional numerical solution to the velocity of the Gallium melting in a rectangular enclosure problem. These data underly the velocity colours shown in figure 5 (section 3.2).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
GeoERA RESOURCE CHAKA data set which contains time series of precipitation and discharge of springs in the CHAKA pilot areas (D5.5)
<p>Dataset which contains time series of precipitation and discharge of springs in the pilot areas of the CHAKA work package of the GeoERA RESOURCE project. The file contains precipitation and spring discharge data of 16 pilot areas in the Karst & Chalk work package. A description of the application of the dataset for the characterisation of the typology of karst systems in given in the D5.3 deliverable of GeoERA RESOURCE of which the pdf is provided. Further information about the CHAKA results can be assessed though the webservices of the European Geological Data Infrastructure (EGDI). </p>
Data to reproduce the results presented in Lake et al. 2021. Journal of Soils and Sediments, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03107-6 ("High frequency un-mixing of soil samples using a submerged spectrophotometer in a laboratory setting – implications for sediment fingerprinting")
<p>This repository contains data on (1) the absorbance data and (2) the measured concentrations, to reproduce computational results as presented in:<br> "High frequency un-mixing of soil samples using a submerged spectrophotometer in a laboratory setting – implications for sediment fingerprinting".</p> <p> <br> 1. Absorbance data (200-730 nm wavelengths):</p> <p> * Average absorbance compensated for measured concentrations (average absorbance value per concentration)<br> * Average absorbance compensated for theoretical concentrations (average absorbance value per concentration)<br> * Average raw absorbance measured (average absorbance value per concentration)<br> * Raw absorbance measured (all absorbance values for all concentrations)</p> <p> Data in all 3 files is indicated per soil sample / mixture, with corresponding fraction(s) of soil sample(s) and corresponding (theoretical) input concentration.<br> <br> 2. Measured concentration data:</p> <p> * Measured concentration (average concentrations, tested for all experiments and for all theoretical input concentrations)</p> <p> </p>
Wflow SBM streamflow estimates for CAMELS data set
<p>The dataset contains 3 simulated timeseries at the basin outlet for the CAMELS dataset created with the wflow_sbm model at various spatial resolutions (3km, 1km, 200m). The data set includes the calculated objective functions NSE, KGE 2009, KGE 2012, and KGE NP.</p>
Data set of article entitled: "Impact of the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction on the band structure of one-dimensional artificial magnonic crystals: A micromagnetic study"
<p>Data set of the immagies showed in figure 3 of the article entiteled "Impact of the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction on the band structure of one-dimensional artificial magnonic crystals: A micromagnetic study". All files contain the matrix of the dispersion relations of the two analysed Magnonic Crystals: the SAMPLE A and the SAMPLE B for different value of the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (constant D). The first row is the set of values of k-vector, while the first column is the set of value of the frequencies. The other elements of the matrix are the values of the pixel related to the first row and first column. These elements are been obtanied by the Fast Fourier Transform in time and space of the micromagnetic simulations .</p>
Basis sets for the 1s2 ground states of two-electron rare gas ions
<p>This file contains the exponents of Gaussian basis functions optimized in the Dirac-Coulomb approximation for the two-electron ions of the rare gases, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Rn, and Og. The basis sets are of double-zeta (2z) to septuple-zeta (7z) quality, and include correlating sets:1p (2z), 2p1d (3z), 3p2d1f (4z), 4p3d2f1g (5g), 5p4d3f2g1h (6z), and 6p5d4f3g2h1i (7z). The basis sets are included with the DIRAC program.</p>
PIANO (Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn) – flux station data set
<p>ABSTRACT</p> <p>This resource comprises meteorological and turbulence data from four flux stations operated during the PIANO (Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn) field campaign. The campaign took place in and around Innsbruck, Austria, during autumn and early winter 2017. The goal of the PIANO campaign was to study south foehn events, in particular the interaction between cold air pools and foehn, the mechanisms by which foehn can break through to reach the valley floor and the processes affecting the subsequent breakdown of foehn. This dataset provides near-surface turbulence observations (including surface fluxes obtained using the eddy covariance technique), along with radiation and soil measurements, as well as meteorological information.</p> <p>DATA SET DESCRIPTION</p> <p>1. Spatial coverage and locations</p> <p>Three eddy covariance (EC) stations were operated at grassland sites during the PIANO campaign. One station (‘EC_South’) was installed in the Wipp Valley near to the village of Patsch, south of the city of Innsbruck. Two stations were installed in the Inn Valley, one to the east of Innsbruck in the region of Thaur (‘EC_East’) and one to the west of Innsbruck at Innsbruck Airport (‘EC_West’). Data from a fourth EC station at the Innsbruck Atmospheric Observatory (IAO, Karl et al. (2020)) in the centre of Innsbruck (‘EC_Centre’) was also used. Precise station co-ordinates are provided in the data files.</p> <p>Three of the stations were located on grassland surrounded by mixed agricultural fields: the two stations in the Inn Valley (EC_East, EC_West) were installed on the fairly flat valley floor, while the site in the Wipp Valley (EC_South) gently sloped downwards to the west. During the campaign the vegetation was generally short at 5-10 cm. As far as possible, sites were selected to have a clear fetch for at least a few hundred metres. All three grassland sites experienced snow cover during winter. The urban station (EC_Centre) is a long-term site installed above roof level and representative of the surrounding neighbourhood close to the city centre of Innsbruck.</p> <p>2. Temporal coverage</p> <p>The temporal coverage of the datasets for the PIANO campaign are as follows:</p> <p>• EC_West: 15 Sep 2017 - 31 Dec 2017<br> • EC_South: 08 Sep 2017 – 15 Dec 2017<br> • EC_East: 13 Oct 2017 – 15 Dec 2017<br> • EC_Centre: 1 Sep 2017 – 31 Dec 2017</p> <p>The timeseries for EC_East begins later than the other sites because electrical interference thought to be from a nearby transmitter meant there was no useable flux data for the first month. The site was relocated on 13 October 2017 (no data is included before this date). Repeated theft of the batteries at EC_East resulted in gaps for the last few days of the dataset in December 2017. Due to issues with remote data collection, data availability at EC_West is low in September 2017. The PIANO campaign took place during autumn and early winter 2017 but the EC_West station was operated for longer (until 22 May 2018 after which use of the site was no longer permitted) as it provided a useful rural comparison station for the urban measurements (Karl et al., 2020; Ward et al., submitted). Data for 1 January – 22 May 2018 are available from the first author on request. Data collection at the long-term EC_Centre/IAO site began in spring 2017 and is ongoing.</p> <p>3. Instrument details</p> <p>At EC_West a closed-path eddy covariance system (CPEC200, Campbell Scientific) provided fast response measurements of the three wind components, temperature, water vapour mixing ratio and carbon dioxide mixing ratio. At EC_East and EC_South a sonic anemometer (CSAT3B, Campbell Scientific) and krypton hygrometer (KH20, Campbell Scientific) provided fast response measurements of the three wind components, temperature and water vapour. These fast data were logged at 20 Hz (CR6, Campbell Scientific). All three stations were equipped with a four-component radiometer (CNR4, Kipp and Zonen) to provide incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation. Meteorological measurements included air temperature and humidity (Rotronic HC2A-S3, mounted in an actively ventilated radiation shield Rotronic RS12T), atmospheric pressure (Campbell CS100, mounted inside the logger box) and precipitation (ARG100 tipping bucket gauge, Campbell Scientific). Soil instruments comprised two soil heat flux plates at 0.05 m depth (HFP01, Hukseflux), two soil temperature sensors (107, Campbell Scientific) at 0.02 and 0.04 m depth and a soil probe (ACC-SEN-SDI, Acclima) providing soil moisture and soil temperature at 0.05 m depth. At each site, the fast-response anemometer and gas analyser were mounted on a tripod at around 2.5 m above ground, while the radiometer and temperature-humidity probe were slightly lower, at around 2.0 m (exact sensor heights are provided in the data files).</p> <p>At EC_Centre a closed-path eddy covariance system (CPEC200, Campbell Scientific) provided fast response measurements of the three wind components, temperature, water vapour mixing ratio and carbon dioxide mixing ratio at 10 Hz (CR3000, Campbell Scientific) measured at 42.8 m above ground level on a lattice mast installed on top of a university building. A four-component radiometer (CNR4, Kipp and Zonen) provided incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation and air temperature and humidity are also measured (Rotronic HC2A-S3, mounted in a ventilated radiation shield). Atmospheric pressure is measured by a pressure sensor mounted inside one of the electronics boxes supplied as part of the CPEC200 (EC100, Campbell Scientific). No soil or precipitation measurements were made at the urban station.</p> <p>4. Data processing</p> <p>The fast-response eddy covariance data were processed to 30-min statistics following standard procedures using EddyPro version 7.0.7 (LI-COR Biosciences, 2021). These include despiking of raw data, time-lag compensation using maximum covariance, double coordinate rotation (meaning the 30-min mean vertical wind speed is forced to zero), simple block averaging (i.e. no filtering was applied), humidity correction of sonic temperature (Schotanus et al., 1983), and spectral corrections at low frequencies (Moncrieff et al., 2004) and high frequencies (after Fratini et al. (2012) for the closed-path CPEC200 data and Moncrieff et al. (1997) for the krypton hygrometer data). Oxygen (Tanner et al., 1993; van Dijk et al., 2003) and density (Webb et al., 1980) corrections were also applied at the sites with krypton hygrometers. Automated calibration (zero and span for carbon dioxide and zero for water vapour) was performed for the CPEC instruments once per day at EC_West and twice per day at EC_Centre.</p> <p>In addition to the standard processing described above, gust speeds were calculated from the sonic data. First the instantaneous horizontal wind speed was calculated (neglecting any vertical component). A 3-s running mean of the horizontal wind speed was then obtained, and the gust speed taken as the maximum of this 3-s running mean over a 1-min averaging interval.</p> <p>The dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy was obtained from the fast-response measurements of the three wind components (u, v, w) as follows. First, spectra were calculated for u, v and w using evenly spaced logarithmic frequency bins. The inertial subrange was identified as the region around 1 Hz where a local linear fit to the spectral slope was within ±20% of the expected -5/3 slope. The dissipation rate was calculated for each frequency bin in the identified inertial subrange according to Kolmogorov theory (e.g. Kaimal and Finnigan, 1994), using a value of 0.55 for u and 0.73 for v and w for the Kolmogorov inertial subrange constants, and the mean value over the frequency bins was used to provide the dissipation rate for u, v, and w for each 30-min period. Further discussion can be found in Ward et al. (in prep.).</p> <p>Quality control removed data during times of power outage and instrument malfunction and data adversely affected by rainfall (all KH20 data during rainfall were removed). To exclude any potential effects of turbulence distortion, data were removed when the wind direction was within ±10° of the mounting structure. Data falling outside physically reasonable thresholds were removed, including times when the rotation angle exceeded 45°. Stationarity tests following Foken and Wichura (1996) were applied with a threshold of 100 (i.e. data were excluded when the difference between 5-min and 30-min statistics exceeded 100%).</p> <p>For the meteorological, radiation and soil data, quality control removed data during times of power outage and instrument malfunction (including when dew on the radiometer adversely affected readings).</p> <p>5. Data file structure</p> <p>Two files in netCDF format are provided containing processed and quality-controlled data:</p> <p>• PIANO_EC_MetData_QC_1min_v1-00.nc containing the meteorological, radiation and soil data for each site at 1-min resolution. This file also contains horizontal wind speed (before co-ordinate rotation), wind direction and gust speed for each site at 1-min resolution.</p> <p>• PIANO_EC_FluxData_QC_30min_v1-00.nc containing processed statistics and fluxes for each site at 30-min resolution.</p> <p>There are also quicklook plots (provided in PNG format, monthly and for the whole period) showing the data contained in these files.</p> <p>Four sets of files in ASCII format are provided containing the fast (10/20 Hz) eddy covariance data for each site for every 30-minute period. These files are timestamped with the time corresponding to the end of the period and are named:</p> <p>• PIANO_EC_FastData_SITENAME_yyyymmdd_HHMM.csv.</p> <p>These sets of files are provided as a single .zip folder for each site which is named according to the site.</p> <p>All timestamps are given in UTC (in seconds since 00:00 UTC 01 January 1970) and denote the end of the averaging period.</p> <p>The following variables can be found in the MetData file: air temperature (ta), relative humidity (rh), atmospheric pressure (pa), precipitation (prec), soil temperature (ts1, ts2, ts3), soil volumetric water content (vwc), soil heat flux from each heat flux plate (shf1, shf2), incoming shortwave radiation (swin), outgoing shortwave radiation (swout), incoming longwave radiation (lwin), outgoing longwave radiation (lwout), wind speed (wspeed, i.e. vector average horizontal wind speed before double rotation), wind direction (wdir) and gust speed (gust).</p> <p>The following variables can be found in the FluxData file: friction velocity (ustar), sensible heat flux (h), latent heat flux (le), carbon dioxide flux (fco2), stability parameter (zeta), turbulent kinetic energy (tke), wind speed (wspeed, i.e. vector average wind speed after double rotation), wind direction (wdir), unrotated vertical wind velocity (wunrot, i.e. before double rotation), the standard deviation of the wind components and temperature (sigu, sigv, sigw, sigt), and dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy calculated from u, v and w spectra (epu, epv, epw).</p> <p>The following variables can be found in the RawData files: unrotated lateral, longitudinal and vertical wind components (in m s-1), temperature (in degree C), water vapour concentration (supplied for EC_West and EC_Centre as the mixing ratio (in mmol m-1) and supplied for EC_South and EC_East as the absolute humidity (g m-3) and carbon dioxide mixing ratio (in μmol mol-1) for EC_West and EC_Centre. Note that the absolute value of the water vapour concentration from the krypton hygrometers should not be used. These lateral, longitudinal and vertical wind components are as measured in the co-ordinate system of the sonic anemometers and the angle of installation of the sonic needed to convert to north-south east-west co-ordinates is given in the FluxData file.</p> <p>6. Publications</p> <p>Data from these flux stations have been included in multiple publications as part of the PIANO project (Haid et al., 2020; Haid et al., 2021; Muschinski et al., 2021; Umek et al., 2021; Umek et al., submitted) as well as publications as part of a related study on turbulent exchange in complex environments (Ward et al., in prep.; Ward et al., submitted).</p> <p>7. Contact</p> <p>Contact helen.ward(at)uibk.ac.at for any questions regarding the data set.</p> <p>8. Acknowledgements</p> <p>The PIANO campaign was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) and the Weiss Science Foundation under Grant P29746-N32. Collection of this dataset was also supported by an FWF Lise Meitner project (M2244-N32) and a research stipend from Innsbruck University. Measurements at IAO are supported by the Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft (Hochschulraum-Strukturmittel grant), the European Commission for funding ALP-AIR within FP7-PEOPLE and the FWF (P30600_NBL, P33701-N). The PIANO campaign was also supported by KIT IMK-IFU, Austro Control GmbH, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), the Hydrographic Service of Tyrol, Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG (IKB), Bergisel Betriebsgesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbrucker Nordkettenbahnen Betriebs GmbH, T-Mobile Austria GmbH, Unser Lagerhaus Warenhandelsgesellschaft, PEMA Immobilien GmbH, HTL Anichstraße, Hilton Innsbruck, TINETZ-Tiroler Netze GmbH, Land Tirol, and the communities Patsch and Völs.</p> <p>9. References</p> <p>Foken T, Wichura B (1996) Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements. Agric. For. Meteorol. 78: 83-105 doi: 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02248-1</p> <p>Fratini G, Ibrom A, Arriga N, Burba G, Papale D (2012) Relative humidity effects on water vapour fluxes measured with closed-path eddy-covariance systems with short sampling lines. Agric. For. Meteorol. 165: 53-63 doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.05.018</p> <p>Haid M, Gohm A, Umek L, Ward HC, Muschinski T, Lehner L, Rotach MW (2020) Foehn–cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP2. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1232-1263 doi: 10.1002/qj.3735</p> <p>Haid M, Gohm A, Umek L, Ward HC, Rotach MW (2021) Cold-air pool processes in the Inn Valley during foehn: A comparison of four cases during PIANO. Boundary Layer Meteorology doi: 10.1007/s10546-021-00663-9</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Finnigan JJ (1994) Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows: Their structure and management. Oxford University Press, 289 pp.</p> <p>Karl T et al. (2020) Studying urban climate and air quality in the Alps - The Innsbruck Atmospheric Observatory. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0270.1</p> <p>LI-COR Biosciences (2021) Eddy Covariance Processing Software - version 7.0.7, Available at www.licor.com/EddyPro.</p> <p>Moncrieff JB, Clement R, Finnigan JJ, Meyers T (2004) Averaging, detrending and filtering of eddy covariance time series. In: X Lee,</p> <p>Massman WJ and Law BE (Editors), Handbook of Micrometeorology: a guide for surface flux measurements.</p> <p>Moncrieff JB et al. (1997) A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide. Journal of Hydrology 188-199: 589-611</p> <p>Muschinski T, Gohm A, Haid M, Umek L, Ward HC (2021) Spatial heterogeneity of the Inn Valley Cold Air Pool during south foehn: Observations from an array of temperature. Meteorol. Z. 30: 153-168 doi: 10.1127/metz/2020/1043</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, Bruin HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Bound.-Layer Meteor. 26: 81-93 doi: 10.1007/bf00164332</p> <p>Tanner B, Swiatek E, Greene J (1993) Density fluctuations and use of the krypton hygrometer in surface flux measurements. Management of irrigation and drainage systems: integrated perspectives. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY: 945-952</p> <p>Umek L, Gohm A, Haid M, Ward HC, Rotach MW (2021) Large eddy simulation of foehn-cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP2. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 147: 944-982 doi: 10.1002/qj.3954</p> <p>Umek L, Gohm A, Haid M, Ward HC, Rotach MW (submitted) Influence of grid resolution of large-eddy simulations on foehn-cold pool interaction. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc</p> <p>van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen Sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α Hygrometers. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 20: 143-151 doi: 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0143:osokal>2.0.co;2</p> <p>Ward HC, Rotach MW, Gohm A, Graus M, Karl T, Haid M, Umek L, Muschinski T (submitted) Energy and mass exchange at an urban site in mountainous terrain – the Alpine city of Innsbruck. Atmos. Chem. Phys.</p> <p>Ward HC, Rotach MW, Graus M, Karl T, Gohm A, Umek L, Haid M (in prep.) Turbulence characteristics at an urban site in highly complex terrain.</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, Leuning R (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water-vapor transfer. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 106: 85-100</p> <p></p> <p></p>
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