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558 results for “Species interactions”
Uncovering patterns of freshwater positive interactions using meta‐analysis: identifying the roles of common participants, invasive species and environmental context
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Multiple spatial scales affect direct and indirect interactions between a non-native and a native species
Plant–plant interactions influence community assembly and species responses to environmental change. However, species interactions are complex phenomena influenced by context and scale. We conducted a one-year replacement experiment between two grasses in subtropical grasslands (native Axonopus fissifolius and non-native Paspalum notatum) in central Florida, USA. We evaluated interactions between these species at three ecological scales, ‘pairwise interactions’, ‘patch’ (33 cm x 33 cm) and ‘plot’ (1m x 3m), and along a gradient (15 levels) of increasing non-native and decreasing native plot groundcover within enclosures in semi-native pastures. We transplanted 18 individuals of each species per plot (18 × 30 plots = 1080 plants in total) in a 2×2 design intersecting direct pairwise interactions (additional transplanted neighbor: absent/present) with recipient patch type (Axonopus fissifolius/Paspalum notatum). Leaf length, leaf number and plant biomass were measured at the beginning and the end of the experiment along with soil nutrients and pH at patch level. Over 92% of the transplants survived. We observed an interactive effect between patch type (non-native vs. native dominated) and plant abundance at plot level on plant performance, suggesting that indirect effects at larger spatial scales can influence effects at smaller scales. Surprisingly, both species exhibited enhanced performance with increasing abundance of the non-native species at plot level. We discuss several mechanisms explaining these indirect effects including Paspalum notatum induced changes in soil pH, soil feedbacks from the soil microbial community, preconditioning effects of the native species on the recipient soil, and positive density dependence effects after transplantation.
Plant species percent cover data: Interactive Effects of Fertility and Distribution on Plant Community Diversity and Structure
There are four levels of nitrogen, corresponding to treatments A, C, F and G in E001, applied at the same time as in that experiment. For a description of fertilizer added to E052, see file fertilization details. There are four levels of soil disturbance designated 1, 2, 3 and 4. Level 1: undisturbed Level 2: 1 pass with a 7 HP Honda rear-tined rototiller with the elevator set to till to a depth of 9 inches Level 3: 2 passes or however many required to produce about 50% bare ground Level 4: 3 passes or however many required to produce 100% bare ground. This requires 3 passes in some plots but 5 or 6 in others. In addition, all woody vegetation not destroyed by tilling is cut at the base. Rototilling is applied in late April. Each fertilization treatment receives each disturbance treatment, for a total of sixteen treatments. There are four replicates of each of the sixteen treatments. In addition, the four extreme ends (lowest N, lowest disturbance; highest N, lowest disturbance, etc. ) are replicated an additional ten times. Treatments are applied in a completely randomized design. Each of the 104 plots is 5m x 5m. Measurements taken at E052 will include: 1) species abundances, 2) community biomass allocation to leaves/roots/stems/flowers, 3) above and below ground net primary production and 4) rates of nitrogen mineralization. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte52. The plots in E052 are enclosed by a fence to exclude mammalian herbivores. Galvanized welded-wire hardware cloth with 6mm x 6mm openings was buried to a depth of 50cm. Additional hardware cloth extends 60cm above the ground and poultry netting extends to 2m above the ground. In 1990, ten plots of each of four treatments (N1D1, N1D4, N4D1, N4D4, where N is the level of nitrogen added and D is the disturbance treatment) were randomly selected for the competition experiment. The above and belowground effects of neighbors on transplanted grass seedlings were measured using three
Plant species inventory: Interactive Effects of Deer, Fire and Nitrogen
In 2000 we began to examine impacts of three anthropogenic effects on successional grasslands in an area with rapid woody encroachment toward white pine forest. We established a factorial experiment that manipulates N (0 or 3 g m-2 yr-1), fire (none or every 2nd year), and deer (fenced or open to deer), with a total of 32 plots, each 20 x 20 m. We hypothesized that the response of this ecosystem to the combined effects of fire, N, and herbivory would depend on the ability of pine and other species to invade and the magnitude of their response to the different disturbance factors: warm-season grasses increase with and encourage fire, resist herbivores, and inhibit woody plant invasion (Davis et al. 1998, Inouye et al. 1994); cool-season plants are favored by N deposition (Tilman 1987) but are fire-intolerant and palatable to herbivores; legumes tolerate fire but decrease with herbivory and N deposition; and finally, woody plants are fire-intolerant and may be more susceptible to herbivory. We are measuring treatment effects on composition and diversity of plants and consumers (insects, small mammals, lizards) as well as plant and soil C and N.
Plant species percent cover data: Interactive Effects of Deer, Fire and Nitrogen
In 2000 we began to examine impacts of three anthropogenic effects on successional grasslands in an area with rapid woody encroachment toward white pine forest. We established a factorial experiment that manipulates N (0 or 3 g m-2 yr-1), fire (none or every 2nd year), and deer (fenced or open to deer), with a total of 32 plots, each 20 x 20 m. We hypothesized that the response of this ecosystem to the combined effects of fire, N, and herbivory would depend on the ability of pine and other species to invade and the magnitude of their response to the different disturbance factors: warm-season grasses increase with and encourage fire, resist herbivores, and inhibit woody plant invasion (Davis et al. 1998, Inouye et al. 1994); cool-season plants are favored by N deposition (Tilman 1987) but are fire-intolerant and palatable to herbivores; legumes tolerate fire but decrease with herbivory and N deposition; and finally, woody plants are fire-intolerant and may be more susceptible to herbivory. We are measuring treatment effects on composition and diversity of plants and consumers (insects, small mammals, lizards) as well as plant and soil C and N.
Data from Jenkinson et al. 2020: Biogeographical variation in the distribution, abundance, and interactions among key species on rocky reefs of the northeast Pacific
<p>See Metadata tab for full description of transect survey data.</p>
Data from: Antagonistic interactions subdue inter‐species green‐beard cooperation in bacteria
<p>Cooperation can be favored through the green-beard mechanism, where a set of linked genes encodes both a cooperative trait and a phenotypic marker (green beard), which allows carriers of the trait to selectively direct cooperative acts to other carriers. In theory, the green-beard mechanism should favor cooperation even when interacting partners are totally unrelated at the genome level. Here, we explore such an extreme green-beard scenario between two unrelated bacterial species – <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Burkholderia cenocepacia</i>, which share a cooperative locus encoding the public good pyochelin (an iron-scavenging siderophore) and its cognate receptor (green beard) required for iron-pyochelin uptake. We show that pyochelin, when provided in cell-free supernatants, can be mutually exchanged between species and provide fitness benefits under iron limitation. However, in co-culture we observed that these cooperative benefits vanished and communities were dominated by <i>P. aeruginosa</i>,<i> </i>regardless of strain background and species starting frequencies. Our results further suggest that <i>P. aeruginosa</i> engages in interference competition to suppress <i>B. cenocepacia</i>, indicating that inter-species conflict arising from dissimilarities at the genome level overrule the aligned cooperative interests at the pyochelin locus. Thus, green-beard cooperation is subdued by competition, indicating that inter-specific siderophore cooperation is difficult to evolve and to be maintained.</p>
Adaptation and latitudinal gradients in species interactions: nest predation in birds
Are rates of biotic interactions are stronger in the tropics? Here we investigate nest predation rates in birds, a canonical example of a strong tropical biotic interaction. Counter to expectations, daily rates of nest predation vary minimally with latitude. However, life history traits that influence nest predation have diverged between latitudes. For example, tropical species have evolved a longer average nesting period, which is associated with reduced rates of nest attendance by parents. Daily nest mortality declines with nesting period duration within regions, but tropical species have a higher intercept. Consequently, for the same nesting period length, tropical species experience higher daily nest predation rates than temperate species. The implication of this analysis is that the evolved difference between latitudes in nesting period length produces a flatter latitudinal gradient in daily nest predation than would otherwise be predicted. We propose that adaptation may frequently dampen geographic patterns in interaction rates.
Data from: Helianthus maximiliani and species fine-scale spatial pattern affect diversity interactions in reconstructed tallgrass prairies
1. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function analyses aim to explain how individual species and their interactions affect ecosystem function. With this study we asked in what ways do species interact, are these interactions affected by species planting pattern, and are initial (planted) proportions or previous year (realized) proportions a better reference point for characterizing grassland diversity effects? 2. We addressed these questions with experimental communities compiled from a pool of 16 tallgrass prairie species. We planted all species in monocultures and mixtures that varied in their species richness, evenness, and spatial pattern. We recorded species-specific biomass production over three growing seasons and fitted Diversity-Interactions (DI) models to annual plot biomass yields. 3. In the establishment season, all species interacted equally to form the diversity effect. In years 2 and 3, each species contributed a unique additive coefficient to its interaction with every other species to form the diversity effect. These interactions were affected by H. maximiliani and the species planting pattern. Models based on species planted proportions better-fit annual plot yields than models based on species previous contributions to plot biomass. 4. Outcomes suggest that efforts to plant tallgrass prairies to maximize diversity effects should focus on the specific species present and in what arrangement they are planted. Furthermore, for particularly diverse grasslands, the effort of collecting annual species biomass data may not be necessary when quantifying diversity effects with Diversity-Interactions models.
Data from: Sampling beetle communities: trap design interacts with weather and species traits to bias capture rates
<p>Globally, many insect populations are declining, prompting calls for action. Yet these findings have also prompted discussion about sampling methods and interpretation of long-term datasets. As insect monitoring and research efforts increase, it is critical to quantify the effectiveness of sampling methods. This is especially true if sampling biases of different methods covary with climate, which is also changing over time. We assess the effectiveness of two types of flight intercept traps commonly used for beetles, a diverse insect group responsible for numerous ecosystem services, under different climatic conditions in Norwegian boreal forest. One of these trap designs includes a device to prevent rainwater from entering the collection vial, diluting preservatives and flushing out beetles. This design is compared to a standard trap. We ask how beetle capture rates vary between these traps, and how these differences vary based on precipitation levels and beetle body size, an important species trait. Bayesian mixed models reveal that the standard and modified traps differ in their beetle capture rates, but that the magnitude and direction of these differences change with precipitation levels and beetle body size. At low rainfall levels standard traps catch more beetles, but as precipitation increases the catch rates of modified traps overtake those of standard traps. This effect is most pronounced for large-bodied beetles. Sampling methods are known to differ in their effectiveness. Here, we present evidence for a less well-known but likely common phenomenon - an interaction between climate and sampling, such that relative effectiveness of trap types for beetle sampling differs depending on precipitation levels and species traits. This highlights a challenge for long-term monitoring programs, where both climate and insect populations are changing. Sampling methods should be sought that eliminate climate interactions, any biases should be quantified, and all insect datasets should include detailed methodological metadata.</p>
Data from: The biotic interactions hypothesis partially explains bird species turnover along a lowland Neotropical precipitation gradient
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> We evaluated the influence of climate in determining bird communities along precipitation gradients. We argue that mechanisms responsible for community turnover along precipitation gradients are similar to mechanisms operating along temperature and latitudinal gradients. We test the hypothesis that environmental conditions affect community composition in dry forests, whereas biotic interactions affect community composition in wet forests.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Low-elevation forests along a precipitation gradient in Colombia where precipitation ranges from 700 – 4000 mm annually but elevation and temperature remain constant.</p> <p><strong>Time period:</strong> Present day</p> <p><strong>Major Taxa Studied:</strong> Tropical Forest Birds.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We performed 291 bird counts in nine study areas across the ~3000 mm precipitation range. In each locality we obtained climatic characteristics, and a phylogenetic, morphological and physiological proxy data set to test predictions about the evolutionary relationships and distribution of traits.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Bird communities changed abruptly along the precipitation gradient and could be divided into dry and wet forest communities. Analyses of phylogenetic relationships, trait space, and observations at nests suggested that environmental filtering is more important in dry forest, especially for breeding. In contrast, we found little evidence that competition was more important in wet forest. Nest predation or competition for nest space, however, may be more critical in wetter forests.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The two distinct bird communities we documented suggest that lowland precipitation gradients, where temperature is constant, can be as important as temperature gradients in generating high beta diversity. We conclude that the breeding process in bird communities might be crucial for determining community assembly along environmental gradients. Given that recent population declines in tropical birds have been attributed to changes in precipitation, by understanding the mechanisms underlying community assembly along precipitation gradients our study may improve our ability to understand those declines and predict the effects of climate change on neotropical avifauna.</p>
Genotypes of 6 InDel markers for species identification from the Calanus culture at the EMBRC-ERIC laboratory for low-level trophic interactions, NTNU SeaLab
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Late developmental stages of marine copepods in the genus <i>Calanus</i> can spend extended periods in a dormant stage (diapause). During the growth season, copepods must accumulate sufficient lipid stores to survive diapause. Predation risk is often overlooked as a potential diapause-inducing cue. We tested experimentally if predation risk in combination with high or low food availability leads to differences in lipid metabolism, and potentially diapause initiation. Expression of lipid metabolism genes showed that food availability influences the copepods' ability to cope with predator stress. Predation caused upregulation of lipid catabolism with high food, and downregulation with low food. Stage development and molecular markers demonstrated that copepods did not enter diapause, instead, development occurred faster in copepods with predator stress. This study demonstrates that lipid metabolism may be a sensitive endpoint for changes in the environment. Our findings can contribute towards understanding the mechanisms behind diapause timing. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Remotely sensed forest understory density and nest predator occurrence interact to predict suitable breeding habitat and the occurrence of a resident boreal bird species
<p>Habitat suitability models (HSM) based on remotely sensed data are useful tools in conservation work. However, they typically use species occurrence data rather than robust demographic variables, and their predictive power is rarely evaluated. These shortcomings can result in misleading guidance for conservation. Here, we develop and evaluate a HSM based on correlates of long term breeding success of an open nest building boreal forest bird, the Siberian jay. In our study site in northern Sweden, nest failure of this permanent resident species is driven mainly by visually hunting corvids that are associated with human settlements. Parents rely on understory nesting cover as protection against these predators. Accordingly, our HSM includes a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) based metric of understory density around the nest and the distance of the nest to the closest settlement to predict breeding success. It reveals that a high understory density 15-80 m around nests is associated with increased breeding success in territories close to settlements (<1.5 km). Farther away from human settlements breeding success is highest at nest sites with a more open understory providing a favourable warmer microclimate. We validated this HSM by comparing the predicted breeding success with landscape-wide census data on Siberian jay occurrence. The correlation between breeding success and occurrence was strong up to 40 km around the study site. However, the HSM appears to overestimate breeding success in regions with a milder climate, and therefore higher corvid numbers. Our findings suggest that maintaining patches of small diameter trees may provide a cost-effective way to restore the breeding habitat for Siberian jays up to 1.5 km from human settlements. This distance is expected to increase in the warmer, southern, and coastal range of the Siberian jay where the presence of other corvids is to a lesser extent restricted to settlements.</p>
A satellite-based mobile warning system to reduce interactions with an endangered species
<p>Earth observing satellites are a major research tool for spatially explicit ecosystem nowcasting and forecasting. However, there are practical challenges when integrating satellite data into usable real-time products for stakeholders. The need of forecast immediacy and accuracy means that forecast systems must account for missing data and data latency while delivering a timely, accurate and actionable product to stakeholders. This is especially true for species that have legal protection. Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus (Atlantic Sturgeon) were listed under the United States Endangered Species Act in 2012, which triggered immediate management action to foster population recovery and increase conservation measures. Building upon an existing research occurrence model, we developed an Atlantic Sturgeon forecast system in the Delaware Bay, U.S.A. To overcome missing satellite data due to clouds and produce a three-day forecast of ocean conditions, we implemented Data Interpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions (DINEOF) on daily observed satellite data. We applied the Atlantic Sturgeon research model to the DINEOF output and found that it correctly predicted Atlantic Sturgeon telemetry occurrences over 90% of the time within a three-day forecast. A similar framework has been utilized to forecast harmful algal blooms, but to our knowledge, this is the first time a species distribution model has been applied to DINEOF gap-filled data to produce a forecast product for fishes. To implement this product into an applied management setting, we worked with state and federal organizations to develop real-time and forecasted risk maps in the Delaware River Estuary for both state level managers and commercial fishers. An automated system creates and distributes these risk maps to subscribers' mobile devices, highlighting areas that should be avoided to reduce interactions. Additionally, an interactive web interface allows users to plot historic, current, future, and climatological risk maps as well as the underlying model output of Atlantic Sturgeon occurrence. The mobile system and web tool provide both stakeholders and managers real-time access to estimated occurrences of Atlantic Sturgeon, enabling conservation planning and informing fisher behavior to reduce interactions with this endangered species while minimizing impacts to fisheries and other projects.</p>
Data from: Pollinator-mediated interactions between cultivated papaya and co-flowering plant species
Many modern crop varieties rely on animal pollination to set fruit and seeds. Intensive crop plantations usually do not provide suitable habitats for pollinators so crop yield may depend on the surrounding vegetation to maintain pollination services. However, little is known about the effect of pollinator-mediated interactions among co-flowering plants on crop yield or the underlying mechanisms. Plant reproductive success is complex, involving several pre- and post-pollination events; however, the current literature has mainly focused on pre-pollination events in natural plant communities. We assessed pollinator sharing and the contribution to pollinator diet in a community of wild and cultivated plants that co-flower with a focal papaya plantation. In addition, we assessed heterospecific pollen transfer to the stigmatic loads of papaya and its effect on fruit and seed production. We found that papaya shared at least one pollinator species with the majority of the co-flowering plants. Despite this, heterospecific pollen transfer in cultivated papaya was low in open-pollinated flowers. Hand pollination experiments suggest that heterospecific pollen transfer has no negative effect on fruit production or weight, but does reduce seed production. These results suggest that co-flowering plants offer valuable floral resources to pollinators that are shared with cultivated papaya with little or no cost in terms of heterospecific pollen transfer. Although HP reduced seed production, a reduced number of seeds per se is not negative, given that from an agronomic perspective the number of seeds does not affect the monetary value of the papaya fruit.
Data from: The interaction of exposure and warming tolerance determines fish species vulnerability to warming stream temperatures
Species vulnerability to climate change involves an interaction between the magnitude of change (exposure) and a species' tolerance to change. We evaluated fish species vulnerability to predicted stream temperature increases by examining warming tolerances across the Wyoming fish assemblage. Warming tolerance combines stream temperature with a thermal tolerance metric to estimate how much warming beyond current conditions a species can withstand. Brown trout, rainbow trout, and burbot had the lowest warming tolerances and highest proportion of currently occupied sites that will become unsuitable under predicted temperature increases. These most vulnerable species were coldwater species, but had neither the lowest thermal tolerances, nor would they experience the greatest temperature increases. Our results highlight the importance of considering the interaction of exposure and warming tolerance when predicting climate change vulnerability and demonstrate an approach that can be applied broadly.
Data from: Asymmetric competitive effects during species range expansion: an experimental assessment of interaction strength between 'equivalent' grazer species at their range overlap
1. Biotic interactions are central to the development of theory and concepts in community ecology; experimental evidence has shown their strong effects on patterns of population and community organization and dynamics over local spatial scales. The role of competition in determining range limits and preventing invasions at biogeographic scales is more controversial, partly because of the complexity of processes involved in species colonization of novel habitats and the difficulties in performing appropriate manipulations and controls. 2. We examined experimentally whether competition is likely to affect poleward range expansion hindering or facilitating the establishment of the limpet Scurria viridula along the southeastern Pacific rocky shore (30°S, Chile) in the region occupied by the congeneric S. zebrina. We also assessed whether competition with the "invader" or range expanding species could reduce individual performance of the 'native' S. zebrina and depress local populations 3. Geographic field surveys were conducted to characterize the abundance and identity of limpets along the south-eastern Pacific coast from 18°S to 41°S, and the micro-scale (few cm) spatial distribution across the range overlap of the two species. Field-based competition experiments were conducted at the southern leading edge of the range of S. viridula (33°S) and at the northern limit of S. zebrina (30°S). 4. Field surveys showed poleward range expansion of S. viridula of ca. 210 km since year 2000, with an expansion rate of 13.1 km year -1. No range shift was detected for S. zebrina. The resident S. zebrina had significant negative effects on the growth rate of the invading juvenile S. viridula, while no effect of the latter was found on S. zebrina. Spatial segregation between species was found at the scale of cms. 5. Our results provide novel evidence of an asymmetric competitive effect of a resident species on an invader, which may hamper further range expansion. No negative effect of the invader on the resident species was detected. This study highlights the complexities of evaluating the role of species interactions in setting range limits of species, but showed how interspecific competition might slow the advance of an invader by reducing individual performance and overall population size at the advancing front.
Data from: Species interactions in occurrence data for a community of tick-transmitted pathogens
Interactions between species of ticks, their realised range of hosts, the pathogens they carry and transmit, as well as the geographical distribution of species in the Western Palearctic, have been obtained based on evidence published between 1970–2014. These relationships were linked to remotely-sensed features of temperature and vegetation and used to extract the network of interactions among the organisms. The resulting datasets were focussed on niche overlap among ticks and hosts, species interactions and the fraction of the environmental niche where tick-borne pathogens may circulate, as a result of interactions and environmental trait overlap. The presented datasets provide a valuable resource for researchers of tick-borne pathogens, as they conciliate the abiotic and biotic sides of their niche, allowing exploration of the importance of each species of vertebrate reservoir in the circulation of tick-transmitted pathogens at intervals of the environmental niche.
Data from: Genetic variation in invasive species response to direct and indirect species interactions
Biotic resistance to invasion arises from strong species interactions that decrease the fitness and population growth rates of potential invaders. Strong, direct interactions such as predation and competition are typically thought to drive biotic resistance, but in diverse communities, indirect interactions among species may also affect biotic resistance. Further, genetic variation in traits of the invading species that affect species interactions may allow some genotypes to overcome biotic resistance. We investigated the direct and indirect effects of a native legume (Acmispon wrangelianus) and insect herbivores on the fitness of different genotypes of an invasive legume (Medicago polymorpha) in a California grassland. Insect herbivores decreased Medicago fitness, but only in the presence of Acmispon, suggesting that indirect interactions mediated through insects and Acmispon are important for deterring Medicago invasion. Some Medicago genotypes were less affected by interactions with other species, however. This genetic variance suggests that while biotic resistance reduced the reproductive success of most genotypes, a few genotypes were able to overcome these complex interactions. However, Medicago invasion was unsuccessful in all treatments at several of our sites, suggesting that factors beyond those manipulated here also play a key role at many sites. At sites where biotic resistance is important, spatial and temporal variation in community composition and the genetic composition of the invasion pool may explain the invasion success of Medicago into this community.
Data from: Does competitive interaction drive species recognition in a house mouse secondary contact zone?
Miscommunication may induce a high risk of unnecessary escalated fights between competitors (populations to species), resulting in selection favoring signal divergence through agonistic character displacement (ACD). When signals allowing discrimination between competitors are also involved in mate recognition, ACD could explain reproductive character displacement (RCD). We tested interference competition between males as a potential driver of RCD (here, subspecies recognition) in a secondary contact zone between two mouse subspecies (Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus) displaying asymmetric dominance. Since such asymmetry could create a conflict between subspecies (compatibility) and quality (dominance) recognition in the contact zone, we tested for geographic variation in female preference for dominant males in the subordinate subspecies, musculus. We assessed competition between males and tested ACD during dyadic encounters comparing behavior displayed during trials between heterosubspecifics originating from populations close to the secondary contact ("contact") and further away ("allopatric"). We also compared behavior of contact versus allopatric males during homosubspecific versus heterosubspecific trials to test whether subspecies discrimination evolved under competitive interference. Although domesticus dominated most heterosubspecific trials regardless of geographic origin, agonistic behavior was more marked (i.e., lower attack latencies) during contact than allopatric encounters, suggesting that ACD occurred. Comparing behavior during homosubspecific and heterosubspecific encounters, only allopatric musculus displayed differences, that is, higher attack latencies toward heterosubspecifics, indicating that discrimination between competitors did not evolve with ACD. Finally, although allopatric musculus females seemed to prefer dominant males, their contact counterparts did not, suggesting that "compatibility" may have outweighed "quality" under a risk of hybridization.
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