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836 results for “Toads”
Data on infection experiments of cane toads
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Population genomics of a predatory mammal reveals patterns of decline and impacts of exposure to toxic toads
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Data from: Effect of parasite infection and invasion history on feeding, growth and energy allocation of cane toads
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Pleistocene glacial cycles drove lineage diversification and fusion in the Yosemite toad (Anaxyrus canorus)
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Dispersal distances of radio-tracked cane toads in French Guiana
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Susceptibility of fire-bellied toad (B. bombina and B. variegata) tadpoles to predation
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Hindlimb muscle spindles inform preparatory forelimb coordination prior to landing in toads
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Figure 3 in A remarkable example of suspected Batesian mimicry of Gaboon Vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae: Bitis gabonica) by Congolese Giant Toads (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Sclerophrys channingi)
Figure 3. Variation in the dorsal pattern of preserved specimens of (a) subadult S. channingi (UTEP 21964) from Mulisi, Kahuzi-Biega National Park, South Kivu, DRC and subadult B. gabonica (UTEP 21960) from Epulu, Ituri, DRC; (b) subadult S. channingi (UTEP 21965) from Kyasa, Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Maniema, DRC and subadult B. gabonica (CM 15164) from Lolodorf, Cameroon; and (c) adult S. channingi (AMNH A-8649) from Ngayu, DRC and adult B. gabonica (CM 60728) from Eseka, Cameroon. Note the adult specimen of S. channingi (AMNH A-8649) is discoloured (i.e. darkened) because of 110 years of preservation.
Figure 1 in A remarkable example of suspected Batesian mimicry of Gaboon Vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae: Bitis gabonica) by Congolese Giant Toads (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Sclerophrys channingi)
Figure 1. Photographs in life of (a) subadult Bitis gabonica (UTEP 21959) from Irangi, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); (b) subadult Sclerophrys channingi (UTEP 21963) from Mwana River near Kalundu, South Kivu, DRC; (c) adult Bitis gabonica (captive specimen) from Irangi; and (d) adult Sclerophrys channingi (captive specimen, photo courtesy of Wolfgang Böhme) from Irangi.
FIGURE 8. A in New species, diversity, systematics, and conservation assessment of the Puppet Toads of Sumatra (Anura: Bufonidae: Sigalegalephrynus)
FIGURE 8. A) Elevational distribution of Sigalgalephrynus species in Sumatra. B) Map showing probability of presence of Sigalegalephrynus species. C) Map showing suitable habitats of Sigalegalephrynus species (according to 10 percentile rule in MaxEnt).
FIGURE 7 in New species, diversity, systematics, and conservation assessment of the Puppet Toads of Sumatra (Anura: Bufonidae: Sigalegalephrynus)
FIGURE 7. Spectral graphs of known calls for species of Sigalegalephrynus, S. gayoluesensis sp. nov. (MZB.Amph.30411) and S. mandailinguensis (MZB.Amph.25736). Oscillograms (A and C, S. gayoluesensis sp. nov.; F and H, S. mandailinguensis); spectrograms (B and D, S. gayoluesensis sp. nov.; G and I, S. mandailinguensis); oscillograms of a single pulse within call (E, S. gayoluesensis sp. nov.; J, S. mandailinguensis).
FIGURE 6 in New species, diversity, systematics, and conservation assessment of the Puppet Toads of Sumatra (Anura: Bufonidae: Sigalegalephrynus)
FIGURE 6. Palmar and plantar surfaces of Sigalegalephrynus specimens in alcohol (Scale bar = 5 mm). Holotypes of Sigalegalephrynus burnitelongensis (A, MZB.Amph.30413), S. gayoluesensis sp. nov. (B, MZB.Amph.30411), S. mandailinguensis (C, MZB.Amph.25736), S. minangkabauensis (D, MZB.Amph.25738), and S. harveyi sp. nov. (E, MZB.Amph.30412).
FIGURE 5 in New species, diversity, systematics, and conservation assessment of the Puppet Toads of Sumatra (Anura: Bufonidae: Sigalegalephrynus)
FIGURE 5. Dorsal (top) and lateral (middle) profiles of Sigalegalephrynus specimens in alcohol (Scale bar = 5 mm). Head, and upper surface of hand (bottom) of holotypes of Sigalegalephrynus burnitelongensis sp. nov. (A, MZB.Amph.30413), S. gayoluesensis sp. nov. (B; MZB.Amph.30411), S. mandailinguensis (C, MZB.Amph.25736), S. minangkabauensis (D, MZB. Amph.25738), and S. harveyi sp. nov. (E, MZB.Amph.30412).
FIGURE 4 in New species, diversity, systematics, and conservation assessment of the Puppet Toads of Sumatra (Anura: Bufonidae: Sigalegalephrynus)
FIGURE 4. Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) aspects of Sigalegalephrynus specimens in alcohol (Scale bar = 5 mm). Holotypes of Sigalegalephrynus burnitelongensis sp. nov. (A, MZB.Amph.30413), S. gayoluesensis sp. nov. (B, MZB.Amph.30411), S. mandailinguensis (C, MZB.Amph.25736), S. minangkabauensis (D, MZB.Amph.25738), and S. harveyi sp. nov. (E, MZB. Amph.30412).
FIGURE 2 in New species, diversity, systematics, and conservation assessment of the Puppet Toads of Sumatra (Anura: Bufonidae: Sigalegalephrynus)
FIGURE 2. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of specimens of Sigalegalephrynus in life. Holotypes of S. burnitelongensis sp. nov. (A–C, MZB.Amph.30413, SVL 22.18 mm), S. gayoluesensis sp. nov. (D–F, MZB.Amph.30411, SVL 26.49 mm), S. mandailinguensis (G–I, MZB.Amph.25736, SVL 38.01 mm), S. minangkabauensis (J–L, MZB.Amph.25738, SVL 19.32 mm), and S. harveyi sp. nov. (M–O, MZB.Amph.30412, SVL 26.36 mm).
FIGURE 1 in New species, diversity, systematics, and conservation assessment of the Puppet Toads of Sumatra (Anura: Bufonidae: Sigalegalephrynus)
FIGURE 1. Estimated phylogeny of Sigalegalephrynus based on 16S mitochondrial rRNA, depicted as a maximum-likelihood tree with bufonid outgroups. The non-bufonid outgroup—Dryophytes arenicolor is not shown.
Finding complexity in complexes: assessing the causes of mitonuclear discordance in a problematic species complex of Mesoamerican toads
<p>Mitonuclear discordance is a frequently encountered pattern in phylogeographic studies and occurs when mitochondrial and nuclear DNA display conflicting signals. Discordance among these genetic markers can be caused by several factors including confounded taxonomies, gene flow, and incomplete lineage sorting. In this study, we present a strong case of mitonuclear discordance in a species complex of toads (Bufonidae: <i>Incilius coccifer </i>complex) found in the Chortís Block of Central America. To determine the cause of mitonuclear discordance in this complex, we used spatially explicit genetic data to test species limits and relationships, characterize demographic history, and quantify gene flow. We found extensive mitonuclear discordance among the three recognized species within this group, especially in populations within the Chortís Highlands of Honduras. Our data reveal nuclear introgression within the Chortís Highlands populations that was most likely driven by cyclical range expansions due to climatic fluctuations. Though we determined introgression occurred within the nuclear genome, our data suggest that it is not the key factor in driving mitonuclear discordance in the entire species complex. Rather, due to a lack of discernible geographic pattern between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, as well as a relatively recent divergence time of this complex, we concluded that mitonuclear discordance has been caused by incomplete lineage sorting. Our study provides a framework to test sources of mitonuclear discordance and highlights the importance of using multiple marker types to test species boundaries in cryptic species.</p>
Data from: Postglacial recolonization of North America by spadefoot toads: integrating niche and corridor modeling to study species' range dynamics over geologic time
<p>Understanding the factors that shape species' distributions is a key topic in biogeography. As climates change, species can either cope with these changes through evolution, plasticity or by shifting their ranges to track the optimal climatic conditions. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) is a widespread technique in biogeography that estimates the niche of the organism by using occurrences and environmental data to estimate species' potential distributions. ENMs are often criticized for failing to take species' dispersal abilities into consideration. Here, we attempt to fill this gap by combining ENMs with dispersal and corridor modeling to study the range dynamics of North American spadefoot toads (Scaphiopodidae) over the Holocene. We first estimated the current and past distributions of spadefoot toads and then estimated their past distributions from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present day. Then, we estimated how each taxon recolonized North American by using dispersal and corridor modeling. By combining these two modeling approaches we were able to 1) estimate the LGM refugia used by the North American spadefoot toads, 2) further refine these projections by estimating which of the putative LGM refugia contributed to the recolonization of North America via dispersal, and 3) estimate the relative influence of each LGM refugium to the current species' distributions. The models were tested using previously published phylogeographic data, revealing a high degree of congruence between our models and the genetic data. These results suggest that combining ENMs and dispersal modeling over time is a promising approach to investigate both historical and future species' range dynamics.</p>
Colonization history affects heating rates of invasive cane toads
<p>Amphibians in hot climates may be able to avoid high temperatures by controlling their rates of heating. In northern Australia, invasive cane toads (<span class="Italic">Rhinella marina</span>) experience hot dry conditions in newly-colonized (western) sites but milder conditions in longer-occupied (eastern) sites. Under standardized conditions, toads from western sites heated less rapidly than did conspecifics from an eastern site. The availability of free water slowed heating rates of eastern but not western toads. Thus, the colonization of climatically extreme sites has been accompanied by a rapid shift in the toads' ability to remain cool under hot conditions, even when free water is not available.</p>
Skin morphology in cane toads
<p><span>The structure of the skin may evolve rapidly during a biological invasion, for two reasons. First, novel abiotic challenges such as hydric conditions may modify selection on traits (such as skin thickness) that determine rates of evaporative water loss. Second, invaders might benefit from enhanced rates of dispersal, with locomotion possibly facilitated by thinner (and hence more flexible) skin. We quantified thickness of layers of the skin in cane toads (<i>Rhinella marina</i>) from the native range (Brazil), a stepping-stone population (Hawai'i), and the invaded range in Australia. Overall, the skin is thinner in cane toads in Australia than in the native range, consistent with selection on mobility. However, layers that regulate water exchange (epidermal <i>stratum corneum</i> and dermal Ground Substance layer) are thicker in Australia, retarding water loss in hot dry conditions. Within Australia, epidermal thickness increased as the toads colonised more arid regions, but then decreased in the arid Kimberley region. That curvilinearity might reflect spatial sorting, whereby mobile (thin-skinned) individuals dominate the invasion front; or the toads' restriction to moist sites in this arid landscape may reduce the importance of water-conservation. Further work is needed to clarify the roles of adaptation versus phenotypic plasticity in generating the strong geographic variation in skin structure among populations of cane toads.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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