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536 results for “Tyrannosaurus rex”
Figure 10.4 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.4. Reconstruction of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Tyrannosaurus showing (A) the distribution of force from the scapula (a arrows), through the furcula (b arrows), which results in cumulative force (c arrow) at the middle of the furcula. Resisting force c explains why the furcula is deepest at the midline, which is unlike any other theropod furcula. The range of motion for the forelimb segments (B), angle represented by arc a = 40°, arc b = 60°, arc c = 67°.
Figure 10.6 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.6. Position of the furcula relative to the scapula-coracoids as seen in a mounted skeleton of Tyrannosaurus (cast of BHI3033). Human (Neal L. Larson) for scale.
Figure 11.8 in Rex, sit: digital modeling of Tyrannosaurus rex at rest
Figure 11.8. When resting on the pubis, the forelimbs are near ground level. They are brought closer to ground level as a consequence of iniatating a standing movement from this resting pose. A modest tipping of the body, by pivoting about the curved anteroventral surface of the prepubis, would have shifted the overall COM anteriorly and returned the point of balance to between the hindfeet. In the process, the forelimbs would have been available to assist in stabilizing, if not actively contributing toward raising, the body, by pushing against the ground.
Figure 10.14 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.14. Resultant muscle map for the humerus of Tyrannosaurus based on actual muscle scars and those inferred from Figure 10.13. Some differences between actual and predicted include relative sizes of scars (e.g., m. deltoideus clavicularis), as well as position (e.g., M. terres major + M. latissimus dorsi). Where muscle scars are ambiguous, the prediction was used as a guide constrained by unambiguous scars (e.g., M. triceps brevis). Abbreviations: b, M. brachialis; cb, M. coracobrachialis brevis; cbd, M. coracobrachialis brevis dorsalis; dc, M. deltoideus clavicularis; hr, M. humeroradialis; p, M. pectoralis; sb, M. supracoracoideus brevis; sc, M. scapulohumeralis cranialis; sc, scapulohumeralis caudalis; scc, supracoracoideus complex; sl, M. supracoracoideus longus; tbi, M. triceps brevis intermedius (+ cranialis?); tm, M. terres major. Terminology adapted from Meers (2003).
Figure 10.8 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.8. Comparison of normal right humerus of MOR 690 and its pathological left in anterior (A, D), lateral (B, E), and posterior (C, F) views. Note spur at dart in (E), perisoteal reactive bone opposite arrow in (F), with close-up in (G). Region between darts in (F) are shown in lateral view in (H) and in close-up in (I). See text for discussion. Scale in centimeters.
FIGURE 1. A in Tyrannosaurus rex from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) North Horn Formation of Utah: biogeographic and paleoecologic implications
FIGURE 1. A. Skeletal restoration of UMNH 11000, Tyrannosaurus rex, with preserved elements highlighted. Right postorbital and squamosal of UMNH 11000 are shown separately in right lateral view. Abbreviations: co, cornual ossification; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; o, orbit; PO, postorbital; qjp, quadratojugal process of squamosal; sp, suborbital process; SQ, squamosal. Scale bar equals 10 cm. B. Postorbitals and squamosals of various tyrannosaurids viewed in right lateral view: Gorgosaurus, TMP 91.36.500 (reflected and modified after Currie, 2003a); Albertosaurus, TMP 81.10.1 (reflected and modified after Currie 2003b); Daspletosaurus, combination of NMC 8506 and TMP 2001.36.1 (reflected and modified after Currie 2003b); Tarbosaurus, ZPAL MgD-1/4 (reflected and modified after Hurum and Sabath, 2003); Tyrannosaurus, FMNH PR 2081 (reflected and modified after Brochu, 2003) and UMNH VP 11000.
Figure 2 in Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 2. Sutural morphology and mobility. (a) Postorbital–jugal suture in Tyrannosaurus rex; (b) maxilla–jugal suture in T. rex; (c) 2D FEM of T. rex skull with mobile postorbital–jugal contact; and (d) 2D FEM of T. rex skull with mobile maxillajugal contact. Double-headed arrows indicate direction of slight adjustive movement at suture. Single-headed arrows indicate location of 'suture' in FE-mesh. Illustrations after BHM 3033. Grey areas and abbreviations as defined in figure 1; pal, palatine.
Figure 3 in Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 3. Stress in the fused FE Tyrannosaurus rex skull model generated by vertical biting (left column) or tearing (right column). (a) Principal stress 3 [P3], compressive stress; (b) P1 tensile stress; (c) shear stress; (d) P3 compressive stress; (e) P1 tensile stress; and (f) shear stress. Divergent arrows indicate orientation of tensile stress trajectories; convergent arrows indicate orientation of compressive stress trajectories. Units are Pa or Nm‾2. See electronic Appendix C for strain plots.
Fig. 1 in A 3D interactive method for estimating body segmental parameters in animals: Application to the turning and running performance of Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 1. Body segments can be created using mass objects of different density and shape. Mass objects can be collected into mass sets to calculate their combined inertial properties; the most inclusive Tyrannosaurus mass set (whole body) is outlined here, as well as the trunk segment and its embedded mass objects.
Figure 1 in Could Tyrannosaurus rex have been a scavenger rather than a predator? An energetics approach
Figure 1. The minimum energy density that the ecosystem must provide to allow energy balance of the scavenger as a function of the distance in metres at which carrion can be detected, calculated from equation (2.7). The abscissa is logarithmic to the base 10 so '1' represents 10 m, '2' 100 m, '3' 1 km and '4' 10 km.
FIGURE 2 in How Fast Could Tyrannosaurus rex Run?
FIGURE 2. ESTIMATED EXTENSOR MUSCLE MASS per leg needed to run fast, as a fraction of total body mass. Larger animals need relatively more leg muscle to run. This dependence is illustrated by the solid line, calculated for a chicken scaled up to the size of T. rex. For several models of T. rex anatomy, the estimates (red) all require more leg muscle for running fast than the creature was likely to have had (orange dot). (Adapted from ref. 6.)
FIGURE 1 in How Fast Could Tyrannosaurus rex Run?
FIGURE 1. IN A FREE-BODY DIAGRAM for a running tyrannosaur, the angles of the leg joints (top) are critical parameters. In addi- tion to the forces and torques produced by leg muscles, external forces (bottom) including the weights of the body (Ƒb), thigh (Ƒt), shank (Ƒs), and metatarsus (Ƒm), as well as the ground reaction force (GRF) that acts a distance R from the toe joint must be incorporated. (Adapted from ref. 6.)
Fig. 2 in Gender-Specific Reproductive Tissue in Ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 2. Dinosaur and ratite comparative views. (A) Freshly broken fragment of MOR 1125 shows laminar ELB separating CB and MB. Bone tissues decrease in density internal to the ELB, because of increased vascularity. (B) Emu tibia, midshaft section. Erosion rooms extending into ELB are secondarily filled by MB. (C) Ostrich bone, mid shaft. MB is distinct from CB, but no obvious ELB is visible and several large vascular sinuses are seen. (D) Higher magnification of MB region of MOR 1125, showing increased porosity and more random orientation of MB than CB or ELB. (E) Emu, stained (14) to distinguish bone from infiltrating marrow fat. MB is more vascular than overlying CB and exhibits a random, whorled pattern. (F) Ostrich MB, showing relationship of bony spicules to invading blood sinuses, colored red from remnant blood. (G) Ground section of MOR 1125. Dense cortical Haversian bone shows second- and third-generation remodeling. ELB separates Haversian bone from more vascular MB. (H) Similar orientation of emu femur shows dense CB, distinct ELB, and a thin layer of MB. (I) Ostrich MB appears more laminar than in (C) or (F) because of the longitudinal orientation of tubelike medullary spicules.
FIGURE 6 in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 6. Position vectors for craniocervical muscles of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027; skeletal drawings modified from Paul 1988) with the head and neck held in a lateroflexed posture in the frontal plane, with the same dorsoventral orientation as in a neutral posture. Note that M. complexus increases in lateroflexive capability in this posture compared with that of M. long. cap. sup. These dorsal ordinations enable decomposition of x and z components; vertical (y) components are the same as in the neutral posture (Fig. 2). Muscle vectors and bone outlines follow the shading and dash conventions of Figure 2. A, M. longissimus capitis superficialis (M. long. cap. sup.) and M. complexus. B, M. longissimus capitis profundus (M. long. cap. prof.) and M. rectus capitis ventralis (M. r. c. v.). C, M. transversospinalis capitis (M. trans. cap.) and M. iliocostalis capitis (M. il. cap.). For M. trans. cap., lines of tension on the left, extended side from fascicles posterior to C8 are considered as transmitted through via points within the muscle (represented as a transparent overlay). On both sides, the insertion tendon of M. trans. cap passed through via points over the neural spines of C3 and C2. D, M. transversospinalis cervicis (M. trans. cerv.) inserting on C2. On the left (extended) side, tension from posterior fascicles is modeled as passing through intramuscular via points. The muscle is shown as a transparent overlay. E, M. trans. cerv. inserting on C3, with similar intramuscular via points and the muscle shown as a transparent overlay. F, M. trans. cerv. inserting on C4, and M. spl. cap.
FIGURE 1 in The furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis and Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae)
FIGURE 1—Stereopairs and line drawings of the furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis (MNN GAD513). 1, anterior view and cross-sectional views; 2, posterior view. Cross-hatching indicates broken bone or a cross-sectional surface. Dashed lines indicate missing portions. Abbreviations: cb, central body; ep, epicleideum; hc, hypocleideum; la, ligament attachment scars. Scale bar equals 10 cm in Stereopairs; 5 cm in line drawings.
FIGURE 95 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 95. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Right femur in posterior (A), lateral (B), anterior (C), and medial (D) views. Left femur in posterior (E), lateral (F), anterior (G), and medial (H) views. I, right femur, proximal view. J, Right femur, distal view. Scale = 30 cm; abbreviations in Appendix 1. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
FIGURE 39 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 39. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Horizontal CT slice through braincase, 1 cm ventral to floor of endocranial cavity. Note hollow nature of parasphenoid rostrum and complex of recesses within basioccipital. Abbreviations in Appendix 1.
FIGURE 15 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 15. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Sutural relationships between nasal, lacrymal, and maxilla above the antorbital fenestra. Left lateral view. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
FIGURE 96 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 96. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Right tibia, calcaneum, and astragalus in medial (A), posterior (B), lateral (C), and anterior (D) views. Left tibia, calcaneum, and astragalus in anterior (E), lateral (F), posterior (G), and medial (H) views. I, left tibia, proximal view. J, left astragalus and calcaneum, distal view. Scale = 30 cm; abbreviations in Appendix 1. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
FIGURE 10 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 10. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Closeup of right premaxilla, showing extensive premaxillary flooring of external naris. Anterior extent of nasal under the naris cannot be determined. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations.
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