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Figure 6. Outlinks degree distribution for all web sites-Study of a Random Navigation on the Web Using Software Simulation

Some of the most important aspects of the analysis is obtaining the parameters which can give the main information about a web. In the simulation implementation information as: page, number of inlinks, number of outlinks, value for Algorithmic Page Rank and Experimental Page Rank will be processed for obtaining the results of the analysis. For the first part it was necessary to use experimental values as: inlinks, outlinks and in and out frequencies.

Figure 1. Markov Chain Model&Figure 2. Transition matrix-Study of a Random Navigation on the Web Using Software Simulation

For a good simulation it is very important to find methods for navigating through the web (Levene and Wheeldon, 2004). John Kemeny and Laurie Snell have proposed the use of Markov models for web simulations (Kemeny and Snell, 1960). Cadez et al. (2000) used Markov models for classifying the sessions into different categories for browsers. Some other proposed techniques choose to combine different order Markov models for obtaining low state complexity and improving accuracy, as Deshpande and Karypis (2004). Dongshan and Junyi (2002) used for predicting the access providing good scalability and high coverage a hybrid-order tree-like Markov model. As an alternative to the Markov model Pitkow proposed a longest subsequence model (Pitkow and Pirolli, 1999), also for predicting the next page accessed by the user Sarukkai chose Markov models (Sarukkai, 2000). Transitions are simulated using the Markov Chain nodes, Google matrix and an arbitrary initial probability distribution. Examples can be seen in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Fig. 8. Algorithmic Page Rank-Study of a Random Navigation on the Web Using Software Simulation

Another diagram shows that for each site there is only one constant value independent of the length of Markov Chain. Algorithmic Page Rank only depends on the number of inlinks and outlinks.Table 4 contains the values for Experimental Page Rank with balanced distribution. In the following figure it is shown the diagram for the values obtained for Experimental Page Rank. The Experimental Page Rank values oscillate between the same limits independently of the change of Markov Chain length (N).

Figure 2. Screenshot of the Google Earth web-site's prototype on the visualization of heat/cold waves-Early Warning of Heat/Cold Waves as a Smart City Subsystem: A Retrospective Case Study of Non-anticipative Analog Methodology-

A non-anticipative analog method consists of four main steps: 1. Generation of the prediction rules. 2. Analysis of the prediction rules. The rules with time slots, which are not concentrated at the same frame, are excluded. 3. Generation of possible extremes. 4. Analysis of the generated possible extremes. The extremes with time slots, which do not correspond to the time slots of the appropriate rules, are excluded. The results of the heat/cold waves’ prediction from 2011 to 2014 at different locations (places are selected randomly) are presented in Table 2.

Q5. Do you believe that the internet can be used with antisocial purpose?-Computer-Mediated Security Threats into the Web 2.0 Society

With a median value of 7 it is obvious that a large part of the sample consider that the Internet can be used in a consistent manner for various antisocial purposes (59.3% evaluated this risk above 7). Even if this is a subjective evaluation, the focusing of answers on the high part of the scale confirms the relevance of this topic. Once again, without a direct experience in the security issues, the users that have answered to the questionnaire recognize that in the digital world can be infiltrated people, contents, information, actions, and applications with less ethical intentions.

Q3. To what extent that information from the Internet should be censored?-Computer-Mediated Security Threats into the Web 2.0 Society

Following this distribution, we can observe that a large part of the subjects (44,7%) consider that the information from the internet should be moderately censored (against various risks and social dangerous). Beside them, 26.6% evaluate that this process should be wider, and 28.7% think it should be lower. These two almost equal groups consolidate the central trend, and reflect a quite important worry concerning this perspective. The Internet has begun as an almost totally free of control medium, a quasi-anarchic structure, a symbol for the freedom of expression for any users. In time, it has become more and more accessible, and a large amount of information has become available inside the Info-sphere. Now, due to some negative consequences, it looks like starting to censure some information is not a prohibitive idea anymore, but rather a desirable one. We want to stress on the fact that the sample was formed by regular users that are not experts in security issues and thus, the recognizing of the importance of having a moderate censuring onto the Internet is a very significant conclusion. With an indirect connection to the previous item, the next question has directly approached a special topic related to the user’s knowledge about the dark web and/or deep web. These represent a quite particularly topic among the Internet users, and represent an area where the IP tracking is difficult or not-possible. Into this kind of sites and applications any user can remain anonymous, no matter what he/she does, posts or accesses.

Q2. How did you evaluate the following statements?-Computer-Mediated Security Threats into the Web 2.0 Society

Following these results we can conclude that 86.2% of the subjects consider that on the Internet can be found any information, but half of them (45.4%) are not so sure on the quality of this information, and this mostly because a lot of information from the Internet is contradictory for 73.4% from subjects. It is very interesting that, despite this high informative profile of the Internet, a quite high level of users (73.4%) appreciate that some information shouldn’t be found on the Internet. Without getting into details, from distributions can be extracted a soft conclusion, that too much information can be used for negative behaviors and actions. Even if they are posted with a non-violent intention, some contents can be used for various dangerous acts, mainly because of their inconsequence toward reality. Nowadays, there are quite few key words that do not generate into the search engine booth type of answers, pros and cons. From buying electronic gadgets to various politicians, public figures or health care, it is very easy to find contradictory information about them. Thus it remains on the experience of the user and on him/her capacity to discern the true from all these irrelevant contents.

Q1. How do you assess the evolution of the Internet in the last 5 years?-Computer-Mediated Security Threats into the Web 2.0 Society

The answers at this question indicated a quasi-total trend of increasing into the evolution of the Internet during the last 5 years (96% for “increased” and “high increased”) with a median value of 5 (corresponding to “high increased”). This public perception is strictly related to the current developing of the Internet applications, utilizations and related behaviors. In accordance with the above theoretical framework can be expected that this extensive evolution will include soon or later various antisocial content and negative manifestation. This is not a compulsory trend but only a natural extension, after the digitalization of almost all regular domains (education, mass-media, transportation, health, public administration, government, culture and so on) the areas of human manifestations that are at the law limits or beyond these will become on-line. At this moment the extension of the Internet is a quite solid fact.

Q4. Have you heard about dark/deep web?-Computer-Mediated Security Threats into the Web 2.0 Society

Around two thirds of the respondents have not heard about dark/deep web. This is not necessary unusual, since the dark/web is usually associated with illicit activities, and is not regularly promoted into the virtual space. On one hand, the lack of information concerning this sensible topic can expose innocent users to various risks related to their presence, identity, private life, all exposed on the Internet. On the other hand, the dark/deep web trend is to cumulate all negative persons, contents, actions, and applications against the personal and public security. If a regular user does not know about these potential risks, he/her might become more vulnerable to the direct threats.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2018View details →

Prototyping 3D Virtual Learning Environments with X3D-based Content and Visualization Tools-Figure 11. Online accessible repository of digital data on cultural heritage with X3D models (STARC Web Repository, 2017, © Copyright 2017, STARC, Cyprus Institute. Used with permission)

Prototyping can also include the development of toolkits for automatic content generation simulator, but in the case of an architectural environment, the components are too complex to be automatically generated. Furniture elements or the learning artifacts (i.e. content created by learners) can be converted to be viewed in X3D compatible browsers or included in online galleries (Figure 11). After functional and 3D content prototyping, certain components of the virtual campus can be easily modified and adapted as needed.

opencc-by-sa-4.0Jul 2016View details →

Data Set for Article "Verification-Aided Debugging: An Interactive Web-Service for Exploring Error Witnesses", Proc. CAV'16

This is the description of the supplementary archive of example interactive reports for the approach described in the article "Verification-Aided Debugging: An Interactive Web-Service for Exploring Error Witnesses", Proc. CAV'16. This archive contains a static snapshot of our system that allows the reader to a) experience the features of our web-service without relying on its online availability and b) reproduce the bug reports displayed in this static snapshot by validating the provided witnesses against the source code and the corresponding specifications using CPAchecker. The witness database is available at:   static/index.html The supplied verification tasks can be found at:   static/programs/ The supplied error witnesses are grouped by their corresponding verification tasks and can be found at:   static/witnesses/ The software verifier CPAchecker is placed at:   CPAchecker/ To browse the witness database and explore the supplied error reports, we recommend using the Firefox web browser, because not all features of our bug reports are guaranteed to be available in other browsers. Like the supplementary archive originally provided to the reviewers, this witness database contains only a small selection of the witnesses harvested from the "Competition on Software Verification 2016", because we do not want to burden the reader with an enormous amount of data that likely is not relevant for understanding the concepts. Also, error witnesses produced by some competition candidates that were not even syntactically correct were removed, because they do not add any value to the evaluation. However, the full data is still available online via our web service, for example, the list of witnesses for a verification task can be requested by computing the SHA-1 hash of the verification task's source code and submitting the following query:   http://vcloud.sosy-lab.org/webclient/master/witness?inputFile=<program-hash> The resulting JSON data contains all hashes of witnesses stored for the given program. A witness stored in the database can be requested via its SHA-1 hash by submitting the following query:   https://vcloud.sosy-lab.org/webclient/files/<hash> All verification tasks are available at the SV-COMP repository:   https://github.com/dbeyer/sv-benchmarks If you use verification tasks from the repository and are interested in validating witnesses produced for SV-COMP '16, please use the 'svcomp16' tag, because the tasks and their hashes might have changed since then. You can use CPAchecker to validate a witness for a verification task and generate an error report. First, navigate to the CPAchecker directory:   cd CPAchecker/ Now, perform the validation by providing the verification task (consisting of specification and program source code) and a witness:   scripts/cpa.sh -generateReport -witness-validation \     -spec <specification> \     <source-code> \     -spec <witness> For example:  scripts/cpa.sh -generateReport -witness-validation \     -spec ../static/programs/loop-acceleration/ALL.prp \     ../static/programs/loop-acceleration/array_false-unreach-call3.i \     -spec ../static/witnesses/loop-acceleration/array_false-unreach-call3.i/a4572a0c1b505b1d1170b7347e48a2a93cb3f4c1 The report will be generated in the subdirectory   output/report/

opencc-by-4.0May 2019View details →

Responses to "Semantic Web: Perspectives" Questionnaire

The dataset provides material relating to a questionnaire entitled "Semantic Web: Perspectives". This questionnaire was addressed to the W3C Semantic Web mailing list (semantic-web@w3.org) and was open to responses from May 12th to May 25th, 2019. A total of 113 responses were collected in this time. The following files are provided: <ul> <li>public-comments.txt: provides the public comments of respondents in plain text;</li> <li>questionnaire-form.pdf: illustrates the design of the questionnaire, including questions, types of responses permitted, etc.;</li> <li>questionnaire-responses.tsv: lists the individual responses (without private comments) as a tab-separated values file;</li> <li>success-keywords.xlsx: provides a spreadsheet mapping success story responses to a list of keywords, further providing statistics on these keywords;</li> <li>wordcloud-bw.svg: provides a word-cloud of success-story keywords in black & white;</li> <li>wordcloud-colour.svg: provides a word-cloud of success-story keywords in colour.</li> </ul> The word-clouds were produced using <a href="https://www.jasondavies.com/wordcloud/">Jason Davies' online service</a>, copying and pasting the keywords from the  success-keywords.xlsx spreadsheet (e.g., Column A, Sheet Statistics) into the text field; the following settings were selected: Orientations from 0° to 0°, Spiral: Rectangular; Scale: n; Number of words: 400; One word per line: ticked; Font: Patua One (must be installed locally beforehand). The resulting SVG files were later modified in a text editor to add a link to the font used, to tighten the bounding box, and to produce a black & white version. We thank the respondents for providing their input.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2019View details →

A National Forum on Web Privacy and Web Analytics — Participant Survey Instrument

This survey instrument was administered to participants of the National Forum on Web Privacy and Web Analytics. Results informed the Forum event and Forum deliverables. The National Forum on Web Privacy and Web Analytics was held September 2018 in Bozeman, Montana, where 40 librarians, technologists, and privacy researchers collaborated in producing a practical roadmap for enhancing our analytics practice in support of privacy. More information is available on our project site: <a href="https://osf.io/gnfpu/">https://osf.io/gnfpu/</a>.  This project is made possible in part by the Institute of Museum and Library Services, through grant <a href="https://www.imls.gov/grants/awarded/lg-73-18-0100-18"># LG-73-18-0100-18</a>.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2019View details →

Web design company in India

Samaj Infotech is a leading Web Development, Mobile Apps, Animation, Game & <a href="https://www.samajinfotech.com/website-design">Web Design Company in India</a>, USA.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2019View details →

How Confidence in Prior Attitudes, Social Tag Popularity, and Source Credibility Shape Confirmation Bias Toward Antidepressants and Psychotherapy in a Representative German Sample: Randomized Controlled Web-Based Study

ABSTRACT Background: In health-related, Web-based information search, people should select information in line with expert (vs nonexpert) information, independent of their prior attitudes and consequent confirmation bias. Objective: This study aimed to investigate confirmation bias in mental health–related information search, particularly (1) if high confidence worsens confirmation bias, (2) if social tags eliminate the influence of prior attitudes, and (3) if people successfully distinguish high and low source credibility. Methods: In total, 520 participants of a representative sample of the German Web-based population were recruited via a panel company. Among them, 48.1% (250/520) participants completed the fully automated study. Participants provided prior attitudes about antidepressants and psychotherapy. We manipulated (1) confidence in prior attitudes when participants searched for blog posts about the treatment of depression, (2) tag popularity —either psychotherapy or antidepressant tags were more popular, and (3) source credibility with banners indicating high or low expertise of the tagging community. We measured tag and blog post selection, and treatmentefficacy ratings after navigation. Results: Tag popularity predicted the proportion of selected antidepressant tags (beta=.44, SE 0.11; P<.001) and blog posts (beta=.46, SE 0.11; P<.001). When confidence was low (−1 SD), participants selected more blog posts consistent with prior attitudes (beta=−.26, SE 0.05; P<.001). Moreover, when confidence was low (−1 SD) and source credibility was high (+1 SD), the efficacy ratings of attitude-consistent treatments increased (beta=.34, SE 0.13; P=.01). Conclusions: We found correlational support for defense motivation account underlying confirmation bias in the mental health–related search context. That is, participants tended to select information that supported their prior attitudes, which is not in line with the current scientific evidence. Implications for presenting persuasive Web-based information are also discussed. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03899168; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03899168 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/77Nyot3Do) J Med Internet Res 2019;21(4):e11081 doi:10.2196/11081

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2014View details →

Confirmation Bias in Web-Based Search: A Randomized Online Study on the Effects of Expert Information and Social Tags on Information Search and Evaluation

ABSTRACT Background: The public typically believes psychotherapy to be more effective than pharmacotherapy for depression treatments. This is not consistent with current scientific evidence, which shows that both types of treatment are about equally effective. Objective: The study investigates whether this bias towards psychotherapy guides online information search and whether the bias can be reduced by explicitly providing expert information (in a blog entry) and by providing tag clouds that implicitly reveal experts’ evaluations. Methods: A total of 174 participants completed a fully automated Web-based study after we invited them via mailing lists. First, participants read two blog posts by experts that either challenged or supported the bias towards psychotherapy. Subsequently, participants searched for information about depression treatment in an online environment that provided more experts’ blog posts about the effectiveness of treatments based on alleged research findings. These blogs were organized in a tag cloud; both psychotherapy tags and pharmacotherapy tags were popular. We measured tag and blog post selection, efficacy ratings of the presented treatments, and participants’ treatment recommendation after information search. Results: Participants demonstrated a clear bias towards psychotherapy (mean 4.53, SD 1.99) compared to pharmacotherapy (mean 2.73, SD 2.41; t173=7.67, P<.001, d=0.81) when rating treatment efficacy prior to the experiment. Accordingly, participants exhibited biased information search and evaluation. This bias was significantly reduced, however, when participants were exposed to tag clouds with challenging popular tags. Participants facing popular tags challenging their bias (n=61) showed significantly less biased tag selection (F2,168=10.61, P<.001, partial eta squared=0.112), blog post selection (F2,168=6.55, P=.002, partial eta squared=0.072), and treatment efficacy ratings (F2,168=8.48, P<.001, partial eta squared=0.092), compared to bias-supporting tag clouds (n=56) and balanced tag clouds (n=57). Challenging (n=93) explicit expert information as presented in blog posts, compared to supporting expert information (n=81), decreased the bias in information search with regard to blog post selection (F1,168=4.32, P=.04, partial eta squared=0.025). No significant effects were found for treatment recommendation (Ps>.33). Conclusions: We conclude that the psychotherapy bias is most effectively attenuated—and even eliminated—when popular tags implicitly point to blog posts that challenge the widespread view. Explicit expert information (in a blog entry) was less successful in reducing biased information search and evaluation. Since tag clouds have the potential to counter biased information processing, we recommend their insertion.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2018View details →

Figure 5 in Do disturbed environments affect density of the tunnel-web spider Acanthogonatus centralis (Mygalomorphae: Nemesiidae) from native grasslands in Argentina?

Figure 5. Spatial distribution of A. centralis plotted from the four 10 × 10 quadrants during autumn at Cerro Ceferino, Sierra de la Ventana, Argentina. Circles: males; triangles: females; squares: juveniles.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2018View details →

Figure 4 in Do disturbed environments affect density of the tunnel-web spider Acanthogonatus centralis (Mygalomorphae: Nemesiidae) from native grasslands in Argentina?

Figure 4. Seasonal density of A. centralis (spiders/m2). Nonsignificant differences were found among seasons (F: 1.03; P = 0.43).

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2018View details →

Figure 1 in Do disturbed environments affect density of the tunnel-web spider Acanthogonatus centralis (Mygalomorphae: Nemesiidae) from native grasslands in Argentina?

Figure 1. Details of the 3 sampling sites in Sierra de la Ventana, Buenos Aires, Argentina. A: Ernesto Tornquist Provincial Park, considered to be at low disturbance level (LD); B: Funke Ranch, considered to be at medium disturbance level (MD); C: Cerro Ceferino, considered to be at high disturbance level (HD).