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FIGURE 27 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 27. Lycopodina nikitawimandi sp. nov. QM G337534. A. Holotype QM G337534. B. Palmate anisochelae. C. Large mycalostyle 1. D. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle 1 illustrated in C. E. Small mycalostyle 2. F. Magnified ends of the smaller mycalostyle 2 illustrated in E.
FIGURE 26 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 26. Lycopodina calyx (Hentschel, 1914). A. SEM of the sponge body QM G337513 B. Palmate anisochelae. C. Mycalostyle 1. D. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle 1 illustrated in C. E. Mycalostyle 2. F. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle 2 illustrated in E. G. Mycalostyle 3. H. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle 3 illustrated in G. I. SEM of the exterior of the sponge body (calyx), showing the large mycalostyles underneath the protecting medium mycalostyles. J. SEM of the inside of the cup. K. Preserved specimen QM G337463. L. Preserved specimen QM G337513. M. Preserved specimen QM G337476.
FIGURE 25 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 25. Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) zygainadentonis sp. nov. A. Stem of the holotype showing the filaments branching at right angles. B. Close up of the branching of the filament off the stem, showing all three large spicules in the endosome and the chelae in the ectosome. C. Filament exterior with chelae in the ectosome. D. Filament endosome exposed showing the subtylostyles longitudinally arranged, below the chelae encrusting ectosome.
FIGURE 23 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 23. Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) callistemonex sp. nov. A. Large amphipod on the stem of the holotype QM G337494. B. Small isopod trapped on one of the filaments of the paratype QM G337493. C. Filament of paratype QM G337493 showing the thick endosomal longitudinal bundle of styles. D. Ectosome of the filament of paratype QM G337493 showing the perpendicular arrangement of isochelae. E. Cross section of the stem of the holotype QM G337494 showing the radial wedges of the longitudinal mycalostyles. F. Cross section of the stem of the holotype QM G337494 showing the filaments forming at right angles to the longitudinal stem mycalostyles. G. Cross section. of the stem of the holotype QM G337494 showing the oxeas and isochelae forming the ectosomal layer of the stem (arrow pointing to the oxeas). H. Root of the holotype QM G337494 showing longitudinal arrangement of mycalostyles.
FIGURE 24 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 24. Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) zygainadentonis sp. nov., holotype QM G337557. A. Larger unguiferate anchorate isochelae with long sharp alae and an uneven number of alae on the upper and lower 'jaws'. B. Smaller tridentate unguiferate anchorate isochelae. C. Sigmancistra. D. Larger mycalostyle. E. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle illustrated in D. F. Subtylostyle. G. Magnified ends of the subtylostyle illustrated in F. H. Thin styles. I. Magnified ends of the style illustrated in H. J. Fixed holotype QM G337557.
FIGURE 31 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 31. Lycopodina brochidodroma sp. nov. Holotype QM G337540. A. Holotype under SEM. B. Palmate anisochelae. C. Large mycalostyle. D. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle illustrated in C. E. Subtylostyle. F. Magnified ends of the subtylostyle illustrated in E. G. Body showing filament attachments. H. Close-up of the body, showing both types of styles in the axis and the anisochelae on the thin ectosome. I. Filament showing the anisochelae encrusting the mycalostyles. J. Amphipod captured by the sponge.
FIGURE 32 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 32. Euchelipluma claudochela sp. nov. A. fixed Holotype QM G337511. B. Placochelae. C. Abyssochelae. D. Sigma. E. Small oxeote style. F. Large mycalostyle. G. Stem showing axis and remaining filaments H. Tracts of small oxeote styles densely packed forming a sheath around the larger axial mycalostyles. I. Filament attachment to the stem.
FIGURE 21 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 21. Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) freycinetensis sp. nov., A. holotype QM G337455, showing the parasol on top of the sponge body. B. Section through the body of the sponge showing the radial pattern of mycalostyle to the bases of the filaments. C. Hispid surface of the sponge body. D. Small mycalostyles penetrating the ectosomal layer of isochelae and sigmas. E. Stem of the sponge illustrating the longitudinal arrangement of mycalostyles. F. Diverging root like appendages also illustrating the longitudinal arrangement of mycalostyles.
FIGURE 22 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 22. Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) callistemonex sp. nov. Holotype QM G337494. A. Tridentate unguiferate isochelae. B. Sigma. C. Large mycalostyle. D. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle illustrated in C. E. Subtylostyle. F. Magnified ends of the subtylostyle illustrated in E. G. Oxea. H. Magnified ends of the oxeas illustrated in G. I. Holotype QM on deck.
FIGURE 19 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 19. Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) clavata. A. Cross section through the body showing the obvious mycalostyle bundles that form the filaments and the disorganised subectosomal smaller mycalostyles. B. Exterior surface showing the echinating smaller mycalostyles and the isochelae on the surface. C. Two filaments showing the isochelae on the ectosome and some of the mycalostyles exposed from the endosome. D. End of filament where it joins the sponge body showing the arrangement of large mycalostyles and the sigmas and isochelae in the ectosome. E. Lower stem composed of tightly packed mycalostyles. F. Root processes showing both types of tightly packed mycalostyles.
FIGURE 7 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 7. Cladorhiza australis nov. sp. Holotype QM G337456. A. Larger multidentate (3–4 upper alae) 'cleistochelate' anisochelae. B. 'Cleistochelate' anisochelae showing four upper alae. C. Smaller tridentate 'unguiferate' anisochelae. D. Sigma. E. Large mycalostyle. F. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle illustrated in E. G. Medium-sized mycalostyle. H. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle illustrated in G. I. Small mycalostyle. J. Magnified ends of the small mycalostyle illustrated in I. K. preserved holotype. L. preserved roots of the holotype.
FIGURE 18 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 18. Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) clavata, QM G337491, A. Tridentate unguiferate isochelae. B. Specimens of QM G337491, the left two specimens with the ectosome removed. C. Large mycalostyle. D. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle illustrated in C. E. Smaller thinner mycalostyle. F. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle illustrated in E. G. Sigma.
FIGURE 15 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 15. Cladorhiza moniqueae sp. nov. Holotype QM G337496. A. T.S. through the sponge body showing the radial mycalostyles, with the stem underneath and the tentacular filaments leading off to the RHS. The arrows indicate the spherical bodies. B. Spherical bodies in the sponge body. The arrows indicate the spherical bodies. C. The exterior surface of the sponge body showing the echinating mycalostyles. D. Apical tip of the longest tentacular filament showing the organisation of the anisochelae and the underlying mycalostyles. E. Ectosomal surface of the stem. F. Endosome of the stem, showing the longitudinal arrangement of the large mycalostyles.
FIGURE 3 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 3. Maximum-likelihood phylogram of the DNA sequences of this study in comparison with other, published cornivorous sponges. Sequences from taxa of this study are in bold. Number at the branches are RAxML rapid bootstrap values. Numbers following the taxa are either QM registration numbers (QM G3xxxxx) or NCBI Genbank accession numbers. Scale bare are substitutions per site. Please note that the reconstruction does not represent a phylogeny as due to the variability of the 28SrRNA gene C-Region barcoding marker no unambiguous alignment is possible and clipping ambiguous sites would remove diagnostic characters for taxon distinction. The tree therefore indicates molecular differences rather than a robust phylogeny.
FIGURE 6 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 6. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) maxisigma sp. nov. A. Anisochelae. B. Smaller size class of sigmas. C. Larger size class of sigmas. D. Large mycalostyle. E. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle depicted in D. F. Smaller subtylostyle. G. Magnified ends of the subtylostyle depicted in F. H. SEM showing the main stem longitudinal bundles of mycalostyles, as well as the major filaments buttressed with the large mycalostyles and the finer filaments composed of the subtylostyles I. Preserved holotype QM G337488.
FIGURE 14 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 14. Cladorhiza moniqueae sp. nov. Holotype QM G337496. A. Unguiferate arcuate anisochelae. B. Large mycalostyle. C. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle illustrated in B. D. Smaller mycalostyle. E. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle illustrated in D. F. Holotype on deck. G. Large sigma. H. Small sigma. I. Sigmancistra.
FIGURE 17 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 17. Cladorhiza pentaeiros sp. nov. A. Holotype QM G337483. B. Base of the stem showing the filaments emerging from between the longitudinal columns of mycalostyles. C. SEM of the base of the stem, the arrows are pointing to the filament bases. D. Small tridentate 'unguiferate' anisochelae. E. Large mycalostyle 1. F. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle illustrated in E. G. Medium-sized mycalostyle 2. H. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle illustrated in G. I. Thin mycalostyle 3. J. Magnified ends of the thin mycalostyle illustrated in I. K. roots showing longitudinal mycalostyles. L. Sigma.
FIGURE 16 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 16. Cladorhiza similis Ridley & Dendy, 1886. A. Type BMNH 1887-5-2-142. B. Spicule preparation showing larger subtylostyles, shorter subtylostyles and unguiferous tridentate anisochelae. C. Section through base of the body to which the filaments emerge. The lower filament no longer has a endosome and the large Mycalostyles can be seen. D. Section through base of the body to which the filaments emerge, magnified to illustrate the anisochelae and subtylostyles in the endosome of the filaments. E. Apical surface of the sponge body showing the anisochelae on the surface above the subtylostyles. F. T. S. of the filament showing the anisochelae in the ectosome and the subtylostyles and mycalostyles in the endosome.
FIGURE 10 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 10. Cladorhiza poritea sp. nov. A. Body of the sponge showing the upper and lower ectosomal surface with the endosomal radiating mycalostyles in between, there are two of the filaments which have been inadvertently folded back over the sponge body. B. Magnified body surface showing the abundant pseudoamphiasters, and the underlying anisochelae. C. Stem showing the encrusting pseudoamphiasters in the ectosome. D. L.S. stem interior with the pseudoamphiaster crust and the styles forming an outer sheath, and an internal cored of styles. E. External layer of the filaments with the anisochelae exterior to the pseudoamphiasters. F. L.S. filament interior showing a sheath of styles similar to the stem and a hollow core.
FIGURE 8 in Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
FIGURE 8. Cladorhiza australis nov. sp. Holotype QM G337456. A. Stem of the sponge, showing the carpet of 'cleistochelate' anisochelae, and where they have been abraded off the underlying sheath of the ectosome. B. Close-up of the 'cleistochelate' anisochelae in A. C. Stem of the sponge with the ectosome peeled off the underlying mycalostyle bundle of the endosome. Note the mycalostyle contained in the ectosome. D. Two filaments, the uppermost filament has part of the ectosomal layer containing the 'unguiferate' anisochelae removed showing the mycalostyles in the endosome.
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