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Figure 8. Gills from the ablation experiment, with images A–D from the side with the 3M epipod ablated and images E–H from the side with all gill grooming appendages intact. A in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 8. Gills from the ablation experiment, with images A–D from the side with the 3M epipod ablated and images E–H from the side with all gill grooming appendages intact. A. Dorsal view of gill, with the central axis and lamellae both fouled; inset showing "shark teeth" nodules on lamellae with minimal fouling. B. Ventral view of gill, with minimal fouling between lamellae. C. Ventral view of gill, with heavily fouled lamellae mostly of sediment. D. Fouling by a gooseneck barnacle attached to lamellae, with minimal. E. Dorsal view of gill, with the central axis and lamellae both fouled; inset showing "shark teeth" nodules on lamellae with fouling. F. Ventral view of gill, with fouling in between lamellae. G. Ventral view of gill, with fouling on gill surface and simple setae along edge. H. Fouling by a gooseneck barnacle attached to lamellae, with minimal fouling.

Figure 5 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 5. Mean frequency of grooming mechanism, with standard error bars, mechanisms in 30-min isolation observations (N=142; scrape/pick: z=1.16, p=0.246; flap/brush: z=2.18, p=0.029). Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Figure 4 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 4. Mean frequency of grooms, with standard error bars, by grooming appendages in 30-min isolation observations (N=142). A. Mean frequency of grooms for each of the grooming appendages, with genders combined (z=3.39, p<001). B. Mean frequency of grooms for each of the grooming appendages, with the genders separated; males groomed with their 3M more than P1 (z=3.23, p=0.001) whereas females groomed with the 3M and P1 appendages equally (z=1.40, p=0.140). 3M, third maxilliped; P1, pereiopod #1 (cheliped). Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Figure 3 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 3. Frequency of grooms, with standard error bars, per body region during 30-min isolation observations (N=142; N=89 males; N=53 females) for males and females. A. Mean frequency of grooms for males and females for body regions (males: H=248, p<0.001; females: H=101, p<0.001); x-axis organized by anterior body regions on the left to posterior body regions on the right. B. Grooming frequency of sensory and respiratory structures compared to body regions where decorations are attached for males and females (sensory/respiratory: N=568, df=540, t=- 2.67, p=0.008; decorating: N=568, df=523, t=-1.97, p=0.049). A1, first antennae; A2, second antennae; ABD, abdomen; AM, all maxillipeds; E, eye; G, gills; M, dorsal mid-carapace; LC, left P1 cheliped; M1, first maxilliped; M2, second maxilliped; 3M, third maxilliped; P (_), pereiopods 2–5 (walking legs); R, rostrum; RC, right P1 cheliped; RG, lateral ridge. Note: Sensory and respiratory body regions were A1, A2, E, G; decoration body regions were R, RG, M, P. Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Figure 1 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 1. Relationship between grooming frequency and grooming time budget by carapace width (mm) for males and females in 30-min isolation observations (N=142). A. Mean grooming frequency by carapace width for males and females; no relationship between number of times individuals groomed and their body size (R2=0.003, y=.092x+10.3). B. Mean grooming time budget by carapace width for males and females; no relationship between time spent grooming and body size (R2=0.005, y=1.044x+48.2).

Predictors of medical staff's knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of dysphagia assessment: A cross-sectional study

<p>This study aimed to develop training resources and standardize the assessment of dysphagia in patients with stroke. This study was a cross-sectional study. A total of 430 nurses and doctors from four provinces(Guangdong Province, Hunan Province, Guangxi Province, and Shaanxi Province) who were selected by convenience sampling were invited to complete the questionnaire through WeChat, DingTalk, and Tencent QQ from May 23 to 31, 2022. A self-reported questionnaire was used to assess participants' Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior regarding dysphagia. Participants' sociodemographic, training, and nursing experience were measured using the general information sheet and assessed as potential predictors of medical staff's Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior of dysphagia assessment. A multiple linear regression model was used to identify the factors predicting medical staff's Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior regarding dysphagia assessment. The mean scores for Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior of dysphagia assessments were 92.654(SD 17.519). Multiple linear regression results indicated that experience in dysphagia patients' nursing, related training for dysphagia, working years in the field of dysphagia-related diseases, specialized training in geriatric, swallowing & rehabilitation, and department related to neurology, rehabilitation & elderly were significant predictors, accounting for 35.1% of the variance in scores of medical staff's Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior of dysphagia assessment. Our findings imply that nursing experience, training, and work for patients with swallowing disorders could have positive effects on the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior of medical staff regarding dysphagia assessment. Hospital administrators should provide relevant resources, such as videos of dysphagia assessment, training centers for the assessment of dysphagia, and swallowing specialist nurses. It is important that health policies fully recognize the role of training and support systems in caring for people with dysphagia.</p>

Figure 7 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 7. Mean frequency and time (s), with standard error bars, of individuals behaviors in 30-min agonistic observations (N=45). A. Mean frequency of behaviors (H=82.6, df=4, p<0.001). B. Mean time budget spent performing behaviors (H=75.6, df=4, p<0.001). Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Figure 2 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 2. Grooming frequency and grooming time, with standard error bars, of males and females in 30-min isolation observations (N=142 total; N=89 males; N=53 females). A. Mean frequency of grooms by males and females (z=-10.3, p<0.001). B. Mean time spent grooming by males and females (z=1.95, p=0.0507). Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Piecewise continuous sampling: a method for minimizing bias and sampling effort for estimated metrics of animal behavior

<p>Capturing qualitative features of animal behavior requires recording occurrences of behavior over time. Continuous sampling is best for capturing brief behaviors, but can be very time consuming. Instantaneous sampling can reduce the amount of labor required, but can miss short-duration behaviors. We therefore synthesized these techniques by continuously sampling during randomly scattered time intervals; a technique we call piecewise continuous sampling. To optimize and test the efficacy of this technique, we collected a continuous behavioral dataset of harvester ant workers, and then we developed a protocol to estimate the amount of sampling time necessary to reconstruct the proportion of time animals spend in different behavioral states. This protocol finds the sample size needed for the variance of the sample to converge on the variation of the population. We then divided this estimated time into equal-duration intervals that were randomly distributed across the entire continuous dataset. Finally, we calculated both time-dependent and time-independent error from this sample. We found that 4 to 16 sampling intervals minimize both types of error simultaneously. This finding was robust to differences in underlying behavior and was validated with simulations, implying that this method could be used for many types of organisms.</p>

Data and code for: Behavioral plasticity shapes participation in a mixed-species flocking community of birds

<p>Behavioral plasticity can modulate the costs and benefits of sociality, and thus may play a prominent role in mediating competition and facilitation during social interactions in mixed-species groups. However, investigations of assembly patterns of mixed-species groups typically treat species' behavioral attributes as static rather than dynamic features that can change in social contexts. We investigate four axes of behavioral plasticity that may modulate interaction within mixed-species groups: 1) species' selective preference for joining certain groups, 2) species' ability to flexibly change their behavior in response to groupmates' behavior, and 3) shifts and/or 4) expansions of species' niche occupancy when foraging with conspecifics versus when foraging with heterospecifics. We assess variation in these axes of behavioral plasticity in an Australian mixed-species avian community. All species had selective preferences for flocks of certain strata, and some flexibly matched their flockmates' foraging strata. Three species exhibited patterns of niche shift, and one species showed niche expansion. These findings suggest that species converge in strata in mixed-species flocks despite the potential for increased competition and emphasize that species can plastically react to changes in their social environment in numerous ways. Acknowledgment of such plasticity is likely integral to understanding the nuances of heterospecific interactions.</p>

Figure 4 in Calling behavior in virgin females of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in laboratory

Figure 4. Calling number of one, two and three- days- old Diatraea saccharalis virgin females. / Número de llamados de hembras vírgenes de Diatraea saccharalis de uno, dos y tres días de edad. * Error bars indicate standard error.

Figure 1 in Calling behavior in virgin females of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in laboratory

Figure 1. Temporal pattern of calling behavior exhibited by Diatraea saccharalis females. / Patrón temporal de llamado de hembras de Diatraea saccharalis.

Figure 3 in Calling behavior in virgin females of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in laboratory

Figure 3. Call duration of one, two and three days old Diatraea saccharalis females. / Duración de llamado de hembras de uno, dos y tres días de edad de Diatraea saccharalis en laboratorio. * Error bars indicate standard error.

Figure 2 in Calling behavior in virgin females of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in laboratory

Figure 2. Diatraea saccharalis calling temporal pattern exhibited by one, two and three-days-old females. / Horario de llamado de hembras de Diatraea saccharalis de uno, dos y tres días de edad en laboratorio.

How new communication behaviors evolve: Androgens as modifiers of neuromotor structure and function in foot-flagging frogs

<p>How diverse animal communication signals have arisen is a question that has fascinated many. <em>Xenopus</em> frogs have been a model system used for three decades to reveal insights into the neuroendocrine mechanisms and evolution of vocal diversity. Due to the ease of studying central nervous system control of the laryngeal muscles <em>in vitro</em>, <em>Xenopus</em> has helped us understand how variation in communication signals between sexes and between species is produced at the molecular, cellular, and systems levels. Yet, it is becoming easier to make similar advances in non-model organisms. Here, we summarize our research on a group of frog species that have evolved a novel hind limb signal known as 'foot flagging.' We have shown that the evolution of foot flagging in multiple species is accompanied by the evolution of higher androgen hormone sensitivity in the leg muscles and an increased density of spinal interneurons in the neuromotor system that controls the hind limb. Comparing this work to prior work in <em>Xenopus</em>, we highlight which patterns of hormone sensitivity and neural circuit properties are shared between <em>Xenopus</em> and foot-flagging frogs and which appear to be species-specific. Overall, we aim to illustrate the power of drawing inspiration from experiments in model organisms, in which the mechanistic details have been worked out, and then apply these ideas to a non-traditional model species to reveal new details, further complexities, and fresh hypotheses.</p>

Evaluating the Role of Biochar in Altering Chlorinated Phenol Behavior in Alluvial Soil Systems

<div> <div> <div> <div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Row and modelled data were obtained for four types of chlorinated phenols during transport in sandy alluvial soil and biochar-enriched soil. Raw data are provided for the characterization of sandy alluvial soil used in this study. The data are used for the preparation of a manuscript titled <em>Evaluating the Role of Biochar in Altering Chlorinated Phenol Behavior in Alluvial Soil Systems</em>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

Reproduction code and data for the plot of "Synthesizing survival robot behavior through reinforcement learning for homeostasis"

<pre># Reproduction code and data for the plot of "Synthesizing survival robot behavior through reinforcement learning for homeostasis"<br>Author: Naoto Yoshida<br><br>How to use:<br>1. Clone https://github.com/ugo-nama-kun/journalpaper_robot_2024 from github.<br>2. Extract data_20241119.zip in the cloned repository.<br>3. Run each plot_Fig*.py</pre>

Raw data: Nanogels with tailored hydrophobicity and their behavior at air water interfaces

<p>Raw data for Journal article: "Nanogels with tailored hydrophobicity and their behavior at air/water interfaces"</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>The interfacial behavior of micro-/nanogels is governed to a large extent by the hydrophobicity of their polymeric network. Prevailing studies to examine this influence mostly rely on external stimuli like temperature or pH to modulate the colloidal hydrophobicity. Here, a sudden transition between hydrophilic and hydrophobic state prevents systematic and gradual modulation of hydrophobicity. This limits important correlations between interfacial behavior and quantitative physicochemical measures for network hydrophobicity. To address this challenge, we introduce a nanogel platform that allows accurate tuning of hydrophobicity on a molecular level. For this, via post-functionalization of active ester-based particles, we prepare poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (PHPMA) nanogels as a hydrophilic benchmark and introduce gradually varied amounts of hydrophobic propyl or dodecyl moieties to increase the nanogel hydrophobicity. We study the deformation and arrangement of these particles at an air/water interface and correlate the results with quantitative measures for nanogel hydrophobicity. We observe that increasing hydrophobicity of nanogels, either by increasing the hydrophobic moiety ratio or the alkyl chain length, leads to decreased particle deformability and aggregation of an interfacially-adsorbed monolayer. Contrary to what may be intuitively assumed, these changes are not gradual, but rather occur suddenly above a threshold in hydrophobicity. Our study further shows that the effect of hydrophobicity affects the nanogel properties differently in bulk and when adsorbed at liquid interfaces. Thus, this study establishes the transition of interfacial behavior between soft gel-like particles to a solid spherical morphology triggered by the increase in hydrophobicity.</p>

openmit-licenseNov 2024View details →

Apathy, motivation, and physical activity behavior: Material, data and R code

<p>This new release includes updates to the code and additional material following the peer review process conducted by Communications in Kinesiology.</p>

Dataset of the publication: Iron(II) Complexes of 2,6-Di[4-(ethylcarboxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine with Reversible Guest-Modulated Spin-Crossover Behavior

<p>Dataset of the publication: Iron(II) Complexes of 2,6-Di[4-(ethylcarboxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine with Reversible Guest-Modulated Spin-Crossover Behavior</p> <p>DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01524</p> <p>V. García-López, H. El Mansour El Jastimi, J. Juráková, M. Clemnte-León, E. Coronado</p> <p><em>Cryst. Growth Des. 2023, 23, 4, 2730–2738</em></p>