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349 results for “buffer”
Steep topography buffers threatened gymnosperm species against anthropogenic pressures in China
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Temperature-mediated plasticity in incubation schedules is unlikely to evolve to buffer embryos from climatic challenges in a seasonal songbird
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GIS Shapefile - Riparian vegetation (forest and grass only) within a 100ft buffer of all 1:24K streams in Baltimore City.
Riparian vegetation (forest and grass only) within a 100ft buffer of all 1:24K streams in Baltimore City. Vegetation data used in this analysis came from the MD DNR Forest Service IKONOS-derived Strategic Urban Forest Assessment (SUFA) vegetation layer.
GIS Shapefile - Riparian vegetation (forest and grass only) within a 100ft buffer of all 1:24K streams in Baltimore City, block group
Block group summary of riparian vegetation (forest and grass only) within a 100ft buffer of all 1:24K streams in Baltimore City for only those block groups that intersect the stream buffers. The riparian area consists of all land within a 100 ft buffer of 1:24K streams. Vegetation data used in this analysis came from the MD DNR Forest Service IKONOS-derived Strategic Urban Forest Assessment (SUFA) vegetation layer.
gmkov/microclimate.thermal.tolerance.Heliconius-JEB-2020: Data and scripts for "Microclimate buffering and thermal tolerance across elevations in a tropical butterfly"
<p>Data and scripts associated with the article "Microclimate buffering and thermal tolerance across elevations in a tropical butterfly", Journal of Experimental Biology (2020), by Gabriela Montejo-Kovacevich, Simon H. Martin, Joana I. Meier, Caroline N. Bacquet, Monica Monllor, Chris D. Jiggins & Nicola J. Nadeau</p>
Purification of the HTT N-HEAT (81-1643) with various buffer conditions
<p>Previously, I purified the HTT N-HEAT_81-1643 domain and showed that the HTT N-HEAT_81-1643 domain elutes early from a Superose 6 column 10/300 (<a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3462496#.XjsVXSNOk2w">https://zenodo.org/record/3462496#.XjsVXSNOk2w</a>). Initial biophysical characterization by DLS showed samples of the HTT N-HEAT_81-1643 construct are made up of large particles ( <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3562523#.Xjw57iN">https://zenodo.org/record/3562523#.Xjw57iN</a>, <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3561096#.Xjw6ByNOk2w">https://zenodo.org/record/3561096#.Xjw6ByNOk2w</a>). Thus, our initial results all pointed out at having high oligomeric states of the HTT N-HEAT_81-1643 construct in solution.</p> <p> </p> <p>To rule out the possibility of a weak interaction with nucleic acid material which could cause the large particle size in solution, we tested whether we could remove the nucleic acid material by adding an additional purification step with heparin resin. However, purification using the additional heparin step showed no improvement in the purity of the sample from other protein impurities or nucleic acid material (<a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3562523#.XjsVyyNOk2w">https://zenodo.org/record/3562523#.XjsVyyNOk2w</a>).</p> <p> </p> <p>Determination of ideal buffer conditions for the HTT N-HEAT_81-1643 construct using DSLS and DSF (<a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3562523#.Xjw57iN">https://zenodo.org/record/3562523#.Xjw57iN</a></p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3519364#.Xjw6ICNOk2w">https://zenodo.org/record/3519364#.Xjw6ICNOk2w</a>, <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3561087#.Xjw6LiNOk2w">https://zenodo.org/record/3561087#.Xjw6LiNOk2w</a>) was not possible as no significant changes in the T<sub>aag</sub> or T<sub>m</sub> were observed for the conditions tested. Further, the data for both DSF and DSLS could have presented challenges to fit (<em>e.g.</em> The DSF data showed very high initial fluorescence while the DSLS data showed the T<sub>agg </sub>­ for this construct was at the end of the detection limit ~ 90 °C).</p> <p> </p> <p>Thus, to further assess if we could find an ideal buffer condition where the HTT N-HEAT_81-1643 construct is the most stable and monomeric, we tested different purification conditions. </p> <p> </p>
Greater Sage-grouse nest bowls buffer microclimate in a post-megafire landscape although effects on nest survival are marginal
<p class="Disstext">Temperature at fine spatial scales is an important driver of nest site selection for many avian species during the breeding season and can influence nest success. Sagebrush (<i>Artemisia spp.</i>) communities have areas with high levels of vegetation heterogeneity and high thermal variation; however, fire removes vegetation that provides protection from predators and extreme environmental conditions. To examine the influence of microclimates on Greater Sage-Grouse (<i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i>) nest site selection and nest success in a fire affected landscape, we measured black bulb temperature (<i>T<sub>bb</sub></i>) and vegetation attributes (e.g. visual obstruction) at 3 spatial scales (i.e. nest bowl, microsite, and landscape) in unburned and burned areas. Nest bowls exhibited greater buffering of <i>T<sub>bb</sub></i> than both nearby microsites and the broader landscape. Notably, nest bowls were warmer in cold temperatures, and cooler in hot temperatures, than nearby microsites and the broader landscape, regardless of burn stage. Nest survival (NS) was higher for nests in unburned areas compared to nests in burned areas (unburned NS = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.33 to 0.54; burned NS = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.46). Amount of bare ground was negatively associated with nest survival, but effects diminished as the amount of bare ground reached very low levels. Shrub height and visual obstruction were positively associated with nest survival during the entire study period whereas, minimum <i>T<sub>bb</sub></i> had a weaker effect. Our findings demonstrate that thermoregulatory selection by Greater Sage-Grouse at nest sites had marginal effects on their nest survival. However, given that increases in vegetation structure (e.g. shrub height) provide thermal refuge and increase nest survival, vegetation remnants or regeneration in a post-fire landscape could be critical to Greater Sage-Grouse nesting ecology.</p>
Data from: Predators buffer the effects of variation in prey nutrient content for nutrient deposition
Predator feeding behavior and digestion regulate the flow of nutrients through ecosystems by determining the fate of prey nutrients. Most predators feed on a diversity of prey items, which differ widely in traits including their nutrient content. Yet, relatively little is known of the mechanisms through which variation in prey nutrient content affects the form by which nutrients are deposited into the environment. The overall goal of this study was to test how variation in the nutrient content of prey affected the fate of nutrients following predation by an arthropod carnivore, the Carolina wolf spider (Hogna carolinensis).We manipulated the macronutrient content of prey by varying the diet on which crickets were fed to produce prey treatments that differed in lipid and protein content. Nutrients were measured as both macronutrients and elements in prey and elements in excreta. We found that there was no effect of diet treatment on the amount of elements or macronutrients in prey carcasses and excreta despite significant variation in the nutrient content of those prey. This is in contrast to studies of some aquatic systems where mass balance by consumers results in variation in excreta content depending on the nutrient content of food. Wolf spiders assimilated the majority of prey nutrients and deposited relatively small and similar amounts of nutrients following feeding. Hence, while prey can vary widely in nutrient content, our findings suggest that this variation has little effect on the amounts of nutrients deposited by predators.
Data from: Epistasis buffers the fitness effects of rifampicin-resistance mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Epistatic interactions between resistance mutations in antibiotic-free environments potentially play a crucial role in the spread of resistance in pathogen populations by determining the fitness cost associated with resistance. We used an experimental evolution approach to test for epistatic interactions between 14 different pairs of rifampicin mutations in the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 42 different rifampicin-free environments. First, we show that epistasis between rifampicin-resistance mutations tends to be antagonistic: the fitness effect of having two mutations is generally smaller than that predicted from the effects of individual mutations on the wild type. Second, we show that sign epistasis between resistance mutations is both common and strong; most notably, pairs of deleterious resistance mutations often partially or completely compensate for each others' costs, revealing a novel mechanism for compensatory adaptation. These results suggest that antagonistic epistasis between intragenic resistance mutations may be a key determinant of the cost of antibiotic resistance and compensatory adaptation in pathogen populations.
Data from: Home-made cost effective preservation buffer is a better alternative to commercial preservation methods for microbiome research
The investigation of wildlife gastrointestinal microbiomes by next-generation sequencing approaches is a growing field in microbial ecology and conservation. Such studies often face difficulties in sample preservation if neither freezing facilities nor liquid nitrogen (LQN) are readily available. Thus, in order to prevent microbial community changes because of bacterial growth after sampling, preservation buffers need to be applied to samples. However, the amount of microbial community variation attributable to the different preservation treatments and potentially affecting biological interpretation is hardly known. Here, we sampled feces of 11 sheep (Ovis aries sp.) by using swabs and analyzed the effect of air-drying, an inexpensive self-made nucleic acid preservation buffer (NAP), DNA/RNA Shield™, and RNAlater®, each together with freezing (for 10 days) or storing at room temperature (for 10 days) prior to 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing to determine bacterial communities. Results revealed that the proportions of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to a bacterial phylum were affected by the preservation treatments, and that alpha diversities (observed OTUs, Shannon index, and phylogenetic diversity (PD)) were lower in all preservation treatments than in samples taken by forensic swabs and immediately frozen which is considered as the favored preservation treatment in the absence of any logistic constraints. Overall, NAP had better preservation qualities than RNAlater® and DNA/RNA Shield™ making this self-made buffer a valuable solution in wildlife microbiome studies.
Data from: Social buffering of stress in a group-living fish
Living in groups affords individuals many benefits including the opportunity to reduce stress. In mammals, such 'social buffering' of stress is mediated by affiliative relationships and production of the neuropeptide oxytocin, but whether these mechanisms facilitate social buffering across vertebrates remains an open question. Therefore, we evaluated whether the social environment influenced the behavioural and physiological recovery from an acute stressor in a group-living cichlid, Neolamprologus pulcher. Individual fish that recovered with their social group displayed lower cortisol levels than individuals that recovered alone. This social buffering of the stress response was associated with a tendency towards lower transcript abundance of arginine vasotocin and isotocin in the preoptic area of the brain, suggesting reduced neural activation of the stress axis. Individuals that recovered with their social group quickly resumed normal behaviour but received fewer affiliative acts following the stressor. Further experiments revealed similar cortisol levels between individuals that recovered in visual contact with their own social group and those in visual contact with a novel but non-aggressive social group. Collectively, our results suggest that affiliation and familiarity per se do not mediate social buffering in this group-living cichlid, and the behavioural and physiological mechanisms responsible for social buffering may vary across vertebrates.
Data from: Does morphological variation buffer against extinction? A test using veneroid bivalves from the Plio-Pleistocene of Florida
Although morphological variation is known to influence the evolutionary fates of species, the relationship between morphological variation and survivorship in the face of extinction-inducing perturbations is poorly understood. Here, we investigate this relationship for veneroid bivalves in association with the Plio-Pleistocene extinction in Florida. Fourteen pairs of related species were selected for analysis, with each pair including one species that survived the Plio-Pleistocene extinction and another that became extinct during the interval. Morphological landmark data were acquired for more than 1500 museum specimens, representing 19 localities that encompass four well-known Plio-Pleistocene units in the study region. Procrustes superimposition was applied to each sample, and overall multivariate variation was calculated as the mean squared partial Procrustes distance between specimens and their mean form. Morphological variation was calculated at three geographic scales for each species, and differences in variation between survivors and victims were examined within each species pair. Results indicate that species surviving the Plio-Pleistocene extinction were significantly more variable morphologically than victims. Greater morphological variation may promote survivorship by directly enhancing species adaptations to changing conditions or by permitting the occupation of a larger geographic range. Alternatively, high morphological variation and survivorship may both be mediated by a third variable, such as large geographic range.
Data from: Phenotypic biomarkers of climatic impacts on declining insect populations: a key role for decadal drought, thermal buffering and amplification effects and host plant dynamics
1. Widespread population declines have been reported for diverse Mediterranean butterflies over the last three decades, and have been significantly associated to increased global change impacts. The specific landscape and climatic drivers of these declines remain uncertain for most declining species. 2. Here we analyse whether plastic phenotypic traits of a model butterfly species (Pieris napi) perform as reliable biomarkers of vulnerability to extreme temperature impacts in natural populations, showing contrasting trends in thermally exposed and thermally buffered populations. 3. We also examine whether improved descriptions of thermal exposure of insect populations can be achieved by combining multiple information sources (i.e. integrating measurements of habitat thermal buffering, habitat thermal amplification, host plant transpiration, and experimental assessments of thermal death time (TDT), thermal avoidance behaviour (TAB) and thermally induced trait plasticity). These integrative analyses are conducted in two demographically declining and two non-declining populations of P. napi. 4. The results show that plastic phenotypic traits (butterfly body mass and wing size) are reliable biomarkers of population vulnerability to extreme thermal conditions. Butterfly wing size is strongly reduced only in thermally exposed populations during summer drought periods. Lab rearing of these populations documented reduced wing size due to significant negative effects of increased temperatures affecting larval growth. We conclude that these thermal biomarkers are indicative of the population vulnerability to increasing global warming impacts, showing contrasting trends in thermally exposed and buffered populations. 5. Thermal effects in host plant microsites significantly differ between populations, with stressful thermal conditions only effectively ameliorated in mid-elevation populations. In lowland populations we observe a six-fold reduction in vegetation thermal buffering effects, and larval growth occurs in these populations at significantly higher temperatures. Lowland populations show reduced host plant quality (C/N ratio), reduced leaf transpiration rates and complete aboveground plant senescence during the peak of summer drought. Amplified host plant temperatures are observed in open microsites, reaching thermal thresholds that can affect larval survival. 6. Overall, our results suggest that butterfly population vulnerability to long-term drought periods is associated to multiple co-occurring and interrelated ecological factors, including limited vegetation thermal buffering effects at lowland sites, significant drought impacts on host plant transpiration and amplified leaf surface temperature, as well as reduced leaf quality linked to the seasonal advance of plant phenology. Our results also identify multi-annual summer droughts affecting larval growing periods as a key driver of the recently reported butterfly population declines in the Mediterranean biome.
Data from: Seasonal drivers of understorey temperature buffering in temperate deciduous forests across Europe
Aim: Forest understory microclimates are often buffered against extreme heat or cold, with important implications for the organisms living in these environments. We quantified seasonal effects of understory microclimate predictors describing canopy structure, canopy composition and topography (i.e. local factors), as well as forest patch size and distance to coast (i.e. landscape factors). Location: Temperate forests in Europe Time period: 2017-2018 Major taxa studied: Woody plants Methods: We combined data from a microclimate sensor network with weather station records to calculate the difference – or offset – between temperatures measured inside and outside forests. We used regression analysis to study the effects of local and landscape factors on the seasonal offset of minimum, mean and maximum temperatures. Results: Maximum temperature during summer was on average cooler by 2.1 °C and minimum temperature during winter and spring were 0.4 °C and 0.9 °C warmer inside than outside forests. The local canopy cover was a strong non-linear driver of the maximum temperature offset during summer, and we found increased cooling beneath tree species that cast the deepest shade. Seasonal offsets of minimum temperature were mainly regulated by landscape and topographic features, such as the distance to coast and topographic position. Main conclusions: Forest organisms experience less severe temperature extremes than suggested by currently available macroclimate data, so climate-species relationships and species' responses to anthropogenic global warming cannot be modelled accurately in forests using macroclimate data alone. Changes in canopy cover and composition will strongly modulate warming of maximum temperatures in forest understories, with important implications for understanding responses of forest biodiversity and functioning to the combined threats of land-use change and climate change. Our predictive models are generally applicable across lowland temperate deciduous forests, providing ecologically important microclimate data for forest understories.
FESOM model data used in the study on the buffer zone for great salinity anomaly
<p>Model data used in the study on the buffer zone for great salinity anomaly</p>
Atmospheric Multiphase Buffering Facilitates Acid-Base Neutralization but Triggers Unexpected Accompanying Pollution
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Nitrogen enrichment buffers phosphorus limitation by mobilizing mineral-bound soil phosphorus in grasslands
<p>Phosphorus (P) limitation is expected to increase due to nitrogen (N)-induced terrestrial eutrophication, although most soils contain large P pools immobilized in minerals (P<sub>i</sub>) and organic matter (P<sub>o</sub>). Here we assessed whether transformations of these P pools can increase plant available pools alleviating P limitation under enhanced N availability. The mechanisms underlying these possible transformations were explored by combining results from a 10-year field N-addition experiment and a 3700-km transect covering wide ranges in soil pH, soil N, aridity, leaching, and weathering that can affect soil P status in grasslands. Nitrogen addition promoted dissolution of immobile P<sub>i</sub> (mainly Ca-bound recalcitrant P) to more available forms of P<sub>i</sub> (including Al- and Fe-bound P fractions and Olsen P) by decreasing soil pH from 7.6 to 4.7, but did not affect P<sub>o</sub>. Soil total P declined by 10% from 385±6.8 to 346±9.5 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, while available-P increased by 546% from 3.5±0.3 to 22.6±2.4 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> after 10-year N addition, associated with an increase in P<sub>i</sub> mobilization, plant uptake, and leaching. Similar to the N-addition experiment, the drop in soil pH from 7.5 to 5.6 and increase in soil N concentration along the grassland transect were associated with an increased ratio between relatively mobile P<sub>i</sub> and immobile P<sub>i</sub>. Our results provide a new mechanistic understanding of the important role of soil P<sub>i</sub> mobilization in maintaining plant P supply and accelerating biogeochemical P cycles under anthropogenic N enrichment. This mobilization process temporarily buffers ecosystem P-limitation or even causes P eutrophication but will extensively deplete soil P pools in the long run.</p>
Urbanization buffers seasonal change in composition of bird communities: a multi-continental meta-analysis
<p>Aim: Urbanization buffers the seasonality of climate conditions and food availability and, therefore, may cause a seasonal homogenization of animal communities. However, the global effect of urbanization on the seasonal dynamics of animal communities remains unexplored. Our aim was to study the multi-continental relationship between urbanization and the seasonal change in bird composition and explore the influence of climatic factors on the urban-induced reduction of seasonality of bird composition.<br> <br> Location: Multi-continental<br> <br> Methods: We performed a literature review and a meta-analysis. The risk ratio effect size (here referred to as urban seasonality index, USI) was used, considering the number of species seen either in the breeding (spring and/or summer) or the non-breeding (autumn and/or winter) season, and the number of species seen during both seasons between urban and less urbanized sites. Low USI values indicated a decrease in the seasonal change in bird composition in urban areas.<br> <br> Results: A total of 38 USIs were obtained from 34 cities of six continents. Multi-continentally, there are fewer differences in bird composition between seasons in urban than in less urbanized areas, indicating seasonal homogenization due to urbanization. The USI decreased in areas with the lowest maximum temperature and the highest latitude, suggesting the highest decrease in the seasonality of bird composition in urban areas located in regions near the poles and with high seasonal change in temperature. Moreover, studies in the Northern Hemisphere and those that compared suburban versus natural and urban versus rural habitats had a significant decrease of seasonality of bird community in urban areas. <br> <br> Main conclusions: Urbanization induces a seasonal homogenization of bird composition, and this impact seems more pronounced in temperate areas with broad annual temperature range, and located in the Northern Hemisphere. Results indicate that efforts to restore seasonal dynamics in habitats and resources should be made in urban areas of temperate regions.</p>
Supplementary to "A stable foraging polymorphism buffers Galápagos sea lions against environmental change"
<p>All vibrissae photographs, measured relative vibrissae length and raw data of the reproductive history of females used for "A foraging polymorphism buffers Galápagos sea lions against climate change".</p>
Phase behaviour and pH-solubility profile prediction of aqueous buffered solutions of ibuprofen and ketoprofen. FPE 2022
<p>All data for the figures in the publication.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.